Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards
When did plants begin the transition to land
425 million years ago
What do plant chloroplasts contain?
chlorophyll a & b, and a variety of yellow and orange carotenoids
Plants store carboydrate as?
starch
Bryophytes are?
non-vascular plants
What are the four major adaptations of plants?
- evolution of vascular tissue
- diversification of vascular plants when spore production became means of reproduction
- origin of seed producing plants 360 million years ago
- evolution of flowering plants 130 million years ago
Vocab-
Plant tissues that consists of cells that transport water and nutrients through the plant body. Two major types are xylem and phloem
vascular tissue
Vocab-
Vascular tissue carrying water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
xylem
Vocab-
Vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic nutrients throughout the plant
phloem
Vocab-
The gametophyte stage of mosses consisting of a male antheridium and a female archegonium
gametangium
Vocab-
multicelluar, diploid stage of the life cycle through meiosis produces haploid gametes that becoming the gametophyte
sporophyte
In unpredictable enviroments, what type of reproduction is generally favored?
sexual reproduction
What is the only group of non vascular plants in the pant kingdom?
bryophytes
What makes up the bryophytes?
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
What is the group(s) in the plant kingdom that are gametophyte dominate?
bryophytes
What is the group(s) in the plant kingdom that reproduce via spores?
bryophytes and pteridophyta (ferns)
What are mosses thought to have evolved from?
algae
What is called ‘club moss’ but is actually a relative of ferns as opposed to moss?
lycopodium
Why are bryophytes normally found in moist enviroments?
it has to do with their method of reproduction (via water)
To what group does tortula belong in, and where is it found? Why is this odd?
It is a bryophyte but is found in the central mexico desert
Bryophytes are the transition between?
algae and vascular plants
Protonemata resembles?
green algae
What are some of the differences that Bryophytes and plants share from algae?
Male and female gametum
Retention of zygotes and embryo within archegonium
multicellular sporangium
spores that resist drying or decaying
Presence of multicellular, diploid sporophyte
Tissues produced from apical meristems
What is haploid on the Marchantia?
the green leafy head
What are Gemmae cups?
asexual way of reproducing
-if part of the cup breaks off they will begin to grow a new liverwort
What are some examples of organisms that are not ‘true’ mosses?
spanish moss, reindeer moss, club moss, irish moss
What is an operculum?
The top of the sphagum that will break off and distribute spores
Peat bogs can be used for?
they can be burned for fuel, or over millions of years compressed for coal
Who are the ‘bog’ people?
ancient people remarkably well preserved due to the peat bogs acidic enviroment
Granite mosses?
Grown on granite
What are leptoids?
primative phloem
Hornworts have?
a hornlike sporangia
What are hornworst symbiotic with?
nostoc, and some have relationships with mycorrhiza
What are the seedless vascular plants?
ferns, club moss, horsetails
What was the early component of cell walls that added turgor pressure?
ligin
What does xylem accumulate as in the perennial gymnosperms and angiosperms?
wood
What was eliminated in the gymnosperms and angiosperms?
free swimming sperm
What are the 3 embryonic tissues in vascular plants?
Dermal tissue (epidermis), Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), ground tissue (mesophyll and cortex)
Seaweed and algae have what type of growth pattern?
inditerminate growth
What direction does primary growth go? Where does this growth occur?
Primary growth
Apical meristems
Secondary growth is>
Accumulation of vascular tissue, not normally seen in annuals
What is the vascular cambium?
Very thin strip inside the bark of trees which produces xylem and phloem
What contriubutes to the accumulation of wood?
Hint-which tissue
xylem
What is a pith?
ground tissue found in the center of some plants
What is a steele
usually found in the center of a shoot and contains vascular tissue
What are Microphylls?
(only in lycophytes) leaves with a single vein
What are megaphylls?
Highly branched vascular system in leaves
What is homospory?
spores all the same, no different direction
What is heterospory?
spores that are produced are all different
What are microspores?
spores that will differentiate into male gametophytes
What are megaspores?
will differentiate into female gametophytes
What were the carboniferous swamp forests?
thousands of miles of swampy forests with only primative gymnosperms
Calmaties were?
the ancient ancestor to horsetails
Tree ferns are also known as?
the ground pine
Lycophyte trees are?
extinct trees that had a trunk like pattern and stigmanan root system
Phylum Lycopodiaphyra contains?
the club moss
What are rhizome?
horizontal stems seen in many ferns
Where does the strobilus grow from?
out of the rhizome
The Antheridium and Archegonium are both produced?
on the same gametophyte body
Sellaginella are?
fern relatives
Isotes are also known as?
quillwort
Phylum Monilophyta is made of?
ferns and horsetails
What is special about the Linsaea (fern)?
Ferns which can grow to be the size of trees in japan
What is Pleopeltis?
Known as the ‘ressurection fern’
It grows on the body of trees, and can dry out and come back with the rain
What is special about the cinnamon ferns reproductive system?
vegative outer frons and middle frons are reproductive
What is the bracken fern?
Common in the sandhills of south carolina
Sori (spore producing structures) are produced on the backs of leaves
What are fiddleheads?
immature fronds
Psilotum has no real _______ but…
No real leaves but instead uses stem for photosynthesis
Ophioglossum is more commonly known as?
adder’s tongue
Equisetum is more commonly known as _________ and is the living relative of _______.
horsetails and living relative of calamises
What is special about the Equisetum (horsetails) that gives the leaves a gritty texture?
it secretes silicon dioxide between the cells giving them a gritty texture
What is different about Equisetum (horsetails) reproductive strategy?
It sends up two different stalks, one vegitative and one reproductive
What are some of the advantages of seeds?
More nutrition, protection, dispersion of seed
All seed plants are __________ meaning?
heterosporous
Meaning that the spores they produce are either male or female
What is a possible gymnosperm ancestor which reproduced with spores?
Archepteris
Phylum Coniferophyta contains?
cone bearing plants
Phylum Cycadophyta contains?
trees resembling palms but produces cones
Phylum Ginko contains?
Ginko trees
Phylum Gnetophyta contains?
modern plants, grey area between angiosperms and gymnosperms
the ‘Naked Seeds’ of gymnosperms are?
not wrapped in ovary (which eventually matures to fruit)
A microgametophyte is?
a pollen grain
How can you tell a male cone from a female cone?
a male cone is much smaller
a female cone is what you traditionally view as a ‘pine cone’
Microspores form?
male pollen
What phlyum do the angiosperms belong too?
Phylum Anthophyta
What are the angiosperms with primitive characteristics?
The Basal Angiosperms
What is included in the basal angiosperms?
Amborrella trichopoda
Nymphaea
Magnoloods
Aristolochia grandflora
What are some details about the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda?
It has a staminate flower, with petals very similar to leaves and is found on an island called new calidonia
Nymphaea has what characterisitc which groups it with the basal angiosperms?
it has radial symmetry and grouped stamen and pistons in the center of the flower
Magnolids use what type of pollenation and what groups them with the basal angiosperms?
They use beetle pollenation, and contain radial symmetry
Aristolochia grandiflora is also called? and what does it do to attract pollenators?
Duchman’s Pipe
emits a foul odor to attract pollenators
What is included in the Monocotyledonae?
Grasses, True palms, orchids, grains, banana,
Monocots have how many petals?
groups of 3
Dicots have how many petals?
groups of 5
What type of pores and furrows belong to monocots?
one pore or furrow
What type of pores and furrows belong to dicots?
3 pores or furrows
How many cotyledons do monocots have?
1
How many cotyledons do dicots have?
2
What is the difference in leaf venation between monocots and dicots?
monocots have long thin leaves with parrallel venation
Dicots have net venation
How do the vascular bundles in the stem differ from monocots to dicots?
Monocots have a long thin stem with scattered vascular bundles
dicots have thicker stems with a ring of vascular bundles
What is a cotyledon?
“seed leaf” and upon germination may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling
What does the pollen tube do?
carries the sperm to the egg
What are the largest organisms on earth that are called ‘living fossils’?
redwoods (sequoia sempervirens)
Pines are very useful?
commercially
What is the rarest tree on earth with only about 40 living organisms?
Wollemia pine
What kind of tree is used as christmas trees?
Norfolk pine
Firs are?
are major source of timber, used alot in landscaping.
Most popular is the balsam fir
What kind of tree can grow almost as tall and large as sequoia?
Spruce
What is the counterpart in Europe to American pines, and is decidous?
larch
What kind of Conifer is a source of taxol?
Yew
What is an ancestor of modern sequoias?
Dawn redwood
What kind of gymnosperm is a relative to conifers and recruit pollen eating insects?
Cycads
What is special about Ginko’s?
thought to be long extinct, and in the summer the leaves ferminate and smell terrible
Gnetum is?
less like a gymnosperm than all the others, and has red fleshy seeds
What type of gymnosperm produces ephedrine?
ephedra
-Ephedra also looks almost like flowers
What gymnosperm grows in the Namib Desert and recruits pollen bettles?
Welwitschia
What special historical fact is the White pine known for?
3 slashes would be a mark for King George
What are some examples of dicots?
Cactus, Anemone, Poppy, Live Oak, Bean
Flower structure includes?
4 floral whorls
Collections of sepals are referred to as the?
calyx
Collections of petals are known as?
Corolla
Collectively that stamens are known as?
the androcium
Collectively the carpals are known as the?
gymocium
The stigma is known as the?
pollen landing pad
Placentation is?
how the ovules are placed in the ovary
Ears of corn are what sex?
female
Perfect flowers have?
both male and female parts
Imperfect flowers are?
imperfect in a sense that they are either male OR female
Monoecious plants?
have male and female flowers on the same plant body
Dioecious plants?
Have either male OR female plants
A superior ovary?
sits on top of other plant parts, and is considered most primative
A inferior ovary?
sits inside
What type of ovary does a Hypogynous flower have?
a superior ovary.
hypo-below
gynous-ovary
What type of ovary does a Epigynous flower have?
an inferior ovary
What type of ovary does a Perigynous flower have?
the ovary sits in the middle
What is connnation
when the same floral parts are fusing
What is adnation?
when different floral parts are fusing
What are inflorescences?
Clusters of flowers together to maximize reproductive chances
What are the functions of the roots?
Anchorage, Absorption, Storage, Conduction, Reproduction, synthesis and secretion
What is a primary root?
the central root going deep for water
-found mostly in dicots
What is a taproot?
also known as primary root
What are fibrous roots?
not as deep as primary roots but branched
-found in monocots
What are adventitious roots?
can grow out out of stem and sometimes are called prop roots and help the plant stand up
How long is the root system of the Boscia albitrunca?
68 meters
How long is the root system of the Prosopsis?
53 meters
How long is the root system of the Tamarix and Acacia
30 meters
How long is the root system of the Medicago (Alfalfa)
6 meters
What is an example of a fibrous root system spread?
Secale (rye) in 4 months, it covered 639 meters
Well watered plants have?
a less extensive root system
Roots work better in conjunction with?
mychorrizal fungi
What is the root cap?
cells protecting the underlying root tissue
Collumella is responsible for?
responsible for detecting gravity
What is the mucilage sheath responsible for?
to help the rootcap drive down through soil
What are root hairs?
extention of internal root walls, and increases root surface area. Although these have no cell walls
The apical meristem is also known as?
the Zone of cell division
The zone of cell elongation is?
the 2nd way that primary growth occurs
What occurs in the zone of maturation?
cells differentiate
How are the zones of the root structure organized from root cap and up?
root cap, zone of cell division (apical meristem), zone of cell elongation, and zone of maturation
What part of the root do lateral roots differentiate from?
the pericycle
What is the root setup in dicots?
Vascular cylinder located in middle
What is the root setup in monocots?
vascular tissue is arranged in a circle
What are stilt roots?
found in many tropical trees due to competition for light
What are pneumatophores?
air roots found in intertidal aread
What are epiphytic roots, such in orchids?
roots no longer needed for water, and contain velaman (thick epidermis) for protection
What is an example of storage roots?
sweet potatoes
What is a node on the shoot?
where the penial attaches
A bud is?
immature leaves and flowers
What are the only things alive in the trunk of a tree?
vascular and cork cambium
Primary phloem is?
phloem produced in the first year
Secondary phloem is?
year 2 to infinity
What produces Primary and Secondary phloem?
Vascular cambium
How is bark produced?
by the cork cambium
What is heartwood?
vascular tissue that has lost its ability to produce vascular tissue functions, but functions instead as a structural entity
A monocot stem is?
very good for rapid growth
Vascular bundles in a dicot stem are arranged?
in a circle
Vascular bundles in a monocot stem are?
scattered
Leaves are designed?
to maximize photosynthesis
Phylotaxis is?
the arrangement of leaves of a shoot
The petiole is?
the leaf stalk
Simple leaves have?
one leaf per petiole
What are compound leaves?
Multiple leaflets per petile
The upper epidermis of a leaf is?
concerned with absorption of light
What shape is a palisade mesophyll?
a column shape located on the top
What shape is a spongy mesophyll?
Different shapes with large spaces to allow the flow of gases, responsible for photosynthesis
Where is xylem and phloem located in the leaf?
in the vein
What are tricomes?
little spines to empale insects
What are guard cells?
2 guard cells form stomates
What is special about Bluegrass (leaves)?
Leaves can fold due to changes in hydrostatic pressure
What is special about the onion in concern to leaves?
the bulb is actually leaves
What are tendrils?
leaves that actual function is support
What is special about a venus flytrap?
The leaves are modified to trap and digest insects
What are Cladophylls?
stems that have evolved into resembling leaves
What are stolons?
Stems that take on reproductive functions
