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Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom > Test 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

When did plants begin the transition to land

A

425 million years ago

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2
Q

What do plant chloroplasts contain?

A

chlorophyll a & b, and a variety of yellow and orange carotenoids

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3
Q

Plants store carboydrate as?

A

starch

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4
Q

Bryophytes are?

A

non-vascular plants

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5
Q

What are the four major adaptations of plants?

A
  • evolution of vascular tissue
  • diversification of vascular plants when spore production became means of reproduction
  • origin of seed producing plants 360 million years ago
  • evolution of flowering plants 130 million years ago
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6
Q

Vocab-
Plant tissues that consists of cells that transport water and nutrients through the plant body. Two major types are xylem and phloem

A

vascular tissue

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7
Q

Vocab-

Vascular tissue carrying water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

A

xylem

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8
Q

Vocab-

Vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic nutrients throughout the plant

A

phloem

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9
Q

Vocab-

The gametophyte stage of mosses consisting of a male antheridium and a female archegonium

A

gametangium

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10
Q

Vocab-

multicelluar, diploid stage of the life cycle through meiosis produces haploid gametes that becoming the gametophyte

A

sporophyte

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11
Q

In unpredictable enviroments, what type of reproduction is generally favored?

A

sexual reproduction

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12
Q

What is the only group of non vascular plants in the pant kingdom?

A

bryophytes

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13
Q

What makes up the bryophytes?

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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14
Q

What is the group(s) in the plant kingdom that are gametophyte dominate?

A

bryophytes

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15
Q

What is the group(s) in the plant kingdom that reproduce via spores?

A

bryophytes and pteridophyta (ferns)

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16
Q

What are mosses thought to have evolved from?

A

algae

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17
Q

What is called ‘club moss’ but is actually a relative of ferns as opposed to moss?

A

lycopodium

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18
Q

Why are bryophytes normally found in moist enviroments?

A

it has to do with their method of reproduction (via water)

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19
Q

To what group does tortula belong in, and where is it found? Why is this odd?

A

It is a bryophyte but is found in the central mexico desert

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20
Q

Bryophytes are the transition between?

A

algae and vascular plants

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21
Q

Protonemata resembles?

A

green algae

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22
Q

What are some of the differences that Bryophytes and plants share from algae?

A

Male and female gametum
Retention of zygotes and embryo within archegonium
multicellular sporangium
spores that resist drying or decaying
Presence of multicellular, diploid sporophyte
Tissues produced from apical meristems

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23
Q

What is haploid on the Marchantia?

A

the green leafy head

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24
Q

What are Gemmae cups?

A

asexual way of reproducing

-if part of the cup breaks off they will begin to grow a new liverwort

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25
Q

What are some examples of organisms that are not ‘true’ mosses?

A

spanish moss, reindeer moss, club moss, irish moss

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26
Q

What is an operculum?

A

The top of the sphagum that will break off and distribute spores

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27
Q

Peat bogs can be used for?

A

they can be burned for fuel, or over millions of years compressed for coal

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28
Q

Who are the ‘bog’ people?

A

ancient people remarkably well preserved due to the peat bogs acidic enviroment

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29
Q

Granite mosses?

A

Grown on granite

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30
Q

What are leptoids?

A

primative phloem

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31
Q

Hornworts have?

A

a hornlike sporangia

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32
Q

What are hornworst symbiotic with?

A

nostoc, and some have relationships with mycorrhiza

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33
Q

What are the seedless vascular plants?

A

ferns, club moss, horsetails

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34
Q

What was the early component of cell walls that added turgor pressure?

A

ligin

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35
Q

What does xylem accumulate as in the perennial gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

wood

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36
Q

What was eliminated in the gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

free swimming sperm

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37
Q

What are the 3 embryonic tissues in vascular plants?

A

Dermal tissue (epidermis), Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), ground tissue (mesophyll and cortex)

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38
Q

Seaweed and algae have what type of growth pattern?

A

inditerminate growth

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39
Q

What direction does primary growth go? Where does this growth occur?

A

Primary growth

Apical meristems

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40
Q

Secondary growth is>

A

Accumulation of vascular tissue, not normally seen in annuals

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41
Q

What is the vascular cambium?

A

Very thin strip inside the bark of trees which produces xylem and phloem

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42
Q

What contriubutes to the accumulation of wood?

Hint-which tissue

A

xylem

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43
Q

What is a pith?

A

ground tissue found in the center of some plants

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44
Q

What is a steele

A

usually found in the center of a shoot and contains vascular tissue

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45
Q

What are Microphylls?

A

(only in lycophytes) leaves with a single vein

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46
Q

What are megaphylls?

A

Highly branched vascular system in leaves

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47
Q

What is homospory?

A

spores all the same, no different direction

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48
Q

What is heterospory?

A

spores that are produced are all different

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49
Q

What are microspores?

A

spores that will differentiate into male gametophytes

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50
Q

What are megaspores?

A

will differentiate into female gametophytes

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51
Q

What were the carboniferous swamp forests?

A

thousands of miles of swampy forests with only primative gymnosperms

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52
Q

Calmaties were?

A

the ancient ancestor to horsetails

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53
Q

Tree ferns are also known as?

A

the ground pine

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54
Q

Lycophyte trees are?

A

extinct trees that had a trunk like pattern and stigmanan root system

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55
Q

Phylum Lycopodiaphyra contains?

A

the club moss

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56
Q

What are rhizome?

A

horizontal stems seen in many ferns

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57
Q

Where does the strobilus grow from?

A

out of the rhizome

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58
Q

The Antheridium and Archegonium are both produced?

A

on the same gametophyte body

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59
Q

Sellaginella are?

A

fern relatives

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60
Q

Isotes are also known as?

A

quillwort

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61
Q

Phylum Monilophyta is made of?

A

ferns and horsetails

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62
Q

What is special about the Linsaea (fern)?

A

Ferns which can grow to be the size of trees in japan

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63
Q

What is Pleopeltis?

A

Known as the ‘ressurection fern’

It grows on the body of trees, and can dry out and come back with the rain

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64
Q

What is special about the cinnamon ferns reproductive system?

A

vegative outer frons and middle frons are reproductive

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65
Q

What is the bracken fern?

A

Common in the sandhills of south carolina

Sori (spore producing structures) are produced on the backs of leaves

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66
Q

What are fiddleheads?

A

immature fronds

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67
Q

Psilotum has no real _______ but…

A

No real leaves but instead uses stem for photosynthesis

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68
Q

Ophioglossum is more commonly known as?

A

adder’s tongue

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69
Q

Equisetum is more commonly known as _________ and is the living relative of _______.

A

horsetails and living relative of calamises

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70
Q

What is special about the Equisetum (horsetails) that gives the leaves a gritty texture?

A

it secretes silicon dioxide between the cells giving them a gritty texture

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71
Q

What is different about Equisetum (horsetails) reproductive strategy?

A

It sends up two different stalks, one vegitative and one reproductive

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72
Q

What are some of the advantages of seeds?

A

More nutrition, protection, dispersion of seed

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73
Q

All seed plants are __________ meaning?

A

heterosporous

Meaning that the spores they produce are either male or female

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74
Q

What is a possible gymnosperm ancestor which reproduced with spores?

A

Archepteris

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75
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta contains?

A

cone bearing plants

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76
Q

Phylum Cycadophyta contains?

A

trees resembling palms but produces cones

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77
Q

Phylum Ginko contains?

A

Ginko trees

78
Q

Phylum Gnetophyta contains?

A

modern plants, grey area between angiosperms and gymnosperms

79
Q

the ‘Naked Seeds’ of gymnosperms are?

A

not wrapped in ovary (which eventually matures to fruit)

80
Q

A microgametophyte is?

A

a pollen grain

81
Q

How can you tell a male cone from a female cone?

A

a male cone is much smaller

a female cone is what you traditionally view as a ‘pine cone’

82
Q

Microspores form?

A

male pollen

83
Q

What phlyum do the angiosperms belong too?

A

Phylum Anthophyta

84
Q

What are the angiosperms with primitive characteristics?

A

The Basal Angiosperms

85
Q

What is included in the basal angiosperms?

A

Amborrella trichopoda
Nymphaea
Magnoloods
Aristolochia grandflora

86
Q

What are some details about the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda?

A

It has a staminate flower, with petals very similar to leaves and is found on an island called new calidonia

87
Q

Nymphaea has what characterisitc which groups it with the basal angiosperms?

A

it has radial symmetry and grouped stamen and pistons in the center of the flower

88
Q

Magnolids use what type of pollenation and what groups them with the basal angiosperms?

A

They use beetle pollenation, and contain radial symmetry

89
Q

Aristolochia grandiflora is also called? and what does it do to attract pollenators?

A

Duchman’s Pipe

emits a foul odor to attract pollenators

90
Q

What is included in the Monocotyledonae?

A

Grasses, True palms, orchids, grains, banana,

91
Q

Monocots have how many petals?

A

groups of 3

92
Q

Dicots have how many petals?

A

groups of 5

93
Q

What type of pores and furrows belong to monocots?

A

one pore or furrow

94
Q

What type of pores and furrows belong to dicots?

A

3 pores or furrows

95
Q

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

A

1

96
Q

How many cotyledons do dicots have?

A

2

97
Q

What is the difference in leaf venation between monocots and dicots?

A

monocots have long thin leaves with parrallel venation

Dicots have net venation

98
Q

How do the vascular bundles in the stem differ from monocots to dicots?

A

Monocots have a long thin stem with scattered vascular bundles
dicots have thicker stems with a ring of vascular bundles

99
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

“seed leaf” and upon germination may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling

100
Q

What does the pollen tube do?

A

carries the sperm to the egg

101
Q

What are the largest organisms on earth that are called ‘living fossils’?

A

redwoods (sequoia sempervirens)

102
Q

Pines are very useful?

A

commercially

103
Q

What is the rarest tree on earth with only about 40 living organisms?

A

Wollemia pine

104
Q

What kind of tree is used as christmas trees?

A

Norfolk pine

105
Q

Firs are?

A

are major source of timber, used alot in landscaping.

Most popular is the balsam fir

106
Q

What kind of tree can grow almost as tall and large as sequoia?

A

Spruce

107
Q

What is the counterpart in Europe to American pines, and is decidous?

A

larch

108
Q

What kind of Conifer is a source of taxol?

A

Yew

109
Q

What is an ancestor of modern sequoias?

A

Dawn redwood

110
Q

What kind of gymnosperm is a relative to conifers and recruit pollen eating insects?

A

Cycads

111
Q

What is special about Ginko’s?

A

thought to be long extinct, and in the summer the leaves ferminate and smell terrible

112
Q

Gnetum is?

A

less like a gymnosperm than all the others, and has red fleshy seeds

113
Q

What type of gymnosperm produces ephedrine?

A

ephedra

-Ephedra also looks almost like flowers

114
Q

What gymnosperm grows in the Namib Desert and recruits pollen bettles?

A

Welwitschia

115
Q

What special historical fact is the White pine known for?

A

3 slashes would be a mark for King George

116
Q

What are some examples of dicots?

A

Cactus, Anemone, Poppy, Live Oak, Bean

117
Q

Flower structure includes?

A

4 floral whorls

118
Q

Collections of sepals are referred to as the?

A

calyx

119
Q

Collections of petals are known as?

A

Corolla

120
Q

Collectively that stamens are known as?

A

the androcium

121
Q

Collectively the carpals are known as the?

A

gymocium

122
Q

The stigma is known as the?

A

pollen landing pad

123
Q

Placentation is?

A

how the ovules are placed in the ovary

124
Q

Ears of corn are what sex?

A

female

125
Q

Perfect flowers have?

A

both male and female parts

126
Q

Imperfect flowers are?

A

imperfect in a sense that they are either male OR female

127
Q

Monoecious plants?

A

have male and female flowers on the same plant body

128
Q

Dioecious plants?

A

Have either male OR female plants

129
Q

A superior ovary?

A

sits on top of other plant parts, and is considered most primative

130
Q

A inferior ovary?

A

sits inside

131
Q

What type of ovary does a Hypogynous flower have?

A

a superior ovary.
hypo-below
gynous-ovary

132
Q

What type of ovary does a Epigynous flower have?

A

an inferior ovary

133
Q

What type of ovary does a Perigynous flower have?

A

the ovary sits in the middle

134
Q

What is connnation

A

when the same floral parts are fusing

135
Q

What is adnation?

A

when different floral parts are fusing

136
Q

What are inflorescences?

A

Clusters of flowers together to maximize reproductive chances

137
Q

What are the functions of the roots?

A

Anchorage, Absorption, Storage, Conduction, Reproduction, synthesis and secretion

138
Q

What is a primary root?

A

the central root going deep for water

-found mostly in dicots

139
Q

What is a taproot?

A

also known as primary root

140
Q

What are fibrous roots?

A

not as deep as primary roots but branched

-found in monocots

141
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

can grow out out of stem and sometimes are called prop roots and help the plant stand up

142
Q

How long is the root system of the Boscia albitrunca?

A

68 meters

143
Q

How long is the root system of the Prosopsis?

A

53 meters

144
Q

How long is the root system of the Tamarix and Acacia

A

30 meters

145
Q

How long is the root system of the Medicago (Alfalfa)

A

6 meters

146
Q

What is an example of a fibrous root system spread?

A

Secale (rye) in 4 months, it covered 639 meters

147
Q

Well watered plants have?

A

a less extensive root system

148
Q

Roots work better in conjunction with?

A

mychorrizal fungi

149
Q

What is the root cap?

A

cells protecting the underlying root tissue

150
Q

Collumella is responsible for?

A

responsible for detecting gravity

151
Q

What is the mucilage sheath responsible for?

A

to help the rootcap drive down through soil

152
Q

What are root hairs?

A

extention of internal root walls, and increases root surface area. Although these have no cell walls

153
Q

The apical meristem is also known as?

A

the Zone of cell division

154
Q

The zone of cell elongation is?

A

the 2nd way that primary growth occurs

155
Q

What occurs in the zone of maturation?

A

cells differentiate

156
Q

How are the zones of the root structure organized from root cap and up?

A

root cap, zone of cell division (apical meristem), zone of cell elongation, and zone of maturation

157
Q

What part of the root do lateral roots differentiate from?

A

the pericycle

158
Q

What is the root setup in dicots?

A

Vascular cylinder located in middle

159
Q

What is the root setup in monocots?

A

vascular tissue is arranged in a circle

160
Q

What are stilt roots?

A

found in many tropical trees due to competition for light

161
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

air roots found in intertidal aread

162
Q

What are epiphytic roots, such in orchids?

A

roots no longer needed for water, and contain velaman (thick epidermis) for protection

163
Q

What is an example of storage roots?

A

sweet potatoes

164
Q

What is a node on the shoot?

A

where the penial attaches

165
Q

A bud is?

A

immature leaves and flowers

166
Q

What are the only things alive in the trunk of a tree?

A

vascular and cork cambium

167
Q

Primary phloem is?

A

phloem produced in the first year

168
Q

Secondary phloem is?

A

year 2 to infinity

169
Q

What produces Primary and Secondary phloem?

A

Vascular cambium

170
Q

How is bark produced?

A

by the cork cambium

171
Q

What is heartwood?

A

vascular tissue that has lost its ability to produce vascular tissue functions, but functions instead as a structural entity

172
Q

A monocot stem is?

A

very good for rapid growth

173
Q

Vascular bundles in a dicot stem are arranged?

A

in a circle

174
Q

Vascular bundles in a monocot stem are?

A

scattered

175
Q

Leaves are designed?

A

to maximize photosynthesis

176
Q

Phylotaxis is?

A

the arrangement of leaves of a shoot

177
Q

The petiole is?

A

the leaf stalk

178
Q

Simple leaves have?

A

one leaf per petiole

179
Q

What are compound leaves?

A

Multiple leaflets per petile

180
Q

The upper epidermis of a leaf is?

A

concerned with absorption of light

181
Q

What shape is a palisade mesophyll?

A

a column shape located on the top

182
Q

What shape is a spongy mesophyll?

A

Different shapes with large spaces to allow the flow of gases, responsible for photosynthesis

183
Q

Where is xylem and phloem located in the leaf?

A

in the vein

184
Q

What are tricomes?

A

little spines to empale insects

185
Q

What are guard cells?

A

2 guard cells form stomates

186
Q

What is special about Bluegrass (leaves)?

A

Leaves can fold due to changes in hydrostatic pressure

187
Q

What is special about the onion in concern to leaves?

A

the bulb is actually leaves

188
Q

What are tendrils?

A

leaves that actual function is support

189
Q

What is special about a venus flytrap?

A

The leaves are modified to trap and digest insects

190
Q

What are Cladophylls?

A

stems that have evolved into resembling leaves

191
Q

What are stolons?

A

Stems that take on reproductive functions

Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom (4 decks)

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