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Psychology 200 > Test #4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test #4 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

define psychology

A

the scientific study of overt behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

where does the word psychology come from?

A

ancient Greek roots psyche, meaning mind, and logos, meaning knowledge or study

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3
Q

what are the goals of psychology?

A

description, understanding, prediction, and control

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4
Q

the process of naming and classifying

A

description

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5
Q

when the causes of a behavior can be stated

A

understanding

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6
Q

an ability to accurately forecast behavior

A

prediction

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7
Q

altering conditions that influence behavior

A

control

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8
Q

define pseudopsychology

A

any false and scientific system of beliefs and practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior

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9
Q

which type of pseudopsychology that involves the shape of the skull and how it reveals personality traits

A

phrenology

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10
Q

claims lines on the hand reveal personality traits and depict the future

A

palmistry

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11
Q

personality traits are revealed by handwriting

A

graphology

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12
Q

psychological research must be done ethically to protect the _____, _____, and ______ of participants

A

rights, dignity, and welfare

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13
Q

what are the different schools of thought?

A

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalytic, humanistic

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14
Q

analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements

A

structuralism

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15
Q

how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments

A

functionalism

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16
Q

emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior

A

behaviorism

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17
Q

emphasizes the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts

A

Gestalt psychology

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18
Q

school of thought that emphasizes exploring unconscious conflicts

A

psychoanalytic

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19
Q

focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals

A

humanism

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20
Q

in an experiment, the condition being investigated as a possible cause of some change in behavior. the experimenter chooses the values that this variable takes

A

independent variable

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21
Q

in an experiment, the condition (usually a behavior) that is affected by the independent variable

A

dependent variable

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22
Q

changes in behavior due to participants’ expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect

A

placebo effect

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23
Q

an inactive substance given in the place of a drug in psychological research or by physicians who want to treat a complaint by suggest

A

placebo

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24
Q

observing behavior as it unfolds in natural settings

A

naturalistic observations

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25
Q

a non-experimental study designed to measure the degree of relationship (if any) between two or more events, measures, or variables

A

correlational study

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26
Q

an in-depth focus on all aspects of a single person

A

case study

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27
Q

a public polling technique used to answer psychological questions

A

survey

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28
Q

a sensory impression; also, the process of detecting physical energies with the sensory organs

A

sensation

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29
Q

the mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns

A

perception

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30
Q

a decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus

A

sensory adaptation

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31
Q

giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message

A

selective attention

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32
Q

a misleading or misconstructed perception

A

illusion

33
Q

an imaginary sensation- such as seeing, hearing, or smelling something that does not exist in the external world

A

hallucination

34
Q

any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience

A

learning

35
Q

a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

A

classical conditioning

36
Q

learning based on the consequences of responding

A

operant conditioning

37
Q

events that precede a response

A

antecedent

38
Q

effects that follow a response

A

consequences

39
Q

Russian psychologist known for his work in classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

40
Q

a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response (example: meat powder)

A

unconditioned stimulus

41
Q

an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (example: reflex salivation to the meat powder)

A

unconditioned response

42
Q

a stimulus that does not evoke the unconditioned response (example: bell before conditioning)

A

neutral stimulus

43
Q

a stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (example: bell after conditioning)

A

conditioned stimulus

44
Q

a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (example: salivation to the bell)

A

conditioned response

45
Q

any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows

A

operant reinforcer

46
Q

the active mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information

A

memory

47
Q

converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory

A

encoding

48
Q

holding information in memory for later use

A

storage

49
Q

recovering information from storage in memory

A

retrieval

50
Q

the first, normally unconscious, stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less

A

sensory memory

51
Q

the memory system used to hold small amounts of information in our conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds

A

short-term memory (STM)

52
Q

the memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information

A

long-term memory (LTM)

53
Q

information bits grouped into larger units

A

information chunks

54
Q

process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories

A

redintegration

55
Q

failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory

A

encoding failure

56
Q

loss of memory for events that preceded a head injury or other amnesia-causing event

A

retrograde amnesia

57
Q

loss of the ability to form or retrieve memories for events that occur after an injury or trauma

A

anterograde amnesia

58
Q

internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities

A

motivation

59
Q

what is the motivational sequence?

A

need, drive, response, goal, need reduction, start over

60
Q

an internal deficiency that may energize behavior

A

need

61
Q

a steady state of body equilibrium

A

homeostasis

62
Q

cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day

A

Circadian rhythms

63
Q

weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation

A

behavioral dieting

64
Q

active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins

A

anorexia nervosa

65
Q

excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives

A

bulimia nervosa

66
Q

a person’s unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior

A

personality

67
Q

the ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person

A

reliability

68
Q

the ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure

A

validity

69
Q

psychological tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli

A

projective tests

70
Q

a projective test that consists of 10 standardized inkblots

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

71
Q

a projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

72
Q

Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts

A

psychoanalytic theory

73
Q

innate biological instincts (pleasure principle)

A

id

74
Q

the “executive” because it directs energies supplied by the id

A

ego

75
Q

acts as a judge or censor for the thoughts and actions of the ego. called the conscience

A

superego

76
Q

the process of fully developing personal potentials

A

self-actualization

77
Q

innate biological instincts (pleasure principle)

A

id

78
Q

the “executive” because it directs energies supplied by the id

A

ego

79
Q

acts as a judge or censor for the thoughts and actions of the ego. called the conscience

A

superego

Psychology 200 (5 decks)

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