Test #2

Question 1

the formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses

Answer 1

associative learning

Question 2

higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation

Answer 2

cognitive learning

Question 3

anything that makes a behavior continue

Answer 3

reinforcer

Question 4

events that precede a response

Answer 4

antecedents

Question 5

effects that follow a response

Answer 5

consequences

Question 6

a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli (before)

Answer 6

classical conditioning

Question 7

learning based on the consequences of responding (after)

Answer 7

operant conditioning

Question 8

learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided

Answer 8

latent learning

Question 9

learning that takes place mechanically, though repetition and memorization, or by learning rules

Answer 9

rote learning

Question 10

learning based on insight and understanding

Answer 10

discovery learning

Question 11

information returned to a person about the effects a response has had; a.k.a. knowledge of results

Answer 11

feedback

Question 12

learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions

Answer 12

observational learning (modeling)

Question 13

the period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced

Answer 13

acquisition

Question 14

the weakening of a conditioned response though removal of reinforcement

Answer 14

extinction

Question 15

the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

Answer 15

spontaneous recovery

Question 16

a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists

Answer 16

phobia

Question 17

reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

Answer 17

systematic desensitization

Question 18

the device that allowed careful study of operant conditioning

Answer 18

Skinner Box

Question 19

a series of actions that eventually lead to reinforcement

Answer 19

response chain

Question 20

a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is not actually unnecessary

Answer 20

superstitious behavior

Question 21

gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern

Answer 21

shaping

Question 22

occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event

Answer 22

positive reinforcement

Question 23

occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event

Answer 23

negative reinforcement

Question 24

any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response

Answer 24

positive punishment

Question 25

removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made

Answer 25

negative punishment (response cost)

Question 26

the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement

Answer 26

operant stimulus generalization

Question 27

the tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with nonreward are present

Answer 27

operant stimulis discrimination

Question 28

nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs

Answer 28

primary reinforcers

Question 29

a learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer

Answer 29

secondary reinforcer

Question 30

a tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like

Answer 30

token reinforcer

Question 31

reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person

Answer 31

social reinforcer

Question 32

a pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced

Answer 32

partial reinforcement

Question 33

a pattern in which a reinforcer follows every correct response

Answer 33

continuous reinforcement

Question 34

any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response

Answer 34

punishment

Question 35

the active mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information

Answer 35

memory

Question 36

converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory

Answer 36

encoding

Question 37

holding information in memory for later use

Answer 37

storage

Question 38

recovering information from storage in memory

Answer 38

retrieval

Question 39

the first, normally unconscious, stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less

Answer 39

sensory memory

Question 40

a mental image or visual representation

Answer 40

iconic memory

Question 41

a brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard

Answer 41

echoic memory

Question 42

the memory system used to hold small amounts of information in our conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds

Answer 42

short-term memory

Question 43

another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving

Answer 43

working memory

Question 44

a measure of attention and short-term memory

Answer 44

digit-span test

Question 45

information bits grouped into larger units

Answer 45

information chunks

Question 46

a memory that can seem accurate but is not

Answer 46

false memory

Question 47

a model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information

Answer 47

network model

Question 48

process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory, and then following chains of association to other, related memories

Answer 48

redintegration

Question 49

long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills

Answer 49

procedural memory

Question 50

that part of long-term memory containing specific factual information

Answer 50

declarative memory

Question 51

a subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world

Answer 51

semantic memory

Question 52

a subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places

Answer 52

episodic memory

Question 53

the tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list

Answer 53

serial position effect

Question 54

the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

Answer 54

tip-of-the-tongue state

Question 55

false items included with an item to be recognized

Answer 55

distractors

Question 56

learning again something that was previously learned. used to measure memory of prior learning

Answer 56

relearning

Question 57

the amount of time saved when relearning information

Answer 57

savings score

Question 58

a memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously retrieved

Answer 58

explicit memory

Question 59

a memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously

Answer 59

implicit memory

Question 60

facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories

Answer 60

priming

Question 61

a graph that shows the amount of information remembered after varying lengths of time

Answer 61

Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting

Question 62

failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory

Answer 62

encoding failure

Question 63

physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are stored

Answer 63

memory traces

Question 64

the fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker

Answer 64

memory decay

Question 65

theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved

Answer 65

disuse

Question 66

stimuli associated with a memory.

Answer 66

retrieval cues

Question 67

retrieval may fail if retrieval cues are missing when the time comes to retrieve information

Answer 67

cue-dependent forgetting

Question 68

memory influenced by one's physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. improved memory occurs when the physical states match

Answer 68

state-dependent learning (example: chewing gum while studying)

Question 69

the tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse

Answer 69

interference

Question 70

the tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories

Answer 70

retroactive interference

Question 71

the tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

Answer 71

proactive interference

Question 72

mastery of one task aids learning or performing another

Answer 72

positive transfer

Question 73

mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another

Answer 73

negative transfer

Question 74

UNCONSCIOUSLY pushing unwanted memories out of awareness

Answer 74

repression

Question 75

CONSCIOUSLY putting something out of mind

Answer 75

suppression

Question 76

loss of memory for events that preceded a head injury or other amnesia-causing event

Answer 76

retrograde amnesia (example: Jason Bourne, The Matrix)

Question 77

loss of the ability to form or retrieve memories for events that occur after an injury or trauma

Answer 77

anterograde amnesia (example: 50 First Dates)

Question 78

process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain

Answer 78

consolidation

Question 79

especially vivid memory created at a time of high emotion

Answer 79

flashbulb memory

Question 80

the ability to retain a "projected" mental image long enough to use it as a source of information for at least 30 seconds (usually a child)

Answer 80

eidetic imagery

Question 81

used to describe an uncommon memory ability called eidetic imagery

Answer 81

photgraphic memory

Question 82

any kind of memory system or aid

Answer 82

mnemonic