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Psychology 200 > Test #3 vocab > Flashcards

Test #3 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

initiates, sustains, directs, and terminates activities and behavior

A

motivation

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2
Q

internal deficiency that may energize behavior

A

need

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3
Q

the psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals, for example hunger or thirst

A

drive

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4
Q

the target or objective of motivated behavior

A

goal

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5
Q

the value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need

A

incentive value

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6
Q

a type of motive based on biological needs that must be met for survival

A

biological motive

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7
Q

express our needs for stimulation and information

A

stimulus motives

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8
Q

based on learned needs, drives, and goals

A

learned motives

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9
Q

a steady state of body equilibrium

A

homeostasis

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10
Q

cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day

A

circadian rhythms

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11
Q

Abraham Maslow’s ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency

A

hierarchy of human needs

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12
Q

the first four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs

A

basic needs

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13
Q

in Maslow’s hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization

A

growth needs

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14
Q

needs associated with impulses for self-actualization

A

meta-needs

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15
Q

motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity

A

intrinsic motivation

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16
Q

motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors

A

extrinsic motivation

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17
Q

a state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings

A

emotion

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18
Q

actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions

A

adaptive behaviors

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19
Q

alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses

A

physiological changes (in emotion)

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20
Q

outward signs that an emotion is occurring

A

emotional expressions

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21
Q

the private, subjective experience of having an emotion

A

emotional feelings

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22
Q

according to Robert Plutchik’s theory, the most fundamental emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance

A

basic emotions

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23
Q

a low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state

A

mood

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24
Q

a small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

the proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating

A

set point (for fat)

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26
Q

an active dislike for a particular food

A

taste aversion

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27
Q

active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins

A

anorexia nervosa

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28
Q

excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives

A

bulimia nervosa

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29
Q

weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation

A

behavioral dieting

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30
Q

thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells

A

extracellular thirst

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31
Q

thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell

A

intracellular thirst

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32
Q

the strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior

A

sex drive

33
Q

changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat

A

estrus

34
Q

any of a number of FEMALE sex hormones

A

estrogen

35
Q

any of a number of MALE sex hormones, especially testosterone

A

androgen

36
Q

assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal

A

arousal theory

37
Q

a summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

38
Q

high levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance

A

test anxiety

39
Q

learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture

A

social motives

40
Q

the desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence

A

need for achievement (nAch)

41
Q

the desire to have social impact and control over others

A

need for power

42
Q

personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person’s desirable or undesirable qualities

A

character

43
Q

a person’s unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior

A

personality

44
Q

a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations

A

personality trait

45
Q

a style of personality defined by a group of related traits

A

personality type

46
Q

a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-focused person

A

introvert

47
Q

a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person

A

extrovert

48
Q

a person’s perception of his or her own personality traits

A

self-concept

49
Q

regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself

A

self-esteem

50
Q

a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality

A

personality theory

51
Q

a face-to-face meeting held for the purpose of gaining information about an individual’s personal history, personality traits, current psychological state, and so forth

A

interview (personality)

52
Q

an interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise

A

unstructured interview

53
Q

an interview that follows a prearranged plan, usually a series of planned questions

A

structured interview

54
Q

the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable particular impression to unrelated details of personality

A

halo effect

55
Q

assessing behavior through direct surveillance

A

direct observation

56
Q

a list of personality traits or aspects of behavior on which a person is rated

A

rating scale

57
Q

recording the frequency of various behaviors

A

behavioral assessment

58
Q

simulating real-life conditions so that a person’s reactions may be directly observed

A

situational test

59
Q

a paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality

A

personality questionnaire

60
Q

a test that gives the same score when different people correct it

A

objective test

61
Q

the ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person

A

reliability

62
Q

the ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure

A

validity

63
Q

one of the best-known and most widely used objective personality questionnaires

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

64
Q

psychological tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli

A

projective tests

65
Q

a projective test that consists of 10 standarized inkblots

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

66
Q

a projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

67
Q

a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality

A

trait theorist

68
Q

personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture

A

common traits

69
Q

personality traits that define a person’s unique individual qualities

A

individual traits

70
Q

a personality trait so basic that all of a person’s activities relate to it

A

cardinal traits

71
Q

the core traits that characterize an individual personality

A

central traits

72
Q

traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial

A

secondary traits

73
Q

the visible or observable traits of one’s personality

A

surface traits

74
Q

basic underlying traits, or dimensions, of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits

A

source traits (factors)

75
Q

a statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors

A

factor analysis

76
Q

a graph of the scores obtained on several personality traits

A

trait profile

77
Q

proposes that personality has five universal dimensions

A

five-factor model

78
Q

Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts

A

psychoanalytic theory

Psychology 200 (5 decks)

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