Test #3 vocab

Question 1

initiates, sustains, directs, and terminates activities and behavior

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

internal deficiency that may energize behavior

Answer 2

need

Question 3

the psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals, for example hunger or thirst

Answer 3

drive

Question 4

the target or objective of motivated behavior

Answer 4

goal

Question 5

the value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need

Answer 5

incentive value

Question 6

a type of motive based on biological needs that must be met for survival

Answer 6

biological motive

Question 7

express our needs for stimulation and information

Answer 7

stimulus motives

Question 8

based on learned needs, drives, and goals

Answer 8

learned motives

Question 9

a steady state of body equilibrium

Answer 9

homeostasis

Question 10

cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day

Answer 10

circadian rhythms

Question 11

Abraham Maslow’s ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency

Answer 11

hierarchy of human needs

Question 12

the first four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs

Answer 12

basic needs

Question 13

in Maslow’s hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization

Answer 13

growth needs

Question 14

needs associated with impulses for self-actualization

Answer 14

meta-needs

Question 15

motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity

Answer 15

intrinsic motivation

Question 16

motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors

Answer 16

extrinsic motivation

Question 17

a state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings

Answer 17

emotion

Question 18

actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions

Answer 18

adaptive behaviors

Question 19

alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses

Answer 19

physiological changes (in emotion)

Question 20

outward signs that an emotion is occurring

Answer 20

emotional expressions

Question 21

the private, subjective experience of having an emotion

Answer 21

emotional feelings

Question 22

according to Robert Plutchik’s theory, the most fundamental emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance

Answer 22

basic emotions

Question 23

a low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state

Answer 23

mood

Question 24

a small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

the proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating

Answer 25

set point (for fat)

Question 26

an active dislike for a particular food

Answer 26

taste aversion

Question 27

active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins

Answer 27

anorexia nervosa

Question 28

excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives

Answer 28

bulimia nervosa

Question 29

weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation

Answer 29

behavioral dieting

Question 30

thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells

Answer 30

extracellular thirst

Question 31

thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell

Answer 31

intracellular thirst

Question 32

the strength of one's motivation to engage in sexual behavior

Answer 32

sex drive

Question 33

changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat

Answer 33

estrus

Question 34

any of a number of FEMALE sex hormones

Answer 34

estrogen

Question 35

any of a number of MALE sex hormones, especially testosterone

Answer 35

androgen

Question 36

assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal

Answer 36

arousal theory

Question 37

a summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance

Answer 37

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 38

high levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance

Answer 38

test anxiety

Question 39

learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture

Answer 39

social motives

Question 40

the desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence

Answer 40

need for achievement (nAch)

Question 41

the desire to have social impact and control over others

Answer 41

need for power

Question 42

personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person's desirable or undesirable qualities

Answer 42

character

Question 43

a person's unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior

Answer 43

personality

Question 44

a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations

Answer 44

personality trait

Question 45

a style of personality defined by a group of related traits

Answer 45

personality type

Question 46

a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-focused person

Answer 46

introvert

Question 47

a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person

Answer 47

extrovert

Question 48

a person's perception of his or her own personality traits

Answer 48

self-concept

Question 49

regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself

Answer 49

self-esteem

Question 50

a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality

Answer 50

personality theory

Question 51

a face-to-face meeting held for the purpose of gaining information about an individual's personal history, personality traits, current psychological state, and so forth

Answer 51

interview (personality)

Question 52

an interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise

Answer 52

unstructured interview

Question 53

an interview that follows a prearranged plan, usually a series of planned questions

Answer 53

structured interview

Question 54

the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable particular impression to unrelated details of personality

Answer 54

halo effect

Question 55

assessing behavior through direct surveillance

Answer 55

direct observation

Question 56

a list of personality traits or aspects of behavior on which a person is rated

Answer 56

rating scale

Question 57

recording the frequency of various behaviors

Answer 57

behavioral assessment

Question 58

simulating real-life conditions so that a person's reactions may be directly observed

Answer 58

situational test

Question 59

a paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality

Answer 59

personality questionnaire

Question 60

a test that gives the same score when different people correct it

Answer 60

objective test

Question 61

the ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person

Answer 61

reliability

Question 62

the ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure

Answer 62

validity

Question 63

one of the best-known and most widely used objective personality questionnaires

Answer 63

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

Question 64

psychological tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli

Answer 64

projective tests

Question 65

a projective test that consists of 10 standarized inkblots

Answer 65

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 66

a projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories

Answer 66

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 67

a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality

Answer 67

trait theorist

Question 68

personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture

Answer 68

common traits

Question 69

personality traits that define a person's unique individual qualities

Answer 69

individual traits

Question 70

a personality trait so basic that all of a person's activities relate to it

Answer 70

cardinal traits

Question 71

the core traits that characterize an individual personality

Answer 71

central traits

Question 72

traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial

Answer 72

secondary traits

Question 73

the visible or observable traits of one's personality

Answer 73

surface traits

Question 74

basic underlying traits, or dimensions, of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits

Answer 74

source traits (factors)

Question 75

a statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors

Answer 75

factor analysis

Question 76

a graph of the scores obtained on several personality traits

Answer 76

trait profile

Question 77

proposes that personality has five universal dimensions

Answer 77

five-factor model

Question 78

Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts

Answer 78

psychoanalytic theory