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Psychology 200 > Test #2 Vocab > Flashcards

Test #2 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

A

learning

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2
Q

the formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses

A

associative learning

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3
Q

higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation

A

cognitive learning

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4
Q

events that precede a response

A

antecedents

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5
Q

effects that follow a response

A

consequences

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6
Q

an innate, automatic response to a stimulus, for example, an eyeblink

A

reflex

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7
Q

a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

A

classical conditioning

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8
Q

learning based on the consequences of responding

A

operant conditioning

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9
Q

learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided

A

latent learning

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10
Q

internal images or other mental representations of an area that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal

A

cognitive map

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11
Q

information returned to a person about the effects a response has had

A

feedback

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12
Q

any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners

A

programmed instruction

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13
Q

learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules

A

rote learning

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14
Q

learning based on insight and understanding

A

discovery learning

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15
Q

leaning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions

A

observational learning (modeling)

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16
Q

What are two types of associative learning?

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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17
Q

Learning that suddenly appears when a reward or incentive for performance is given is called

A

latent learning

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18
Q

Psychologists use the term _____ to describe observational learning

A

modeling

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19
Q

a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

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21
Q

a stimulus that does not evoke a response

A

neutral stimulus

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22
Q

a stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus

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23
Q

a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

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24
Q

the period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced

A

acquisition

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25
Q

classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning

A

high-order learning

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26
Q

perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment

A

informational view

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27
Q

an anticipation concerning future events or relationships

A

expectancy

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28
Q

the weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement

A

extinction

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29
Q

the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

A

spontaneous recovery

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30
Q

stimulus generalization

A

the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimuli

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31
Q

the learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

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32
Q

an emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning

A

conditioned emotional response

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33
Q

reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

A

systematic desensitization

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34
Q

classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus

A

vicarious classical conditioning

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35
Q

the informational view says that classical conditioning is based on changes in mental ______ about the CS and US

A

expectancies

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36
Q

After you have acquired a conditioned response, it may be weakened by repeated _______

A

presentation of the CS alone

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37
Q

when a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce the learning of a second conditioned stimulus, higher-order conditioning has occurred. True or False?

A

True

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38
Q

Psychologists theorize that many phobias begin when a CER generalizes to other, similar situations. True or False?

A

True

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39
Q

Three-year-old Josh sees a neighbor’s dog chase his five-year-old sister. Now Josh is as afraid of the dog as his sister is. Josh’s fear is a result of _____

A

vicarious conditioning

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40
Q

learning based on the consequences of responding

A

operant conditioning (instrumental learning)

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41
Q

responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not

A

law of effect

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42
Q

any effect that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows

A

operant reinforcer

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43
Q

an apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals

A

operant conditioning chamber (Skinner Box)

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44
Q

a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary

A

superstitious behavior

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45
Q

a series of actions that eventually lead to reinforcement

A

reponse chain

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46
Q

gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern

A

shaping

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47
Q

the weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response

A

operant extinction

48
Q

occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event

A

positive reinforcement

49
Q

occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event

A

negative reinforcement

50
Q

any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response

A

positive punishment

51
Q

removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made

A

negative punishment (response cost)

52
Q

stimuli present when an operant response is acquired tend to control when and where the response is made

A

stimulus control

53
Q

the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement

A

operant stimulus generalization

54
Q

the tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with nonreward are present

A

operant stimulus discrimination

55
Q

stimuli that precede rewarded and nonrewarded responses in operant conditioning

A

discriminative stimuli

56
Q

responses in operant conditioning are ______ or ______, whereas those in classical conditioning are passive, _______, or _______ responses

A

voluntary or emitted, involuntary or elicited

57
Q

changing the rules in small steps so than at an animal (or person) is gradually trained to respond as desired is called ______

A

shaping

58
Q

extinction in operant conditioning also is subject to ______ of a response

A

spontaneous recovery

59
Q

positive reinforcers increase the rate of responding, and negative reinforcers decrease it. True or False

A

False

60
Q

Responding tends to occur in the presence of discriminative stimuli associated with reinforcement and tends not to occur in the presence of discriminative stimuli associated with nonreinforcement. True or False

A

True

61
Q

nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs

A

primary reinforcers

62
Q

a learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer

A

secondary reinforcer

63
Q

a tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, etc

A

token reinforcer

64
Q

reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person

A

social reinforcer

65
Q

a pattern in which a reinforcer follows every correct response

A

continuous reinforcement

66
Q

a pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced

A

partial reinforcement

67
Q

responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction

A

partial reinforcement effect

68
Q

The schedule of reinforcement associated with playing slot machines and other types of gambling is?

A

variable ratio

69
Q

Negative reinforcement increases responding; punishment suppresses responding. True or False

A

True

70
Q

Mild punishment tends to only temporarily ______ a response so that also is reinforced

A

suppress

71
Q

Three undesired side effects of punishment are 1. conditioning of fear and resentment, 2. encouragement of aggression, and 3. the learning of escape or ______ responses

A

avoidance

72
Q

the active mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information

A

memory

73
Q

converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory

A

encoding

74
Q

holding information in memory for later use

A

storage

75
Q

recovering information from storage in memory

A

retrieval

76
Q

the first, normally unconscious, stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less

A

sensory memory

77
Q

a mental image or visual representation

A

iconic memory

78
Q

a brief continuation or sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard

A

echoic memory

79
Q

the memory system used to hold small amounts of information in our conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds

A

short-term memory

80
Q

another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving

A

working memory

81
Q

the memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information

A

long-term information

82
Q

silently repeating or mentally reviewing information to hold it in short-term memory

A

maintenance rehearsal

83
Q

learned by simple repitition

A

rote learning

84
Q

making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals

A

elaborative processing

85
Q

meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases

A

information bits

86
Q

information bits grouped into larger units

A

information chunks

87
Q

a memory that can seem accurate but is not

A

false memory

88
Q

occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered

A

source confusion

89
Q

a model or memory that views it as an organized system of linked information

A

network model

90
Q

process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories

A

redintegration

91
Q

use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses

A

cognitive interview

92
Q

long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills

A

procedural memory

93
Q

that part of long-term memory containing specific factual information

A

declarative memory

94
Q

a subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world

A

semantic memory

95
Q

a subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places

A

episodic memory

96
Q

Elaborative processing is often responsible for creating false memories. True or False?

A

True

97
Q

What is a synonym for skill memory?

A

procedural memory

98
Q

the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

A

tip-of-the-tongue state

99
Q

the tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list

A

serial position effect

100
Q

to supply or reproduce memorized information with a minimum of external cues

A

recall

101
Q

an ability to correctly identify previously learned information

A

recognition

102
Q

learning again something that was previously learned. used to measure memory of prior learning

A

relearning

103
Q

a memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously retrieved

A

explicit memory

104
Q

a memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously

A

implicit memory

105
Q

facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories

A

priming

106
Q

failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory

A

encoding failure

107
Q

physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are stored

A

memory traces

108
Q

the fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker

A

memory decay

109
Q

theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved

A

disuse

110
Q

stimuli associated with a memory. retrieval cues usually enhance memory

A

retrieval cues

111
Q

memory influenced by one’s physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. improved memory occurs when the physical states match

A

state-dependent learning

112
Q

the tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse

A

interference

113
Q

the tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories

A

retroactive memories

114
Q

the tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

A

proactive interference

115
Q

mastery of one task aids learning or performing another

A

positive transfer

116
Q

mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another

A

negative transfer

117
Q

unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness

A

repression

Psychology 200 (5 decks)

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