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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Test 4 : Muscles > Flashcards

Test 4 : Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeleton
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle Features

A

Location: skeleton
Function: motion, posture, heat production, protection
Appearance: long cylindrical, striated, multinucleated
Control: voluntary

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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle Features

A

Location: heart
Function: pump blood
Appearance: Branched, striated, single centrally located nucleus
Control: involuntary

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4
Q

Smooth

A

Location: iris of eyes, walls of hollow organs
Function: motion
Appearance: spindle -shaped cell, non striated, gap junctions
control: involuntary

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5
Q

Do muscles attach directly to bone?

A

no ma’am!

they attach via myofascial unit

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6
Q

Endomysium

A

binds the individual muscle fibers together

innermost fascia

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7
Q

Perimysium

A

groups the muscle fibers together into units (fasicles)

middle fascia

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8
Q

Epimysium

A

binds fascicles together

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9
Q

Tendon

A
  • Rope like structure
  • connective tissue that attach muscles.
    ex: part that stands up on your hands
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10
Q

Aponeurosis

A

sheet like structure

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11
Q

Macroscopic

A

what you can see with your naked eye

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12
Q

Belly/gastor:

A

the meat like part, the contractile units of the muscles

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13
Q

Deep fascia

A

raps around muscle, tough, dense, follow tendon

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14
Q

Fascicles:

A

what looks like fibers. Run in different directions which adds to muscular strength and function

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15
Q

Microscopic

A

needs microscope, cells and what is in the muscle

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16
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane equivalent, holds contents of muscle cell

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17
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

watery gallantness matrix, that surrounds organelles

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18
Q

Myofibril

A

(mini fibers) contain the contractile unite called a sarcomere ( contractile unit)

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19
Q

Sarcomere

A

found in the myofibril

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20
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium

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21
Q

Transverse tubule

A

important in connecting nerves system and muscular system. Transports sodium from outside to the inside

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22
Q

Triad

A

the relationship of the terminal systerns to the tubules. sarcoplasmic reticulum r and t tubule

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23
Q

Terminal cisterns

A

Sac like structures on the end of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Where calcium is stored

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24
Q

What are the charges of calcium and sodium?

A

Sodium and calcium both have positive charges so they repel

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25
Q

Contractile unit

A

Where shortening of the muscle takes place.Comprised of a thin filament called actin
Thick filament called myosin, has a binding to boundaries (boundaries = z lines)

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26
Q

What are contractile proteins?

A

Myosin + actin

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27
Q

What binds sarcomeres together?

A

Z discs

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28
Q

Actin + Myosin overlapping

A

dark band called A band

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29
Q

I bands

A

actin

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30
Q

h zone

A

myosin

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31
Q

Myosin

A
  • is comprised of multiple proteins and it has a shaft and a head
  • Head = cross bridge
    In the cross bridge there is a binding site for actin and for ATP (bodies source of energy)
  • Shaft has a hinge in it = allows it to attach to the actin
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32
Q

Actin

A
  • braided shape
  • On actin there are binding sites for myosin
  • Binding sites are covered by a regulatory protein called tropomyosin
  • Troponin is a regulatory protein bound to tropomyosin and it has a binding site for calcium
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33
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

A

the way it combines and contracts

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34
Q

what does contraction and relaxation require?

A

energy - ATP

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35
Q

ATP

A

the bodies main source of energy

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36
Q

steps for contraction and relaxation

A
  1. ATP hydrolysis
  2. attachment of myosin to actin forming a cross - bridge
  3. power stroke
  4. detachment of myosin from actin
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37
Q

Power stroke

A

causes sliding, produces force

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38
Q

When do muscle cramps occur?

A

at the end, when you are running low on ATP and don’t have ATP to attach

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39
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal movement
  2. Stabilize posture
  3. Muscle pumps helps to return blood back to the heart
  4. Metabolically active so has a function in thermogenesis (temp regulation)
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40
Q

Contractility

A

the ability to shorten

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41
Q

properties of muscle tissue

A
  1. electrical excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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42
Q

Extensibility

A

the ability to extended

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43
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to return to original resting length or shape

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44
Q

Voluntary

A

– needs a connection between brain, spinal chord and muscle cell

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45
Q

Electrical excitability

A

Muscle cell is very susceptible to ion movement.

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46
Q

Motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates

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47
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Junction between the nervous system and the muscular system

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48
Q

Axon terminal

A

terminal end

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49
Q

synaptic end bulbs

A

Within the synaptic end bulb there are synaptic vesicles or bubbles

50
Q

neurotransmitters

A

in synaptic vesicles.allows for the transmissions of the action potential to wherever it needs to go

51
Q

synaptic cleft

A

There is a space between the structure

52
Q

Motor end plate

A

continuation of the sarcolemma. Here there are receptor sites for acedocolean

53
Q

what opens Na channels and allows for Na to enter the cell which transfers the electrical activity from the nerves system to the muscular system?

A

Ach go to binding sites and bind if they are open

54
Q

steps for neuromuscular junction

A
  1. action potential causes Ca ++ channels to open causing Ca++ to enter synaptic end bulb
  2. synaptic vesicles move to synaptic cleft causing the release of ACh
  3. ACh binds to receptor sites causing ACh receptors to activate and Na+ channels open
  4. Na+ enters muscle fiber causing muscle action potential
55
Q

what causes relaxation?

A

Relaxation occurs from no longer having a stimulus or nervous system information not coming as frequently to the muscles that contract

56
Q

Motor neuron

A

one neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates. A unit of contraction
-150 fibers per neuron

57
Q

how does size of motor unit play a role?

A

Size of the motor unit plays a role in the precision/type of movement in a body part. Ex: muscles for the eye are smaller than muscles for the quad

58
Q

Motor unit

A

contract all or none, not partially only fully contract

59
Q

All or none principle

A

all the muscles fibers contract or none of them contract.

60
Q

how can you impact strength?

A

To impact the strength you can recruit more motor units - this is a learned process.

61
Q

what allows us to maintain muscle tone?

A

-Motor units allow us to maintain muscle tone or muscle shape. There is an a syncronis throughout your muscle that allows you to maintain muscle tone

62
Q

how can you loose muscle tone?

A

The only way to loss muscle tone is if there is no nervous system communication – flaccid, no action potential (spinal chord)

63
Q

flaccid

A

no action potential

64
Q

Muscle tone

A

muscles never totally relax which gives them muscle tone

65
Q

Metabolism

A

has to be present for life to be sustained

66
Q

Anabolism

A

building process that requires energy

67
Q

Catabolism

A

: releases energy or yields energy. digestion is an example

68
Q

ATP:

A

energy currency. Phosphate breaks off and provides energy.

69
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

only in muscles

70
Q

how much ATP do we have stored?

A

We have enough ATP stored for 3 seconds of activity

71
Q

how much protein molecule creatine can we store?

A

We can store the protein molecule creatine in our skeletal muscle for 15 seconds of work

72
Q

what is energy from creatine phosphate do?

A

Energy from creatine phosphate does not cause muscle contraction. Used to resynthesize the limited store of ATP

73
Q

what is the only energy we can use to do work?

A

ATP

74
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

takes place in the sarcoplasm (cytosol). Takes glucose and uses it to yield ATP molecules

75
Q

Hexokinase

A

traps glucose inside the cell

76
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

Glucose is split in two by phosphofructokinase

77
Q

When is pyruvic acid is made into lactic acid

A

if there is no oxygen or insufficient oxygen

78
Q

Lactic acid

A

Lactic acid when we have sufficient amounts of o2 can go into the blood to the liver and the liver can take the lactic acid and reform glucose.

79
Q

If you are doing multiple quick bursts of activity…

A

The lactic acid will lower the PH of the blood and enzymes don’t function well in low PH environments

80
Q

Anaerobically

A

have enough energy for about 30-40 seconds of activity

81
Q

In the presence of O2 the fate of the pyruvic acid is changed

A

It is changed into a two compound acetyl molecule

Coenzyme a combines with acetyl molecule forming acetylCoA and the CoA takes the acetyl into the mitochondria

82
Q

Beta oxidation

A

take long chains of carbon acids and each time it goes through the beta oxidation process it yields a two carbon acetyl molecule and it bonds with CoenzymeA and is transported into the Krebs cycle

83
Q

Carbohydrates

A

anaerobic, aerobic, prime fat pathways (so Krebs cycle and transport plain to work efficiently) easer way to get atp

84
Q

Proteins are an expensive source

A

takes energy to yield energy.

85
Q

SRP

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

Inability of muscle to maintain force of contraction after activity

87
Q

Contributing factors of Muscle Fatigue

A
  • Inadequate release of Ca++ from SRP
  • Depletion of creatine phosphate
  • Insufficient oxygen
  • Glycogen depletion
  • Build up of lactic acid & ADP
  • Failure of motor neuron to release ACh
88
Q

what is the least likely cause of fatigue?

A

Glycogen loss is one of the least likely cause of fatigue

89
Q

Fused Tetanus

A

Our muscles need a certain number of action potentials (50-100 action potentials per second) coming from the brain to depolarize it sufficiently enough to allow contraction to take place
The frequency impacts the ability of the muscle contraction to make a movement
You need to send vollies to cause the sarcomere to shorten

90
Q

Length - tension relationship

A

Length of the sarcomere. There is an optimal length

91
Q

Overstretched

A

ex: when your heart fibrillates. Quivers

92
Q

Red

A

slow oxidative
smallest,
- slowest, but have many mitochondria and capillaries they can contract for a long period of time
- Primarily what we use for posture or long activities

93
Q

white

A

fast glycolytic

  • fastest. Don’t have many mitochondria or capillaries. Used for powerful activities, short durations
  • Rapid intense movements, football, lifting weights
94
Q

pink

A

half way in-between

  • in between, can generate aerobically and anaerobically
  • What we use most of the time
95
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

produce body movement

96
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

length of the muscle changes by shortening or lengthening

97
Q

Concentric

A

shortening of the muscle

- Flexing

98
Q

Eccentric

A

when the muscle lengthens (usually to decelerate)
- Controlling the arm when you bring it down
They work together

99
Q

Isometric

A

no movement takes place, but it stabilizes joints. maintain posture
-Abdominal muscles have to stabilize the pelvis

100
Q

Muscles have two attachments

A

Attachment is either via tendon or aponeurosis

101
Q

Origin

A

attachment to the stationary bone

102
Q

Insertion

A

attachment to the moving bone – always moves towards the origin
An insertion always crosses a joint

103
Q

Belly/ Gastor

A

between the tendons where the fleshy portion is

104
Q

Movements at joints occurs as a result of…

A

lever system arrangements

105
Q

Lever

A

rigid structure that moves around a fixed point

106
Q

Fulcrum

A

fixed point or the joint. Point around which movement occurs

107
Q

Effort

A

structure that causes movement, muscle insertion

108
Q

Load or resistance

A

structure that is being moved.

109
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

resistance is closer to the fulcrum

110
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A

resistance is further from the fulcrum

111
Q

what are the types of levers

A

1st, 2nd, and 3rd class

112
Q

1st class

A

fulcrum is somewhere between the effort and the resistance

- Head moving up

113
Q

2nd Class

A

mechanically advantaged
How a wheel barrow works. The way we raise up on our toes to propel ourselves forward
Small effort and small muscle

114
Q

3rd class

A

: the effort is always somewhere between the fulcrum and the load
- Most of our our movements are 3rd class, most common
Elbow flexion, knee flexion, hip flexion, hip extenstion
Mechanically disadvantaged but it allows us to move through wider ranges of motions than 1st or 2nd

115
Q

muscles do not work in …

A

they do not work in isolation

116
Q

Agonist

A

muscle that is preforming the movement.

117
Q

Antagonist

A

muscle that must yield (stretch) for movement to take place.

  • Usually the agonist and antagonist are on opposite sides of the body
  • Movement not muscle
118
Q

Synergist

A

muscles that assist one another

119
Q

fixator

A

stabilizes a joint

- Contracting isometrically

120
Q

helpers

A

perform the same movement

- Elbow flexion – biceps then the brachialis and the brachioradialis

121
Q

movement is key

A

Muscles can play any role at any time

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (4 decks)

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