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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the nervous system?

A

communication and regulation .

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2
Q

The nervous system is what % of your body weight?

A

2%

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3
Q

neurologist

A

has studied the nervous system extensively

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4
Q

action potentail

A

electrical activity

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5
Q

endocrine system

A

the other system and they communicate via chemical event, hormones

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6
Q

components of the nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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7
Q

the nervous system is responsible for

A

sensory perceptions, mental activities, stimulating muscle movements, secretions of many glands

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8
Q

subdivisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system: CNS

Peripheral Nervous Syster: PNS

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9
Q

Brain and Spinal Cord

CNS

A

are continuous with each other at foramen magnum

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10
Q

Function of CNS

A
  • processes incoming sensory information
  • thoughts, emotions, memories
  • stimulate muscle contration
  • stimulate gland secretion
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11
Q

PNS

A

nervous tissue outside CNS

organs: nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors

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12
Q

subcategories of the PNS

A

Somatic nervous system: SNS

Autonomic nervous system: ANS

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13
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of axons

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14
Q

Ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

  • Act as relay stations
  • Primarily associated with the autonomic nerves system
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15
Q

Enteric Plexus

A

Grouping of nerves in the the intestines

Helps to regulate digestion

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16
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

pick up information about change

  • Located in the periphery
  • Typically named by info they transmit
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17
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

movement

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18
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

temperature

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19
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Blood

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20
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

chemical

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21
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain receptors

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22
Q

SNS

A

Skeletal muscle

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23
Q

ANS

A

Autonomism from learned informations

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24
Q

ANS subcatagories

A

sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and repose, non stress events

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25
Q

sensory function

A

Detect internal stimuli
Detect external stimuli
Information sent to CNS by cranial and spinal nerves (SNS)

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26
Q

Integrative function - CNS

A

Processing of sensory information

Formulating a response

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27
Q

Motor function

A

Elicitation of an appropriate motor response

Effector (muscle or gland)

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28
Q

Neuron

A

primary cell of the nervous system
Highly excitable
Receives and transmits action potential

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29
Q

parts of a nerve

A

cell body, dendrites, and axons

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30
Q

Cell body

A

metabolic activity takes place

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31
Q

Dendrites

A

bring info from another neuron into cell body

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32
Q

Axon

A

carries info out to the periphery, make up cranial and spinal nerves

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33
Q

Glial cell

A

Support and protect neurons

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34
Q

classification of neurons

A

by function or structure

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35
Q

function classifications

A

afferent, motor/ efferent/ interneurons

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36
Q

afferent

A

afferentwill always transmit the info from the periphery towards the CNS

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37
Q

motor/ efferent

A

take info from the CNS out to the periphery out to the effector. Carry a response

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38
Q

interneurons

A

within CNS from one neuron to another, the middle man

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39
Q

structural classifications

A

multipolar, bipolar and unipolar

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40
Q

multipolar

A

multiple dendrites, motor neurons, brain and spinal chord

- Most common

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41
Q

Bipolar

A

1 dendrite, 1 axon, eye, smell, and hearing

- Rarest

42
Q

Unipolar

A

looks like axon and dendrite are fused. most sensory receptors, touch and taste

43
Q

Atrocytes

A
  • multi pointes star
  • Connected to neuron and the blood vessel. Apart of blood brain barrier
  • Remove waste products/ filter stuff from the blood
44
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

secrete a lipid protein substance called myelin.

Myelin wrap around cell bodies and protect them

45
Q

Microglia

A

wandering cells, immune system function, they have the ability to phagocytize unwanted materials from getting into the neuron

46
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line the ventricles in the brain and they secrete a protective fluid know as cerebro spinal fluid (CSF), blood barrier

47
Q

CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

48
Q

PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satelltie cells

49
Q

Schwann cell

A

manufacture and secrete myelin

50
Q

Satellite cells

A

manufacture and secrete myelin for cell bodies in the ganglia

51
Q

is all nervous tissue myelinated?

A

no

52
Q

myelinated axons

A

Myelin protects and insulates axons from one another

53
Q

Myelinated neurons

A

White matter

54
Q

Unmyelinated axons

A

grey, no lypo protein protection

- Lypo protein most important function is to regulate the way the action potential is transmitted along the axons

55
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

There has to be places where they are exposed to the open environment
**Action potential for myelinated = faster ***
White matter = where info take place
Grey matter = where info is stored

56
Q

Ganglion:

A

associated with autonomic portion

57
Q

Nerve tissue

A

bundle of axons

- Classified via types of axons that comprise the nerves

58
Q

Motor

A

transmit a response to periphery

59
Q

Sensory

A

transmit info to CNS

60
Q

Mixed

A

transmit sensory and nervous system

61
Q

Grey and white matter

A

in spinal chord and brain

62
Q

Brain

A

grey mater is the outside, store everything we learn

63
Q

Spinal cord

A

grey matter in the center, transmits ingoing info into outgoing info

64
Q

Myelin matter in brain

A

located in the center for speed

65
Q

Myelin matter on spinal chord

A

how atp is transmitted

66
Q

Center of brain

A

communication network

67
Q

spinal muscle cannot…

A

store information

68
Q

Polarized

A

charge, +

- Allows cell to be stimulated

69
Q

Depolarize

A

action potential
Potential describes the difference in charge across the cell membrane
Difference in charge allows our neurons to do work
Work is by way of an action potential (electrical)

70
Q

Graded potential

A

happens at a synapis, over a short distance, chemical not electrical
Ex: what happens at neuromuscular junction
- Purpose is to change the charge/ depolarize to allow action potential

71
Q

Coulombs law

A

Likes repel and opposites attract

72
Q

Potential

A

voltage

73
Q

Current

A

is the flow of charge

- Dependent on voltage and resistance

74
Q

Current, Voltage, Resistance

A

I
V
R

75
Q

Ohm’s law

A

I = V/R

76
Q

The human body is

A

electrically neutral

77
Q

current

A

flow of ions across the cell membrane

78
Q

voltage

A

difference in numbers of + and - ions

- separated by cellular plasma membrane (potential energy)

79
Q

ion channels

A
  • change resistance
  • protein based structures
  • ion channels are selective
80
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

81
Q

passive leakage channels

A
  • help maintain the resting membrane potential.

- They are always open

82
Q

Gated channels

A
  • closed until stimulated to open
  • Two events can open this
    1. Voltage change
    2. Chemical/ ligand
83
Q

Depolarization:

A
  • sodium channels open
  • Depolarization is a self limiting event
  • Time
  • Voltage
84
Q

Repolarization

A

when sodium channels close and potassium channels open

85
Q

After potential

A

(hyperpolarization) almost a rest period. Occurs when potassium channels stay open longer than needed to restore normalcy

86
Q

All or none principle

A

it goes from start to finish

87
Q

Refractory period

A

insures that the action potential flows in one direction by changing the sensitivity of where that action potential was

88
Q

Absolute

A

no stimulus will create an action potential

89
Q

Relative

A

the stimulus has to be stronger than threshold/ minimum

90
Q

Factors that affect propagation

A
  • Myelination
  • Axon diameter
  • Temperature
91
Q

Myelination

A
  • Myelinated axons are white

- Speeds up

92
Q

Axon diameter

A

(large: fast, small: slow)
A - large
B - medium
C – small

93
Q

Temperature

A
  • Cold slows down the transmission of action potentials

- Heat increases the action potential flow

94
Q

Myelinated axon

A

only areas exposed to environment is where action potential occurs
Saltatory conduction

95
Q

the synapse

A 
Junction between two cells
Site where action potentials in one cell excite or inhibit another
Components 
Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic cell/neuron
Types
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Additional classification
Electrical
Chemical
96
Q

Ap Propagation

A

AP propagation is quick & efficient

AP is always propagated to next cell

97
Q

electrical synapses

A
  • Found in cardiac muscle and many types of smooth muscle
  • Most efficient but also the rarest
  • Synapsis are always excititory
98
Q

at the synapse

A

you can have an excitatory activity or an inhibitory activity

99
Q

A graded potential will always

A

be created in the postsynaptic structure

100
Q

The graded potential can create

A

an excitatory event

101
Q

GABA

A

is the most common in the brain and is the one that a lot of anti anxiety medicine is designed to release

102
Q

A lot of neurotransmitters

A

important in mental health

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (4 decks)

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