Nervous System Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What are the two functions of the nervous system?
A
communication and regulation .
2
Q
The nervous system is what % of your body weight?
A
2%
3
Q
neurologist
A
has studied the nervous system extensively
4
Q
action potentail
A
electrical activity
5
Q
endocrine system
A
the other system and they communicate via chemical event, hormones
6
Q
components of the nervous system
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
7
Q
the nervous system is responsible for
A
sensory perceptions, mental activities, stimulating muscle movements, secretions of many glands
8
Q
subdivisions of the nervous system
A
Central nervous system: CNS
Peripheral Nervous Syster: PNS
9
Q
Brain and Spinal Cord
CNS
A
are continuous with each other at foramen magnum
10
Q
Function of CNS
A
- processes incoming sensory information
- thoughts, emotions, memories
- stimulate muscle contration
- stimulate gland secretion
11
Q
PNS
A
nervous tissue outside CNS
organs: nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors
12
Q
subcategories of the PNS
A
Somatic nervous system: SNS
Autonomic nervous system: ANS
13
Q
Nerves
A
bundles of axons
14
Q
Ganglia
A
collections of nerve cell bodies outside CNS
- Act as relay stations
- Primarily associated with the autonomic nerves system
15
Q
Enteric Plexus
A
Grouping of nerves in the the intestines
Helps to regulate digestion
16
Q
Sensory Receptors
A
pick up information about change
- Located in the periphery
- Typically named by info they transmit
17
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
movement
18
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
temperature
19
Q
Baroreceptors
A
Blood
20
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
chemical
21
Q
Nociceptors
A
pain receptors
22
Q
SNS
A
Skeletal muscle
23
Q
ANS
A
Autonomism from learned informations
24
Q
ANS subcatagories
A
sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and repose, non stress events
25
sensory function
Detect internal stimuli
Detect external stimuli
Information sent to CNS by cranial and spinal nerves (SNS)
26
Integrative function - CNS
Processing of sensory information
| Formulating a response
27
Motor function
Elicitation of an appropriate motor response
| Effector (muscle or gland)
28
Neuron
primary cell of the nervous system
Highly excitable
Receives and transmits action potential
29
parts of a nerve
cell body, dendrites, and axons
30
Cell body
metabolic activity takes place
31
Dendrites
bring info from another neuron into cell body
32
Axon
carries info out to the periphery, make up cranial and spinal nerves
33
Glial cell
Support and protect neurons
34
classification of neurons
by function or structure
35
function classifications
afferent, motor/ efferent/ interneurons
36
afferent
afferentwill always transmit the info from the periphery towards the CNS
37
motor/ efferent
take info from the CNS out to the periphery out to the effector. Carry a response
38
interneurons
within CNS from one neuron to another, the middle man
39
structural classifications
multipolar, bipolar and unipolar
40
multipolar
multiple dendrites, motor neurons, brain and spinal chord
| - Most common
41
Bipolar
1 dendrite, 1 axon, eye, smell, and hearing
| - Rarest
42
Unipolar
looks like axon and dendrite are fused. most sensory receptors, touch and taste
43
Atrocytes
- multi pointes star
- Connected to neuron and the blood vessel. Apart of blood brain barrier
- Remove waste products/ filter stuff from the blood
44
Oligodendrocytes
secrete a lipid protein substance called myelin.
| Myelin wrap around cell bodies and protect them
45
Microglia
wandering cells, immune system function, they have the ability to phagocytize unwanted materials from getting into the neuron
46
Ependymal cells
line the ventricles in the brain and they secrete a protective fluid know as cerebro spinal fluid (CSF), blood barrier
47
CNS
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
48
PNS
Schwann cells
| Satelltie cells
49
Schwann cell
manufacture and secrete myelin
50
Satellite cells
manufacture and secrete myelin for cell bodies in the ganglia
51
is all nervous tissue myelinated?
no
52
myelinated axons
Myelin protects and insulates axons from one another
53
Myelinated neurons
White matter
54
Unmyelinated axons
grey, no lypo protein protection
| - Lypo protein most important function is to regulate the way the action potential is transmitted along the axons
55
Nodes of Ranvier
There has to be places where they are exposed to the open environment
**Action potential for myelinated = faster ***
White matter = where info take place
Grey matter = where info is stored
56
Ganglion:
associated with autonomic portion
57
Nerve tissue
bundle of axons
| - Classified via types of axons that comprise the nerves
58
Motor
transmit a response to periphery
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Sensory
transmit info to CNS
60
Mixed
transmit sensory and nervous system
61
Grey and white matter
in spinal chord and brain
62
Brain
grey mater is the outside, store everything we learn
63
Spinal cord
grey matter in the center, transmits ingoing info into outgoing info
64
Myelin matter in brain
located in the center for speed
65
Myelin matter on spinal chord
how atp is transmitted
66
Center of brain
communication network
67
spinal muscle cannot...
store information
68
Polarized
charge, +
| - Allows cell to be stimulated
69
Depolarize
action potential
Potential describes the difference in charge across the cell membrane
Difference in charge allows our neurons to do work
Work is by way of an action potential (electrical)
70
Graded potential
happens at a synapis, over a short distance, chemical not electrical
Ex: what happens at neuromuscular junction
- Purpose is to change the charge/ depolarize to allow action potential
71
Coulombs law
Likes repel and opposites attract
72
Potential
voltage
73
Current
is the flow of charge
| - Dependent on voltage and resistance
74
Current, Voltage, Resistance
I
V
R
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Ohm's law
I = V/R
76
The human body is
electrically neutral
77
current
flow of ions across the cell membrane
78
voltage
difference in numbers of + and - ions
| - separated by cellular plasma membrane (potential energy)
79
ion channels
- change resistance
- protein based structures
- ion channels are selective
80
resting membrane potential
-70 mV
81
passive leakage channels
- help maintain the resting membrane potential.
| - They are always open
82
Gated channels
- closed until stimulated to open
- Two events can open this
1. Voltage change
2. Chemical/ ligand
83
Depolarization:
- sodium channels open
- Depolarization is a self limiting event
- Time
- Voltage
84
Repolarization
when sodium channels close and potassium channels open
85
After potential
(hyperpolarization) almost a rest period. Occurs when potassium channels stay open longer than needed to restore normalcy
86
All or none principle
it goes from start to finish
87
Refractory period
insures that the action potential flows in one direction by changing the sensitivity of where that action potential was
88
Absolute
no stimulus will create an action potential
89
Relative
the stimulus has to be stronger than threshold/ minimum
90
Factors that affect propagation
- Myelination
- Axon diameter
- Temperature
91
Myelination
- Myelinated axons are white
| - Speeds up
92
Axon diameter
(large: fast, small: slow)
A - large
B - medium
C – small
93
Temperature
- Cold slows down the transmission of action potentials
| - Heat increases the action potential flow
94
Myelinated axon
only areas exposed to environment is where action potential occurs
Saltatory conduction
95
the synapse
```
Junction between two cells
Site where action potentials in one cell excite or inhibit another
Components
Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic cell/neuron
Types
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Additional classification
Electrical
Chemical
```
96
Ap Propagation
AP propagation is quick & efficient
| AP is always propagated to next cell
97
electrical synapses
- Found in cardiac muscle and many types of smooth muscle
- Most efficient but also the rarest
- Synapsis are always excititory
98
at the synapse
you can have an excitatory activity or an inhibitory activity
99
A graded potential will always
be created in the postsynaptic structure
100
The graded potential can create
an excitatory event
101
GABA
is the most common in the brain and is the one that a lot of anti anxiety medicine is designed to release
102
A lot of neurotransmitters
important in mental health
