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Geology > Test 4 Material > Flashcards

Test 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

what is mass wasting

A

rock on unstable slopes has the potential to move downslope under the influence of gravity, important in mountain errosion

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2
Q

Subaerial (slow to fast)

A

creep, solifluction, slump, mudflow, debris flow, lahar, rockslide, debris slide, avalanche, debris fall

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3
Q

creep

A

slow gradual downslope movement on a slope

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4
Q

solifluction

A

in places where slopes are underlain with permafrost, causes a melted layer to flow down slopes in the brief summer thaw

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5
Q

slump

A

a slow-moving event which rock does not disintegrate but stays somewhat coherent

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6
Q

mudflow

A

or mudslide, a moving slurry of mud by heavy rain

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7
Q

debris flow

A

a slurry consisting of a mix of mud and pebble to boulder sized fragments

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8
Q

lahar

A

mudflow of volcanic ash and water from the melted snow

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9
Q

rock slide

A

a sudden movement of rock down a non-vertical slope

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10
Q

snow avalanche (dry)

A

formed when the snow mass contains no liquid water, tumbles as cloud of powder

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11
Q

snow avalanche (wet)

A

formed at warmer temperatures, move as a mix of solid and liquid water

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12
Q

rock avalanche

A

when the material in a rock/debris fall mixes with air and forms a turbulent cloud that races downslope

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13
Q

rockfall

A

occur when a mass free falls from a cliff, commonly happen along joints

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14
Q

debris fall

A

when debris free falls

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15
Q

talus

A

a sloping apron or rocks along the base of a cliff

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16
Q

three stages of mass wasting

A
  1. fracturing and weathering of substrate
  2. development of relief, provides a slope to move down
  3. an event that sets it in motion
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17
Q

resistance force

A

granular debris tends to pile up and produce the steepest slope

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18
Q

angle of response

A

the angle depends partially on the shape and size of the grains, which determine the amount of friction

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19
Q

what causes slope failure

A

shocks, vibrations, and liquefaction, changing slope loads, changing slope strength

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20
Q

identifying dangerous mass wasting regions

A

slump head scarf, tilted trees, piles of loose debris at base of hill, bumpy land, manmade features crack over time

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21
Q

preventing mass wasting

A
  1. revegetation, and regrading
  2. reducing subsurface water, prevent undercutting
  3. building safety structures
  4. controlled blasting of unstable slopes
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22
Q

the hydrologic cycle

A

circulation of earths water supply

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23
Q

sources of earths water

A

streams make up a small percentage of freshwater

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24
Q

forming streams

A
  1. begins as sheetwash
  2. sheetwash digs tiny channels called rills
  3. rills down cut, develop into streamflow
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25
Q

formation of drainage networks

A

streamflow increases as water is added, widen stream via erosion, over time nearby channels merge, smaller tributaries join a larger truck stream, change over time

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26
Q

patterns in drainage networks

A

often form geometric patterns that reflect the underlaying geography

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27
Q

common drainage patterns

A

dendritic, rectangular, trellis, radial, and deranged

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28
Q

drainage basin

A

land areas that drain into a specific system

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29
Q

divides

A

separation between basins by high topography

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30
Q

continental divides

A

separate flow into different oceans

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31
Q

permanent streams

A

water flows all year, at or below water table, humid/temperate, sufficient rainfall, lower evaporation, flow varies seasonally

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32
Q

ephemeral streams

A

do not flow all year, above water table, dry climates, low rainfall, high evaporation, flow mostly during flash floods

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33
Q

2 types of streamflow

A

laminar (slow) and turbulent (fast) flow

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34
Q

laminar flow

A

streamlines are parallel, no mixing between layers

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35
Q

turbulent flow

A

streamlines intertwine, complex mixing

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36
Q

factors that determine stream velocity

A

gradient (slope), channel characteristics (shape, size, and roughness), and discharge

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37
Q

discharge

A

volume of water moving past a point in a certain amount of time

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38
Q

gradient

A

vertical change over horizontal change, decreases downstream

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39
Q

channel characteristics

A

friction along sides and bottom of channel slow down water

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40
Q

what type of streams move faster

A

narrower streams

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41
Q

Channel discharge equation

A

Q (discharge) = VA (velocitycross-sectional area)

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42
Q

breaking and lifing

A

push of current breaks pieces of stream channel

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43
Q

abraision

A

sand floating in water grinds channel

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44
Q

dissolution

A

water dissolves minerals and carries them away

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45
Q

stream load

A

material being transported

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46
Q

competence

A

the max sized particles a stream can carry, high competence = large particles

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47
Q

capacity

A

total quantity of sediment a stream can carry

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48
Q

deposition

A

caused by a decrease in velocity

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49
Q

channel deposits

A

bars and braided stream

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50
Q

floodplain deposits

A

natural levees form parallel to stream channel by successive floods

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51
Q

alluvial fans

A

where a high gradient stream leaves narrow valley and then flattens out, slopes outward in a broad arc

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52
Q

deltas

A

forms when a stream enters the ocean or lake

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53
Q

stream landscape

A

narrow valleys and wide valleys

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54
Q

narrow valleys

A

V shaped, features: rapids and waterfalls, energy directed down

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55
Q

base level

A

the lowest point to which a stream can erode
types: ultimate (sea level), local (resistant rock layer)

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56
Q

wide valleys

A

streams near base level, energy is side to side, characteristics: meanders, floodplains

57
Q

features of meandering streams

A

cut offs, oxbow lake, point bars, cut bank

58
Q

incised meanders

A

meanders cut into steep narrow valleys, caused by drop in base level or uplift of region

59
Q

terraces

A

remnants of former floodplains

60
Q

floodplains

A

stream overflows bank depositing material on either side

61
Q

floods

A

most common and destructive geologic hazard

62
Q

causes of floods

A

abrupt, heavy rain or snow melt, long periods of rain, collapse of dam

63
Q

types of floods

A

seasonal or flash

64
Q

seasonal floods

A

gradually submerges, develop over hours or days

65
Q

flash floods

A

water rises very quickly, only last few minutes to few hours

66
Q

recurrence interval

A

average number of years between successive floods of a given size

67
Q

annual probability

A

the likelihood that a flood of a given size will happen during any given year

68
Q

flood control

A

artificial levees, flood-control dams, channelization

69
Q

glaciers

A

thick masses of ice

70
Q

types of glaciers

A

valley/alpine and continental/ice sheet

71
Q

valley (alpine) glaciers

A

mountainous areas, flow down valley from an accumulation center

72
Q

continental (ice sheet) glaciers

A

larger scale, flow in all directions, Greenland and antarctica

73
Q

glacier formation

A

fluffy snow packs down into granular snow, snow recrystallizes into firn, firn fuses into interlocking ice crystals forming glacial ice

74
Q

glacial movement

A

ice near valley floors and walls move slower than ice in the center

75
Q

glacial ice movement

A

basal slip, and plastic flow

76
Q

basal slip

A

beneath the glacier, entire ice mass slipping

77
Q

plastic flow

A

within glacier, pressure causes ice to behave plasitcally

78
Q

zone of fracture

A

occurs on top 50m of glacier, tension causes crevasses to form

79
Q

glacial surge

A

rapid glacial movement

80
Q

sections of a glacier

A

zone of accumulation, zone of wastage, glacial budget

81
Q

zone of accumulation

A

where glacier forms

82
Q

zone of wastage

A

loss of glacier

83
Q

glacier budget

A

balance between accumulation and wastage

84
Q

glacier erosion

A

plucking/bulldozing and abraision

85
Q

plucking

A

glacial ice freezes in cracks and pulls rock loose

86
Q

abraision

A

rocks within ice polish surface, produces glacial striations

87
Q

bulldozing

A

glacier pushes or shoves material

88
Q

U shaped troughs

A

valleys scoured by glaciers

89
Q

hanging valleys

A

tributary valley whose floor is at a higher level than the main valley

90
Q

cirques

A

bowl shaped depressions that form beneath the upper end of glacier

91
Q

aretes

A

thin ridge formed by the erosion of two cirques

92
Q

horns

A

steep walled pyramidal peaks

93
Q

valleys for rivers and glaciers

A

U shaped = glaciers, V shaped = rivers

94
Q

fiords

A

former glacial valley drowned by the sea

95
Q

till

A

sediments deposited directly by ice

96
Q

stratified drift

A

sediments deposited by glacial meltwater

97
Q

moraines

A

ridges made of till

98
Q

drumlins

A

smooth elongated parallel hills made of till, steep side faces direction ice came from

99
Q

outwash plains

A

broad surface deposited by meltwater leaving glacier, kettles

100
Q

ice contact deposits

A

deposited by meltwater flowing over motionless ice, kames and eskers

101
Q

ice age

A

2-3 million yrs ago, ice cover 30% of land, effects: migration, changes in stream course, change in seal level, climate change

102
Q

causes of glaciation

A

plate tectonics, variations in the earths orbit

103
Q

desert

A

arid region where evaporation exceeds precipitation

104
Q

characteristics of deserts

A

cold or hot, dry (less than 25cm of rain), high evaporation rates

105
Q

subtropical desert

A

low latitude deserts around tropics of cancer and Capricorn

106
Q

rain shadow desert

A

when moist marine air moves inland and meets a mountain range, dry air descends on the opposite side of mountian

107
Q

continental interior desert

A

at mid latitudes, far enough inland that air is low in moisture

108
Q

coastal desert

A

generally on western edges of continents

109
Q

polar desert

A

at extreme latitudes, snow dunes can form in areas with slightly more moisture

110
Q

desert rainfall

A

brief heavy showers, flash floods common, most erosion by running water

111
Q

wind in desert

A

not confined to channels, can spread over large areas

112
Q

surface load

A

skipping and bouncing along surface (sand sized particles)

113
Q

suspended load

A

sediment floating in air (silt and clay sized particles)

114
Q

wind abrasion

A

the impact of sand grains on an object

115
Q

dunes

A

mounds of sand, asymmetrical, slow migration in direction of wind

116
Q

dune geometry

A

barchan, longitudinal, transverse, parabolic, barchanoid, and star

117
Q

playa lakes

A

when excess water is not absorbed into the ground after an intense rainstorm

118
Q

playa salt pan

A

forms when a playa lake evaporates

119
Q

desert varnish

A

iron and manganese oxide created from dust, moisture and micro organisms

120
Q

mesas, buttes and chimneys

A

erosional features of progressively smaller size

121
Q

global change

A

transformations or modifications of both the physical and biological components of the earth system

122
Q

unidirectional change

A

one direction and never repeats, Ex: evolution

123
Q

cyclic changes

A

happen often and over and over again, Ex: rock cycle, Wilson cycle

124
Q

greenhouse gasses

A

CO2 and methane, key rolls in controlling earths climate

125
Q

Climate change natural or human

A

modification to greenhouse gasses happen naturally over time but humans are effecting it to

126
Q

approaches to studying climate change

A

measure past climate change to document the magnitude of change
use models to predict changes

127
Q

paleoclimate

A

climatologists look at sedimentary record, paleontological evidence and growth rings

128
Q

Oxygen Isotope ratios

A

ratio of O18 to O16 in glacial ice gives indication of temperature at which the ice formed

129
Q

greenhouse

A

times in earths past where it was warmer than today

130
Q

ice house

A

times in earths past when it was colder than today

131
Q

how many major icehouse periods

A

5

132
Q

causes of long term climate change

A

position of continents, volcanic activity, tectonic uplift, formation of fossil fuels, life evolution

133
Q

short term climate change causes

A

fluctuations in solar radiation, changes in surface albedo (reflectivity), changes in earths Milankovitch cycles, changes in volcanic emission, changes of greenhouse gas concentration, changes in ocean currents

134
Q

catastrophic climate change

A

happens instantly, result of volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts

135
Q

mass extinctions

A

large number of species rapidly disappear, caused by catastrophic climate events

136
Q

when did human population reach 1 billion and 2 billion

A

around 1850, took only 80 years to double it

137
Q

changes to landscape

A

using up resources at an alarming rate

138
Q

changes to ecosystems

A

rainforest disappearing at 2% each year

139
Q
A

Geology (5 decks)

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