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Geology > Test 3 Material > Flashcards

Test 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we care about earthquakes

A

much of the world’s population lives in areas where earthquakes are a hazard

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2
Q

Earthquake Myths

A

-They happen in certain kinds of weather
-big earthquakes happen early in the morning
-animals can sense when they are going to happen
-California is going to fall into the sea
-the ground can open up and swallow people
-the safest place is under a doorway
-you can not prepare for them

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3
Q

What is an earthquake

A

shaking of the earth caused by a sudden release of energy

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4
Q

epicenter

A

the point on the surface directly above the focus

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5
Q

focus

A

the point where the earthquake waves are coming from

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6
Q

shallow focus

A

less than 70km

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7
Q

intermediate focus

A

between 70-300km

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8
Q

deep focus

A

greater than 300km

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9
Q

which depth focus is the most destructive

A

shallow focus are most destructive

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10
Q

where do earthquakes happen

A

at ever plate boundary type

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11
Q

what is a fault

A

fractures or cracks along which movement has occured, most earthquakes occur due to movement on faults

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12
Q

hanging wall

A

always above the fault

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13
Q

foot wall

A

always below the fault

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14
Q

Types of Faults

A

Dip Slip, Strike Slip

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15
Q

Dip slip fault types

A

normal, reverse, thrust, oblique

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16
Q

Dip Slip Reverse

A

hanging wall moves up relative to footwall, steep, accommodates compression

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17
Q

Dip Slip Normal

A

hanging wall moves down relative to footwall, accommodates extension

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18
Q

Dip Slip Thrust

A

hanging wall moves up relative to footwall, shallow, accommodates compression

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19
Q

Dip Slip Oblique

A

accommodates either tension or compression, complicated faults, some component of horizontal motion

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20
Q

Strike Slip

A

accommodates horizontal motion, transform boundary is a strike slip, cuts through the lithosphere, left and right lateral

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21
Q

Elastic rebound theory

A

describes how energy builds up and is released during an earthquake

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22
Q

Who developed elastic rebound theory

A

developed by Harry Fielding Ried

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23
Q

driving forces that move rocks

A

tectonic forces, movement of magma, sudden slip on a nearby fault, giant landslides, water pumping or injection, underground nuclear bomb tests

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24
Q

Displacement

A

occurs along fault segments

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25
Q

3 ways of displacement

A

fault creep - slow gradual, numerous earthquakes, store up energy until a major earthquake

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26
Q

foreshocks

A

small earthquakes before the major events and can happen days or months in advance

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27
Q

aftershocks

A

adjustments after a major earthquake can generate small earthquakes

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28
Q

earthquake triggering

A

earthquakes set-off far away from the main earthquake, outside of aftershock area, can trigger up to 1300km away

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29
Q

Can humans induce earthquakes

A

yes

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30
Q

types of waves

A

body waves and surface waves

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31
Q

types of body waves

A

compressional (P) waves, and Shear (S) waves

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32
Q

Types of surface waves

A

Rayleigh waves and Love waves

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33
Q

P-waves

A

pressure wave or preliminary wave, particle motion is parallel to the wave propagation direction

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34
Q

S-waves

A

Shear wave or secondary wave, particle motion is perpendicular to the wave propagation

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35
Q

can P waves move through the outer core

A

yes because you can compress a liquid and the outer core is liquid

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36
Q

can S waves move through the outer core

A

no because you can not shear a liquid

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37
Q

Wave speed in relation to temperature and pressure

A

increased temperature = decreased velocity
increased pressure = increased velocity

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38
Q

Rayleigh waves

A

named after Lord Rayleigh, also known as ground roll, very damaging to structures, counter-clockwise elliptical motion that decreases with depth

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39
Q

Love waves

A

named for A.E.H. Love, side to side particle motion that decreases with depth

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40
Q

How are earthquakes recorded and measured

A

Seismometer

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41
Q

Seismometer

A

an instrument used to measure the intensity direction and duration of an earthquake

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42
Q

Different seismometers

A

mass on a spring recording on a roll of paper, electronic sensor with digital recordings

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43
Q

Seismograms

A

a record of the ground motion at a specific location as a function of time

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44
Q

what is the order that the earthquake waves arrive, first to last

A

P-wave, S-wave, Surface waves (Rayleigh and Love)

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45
Q

locating earthquakes

A

earthquakes locations can be determined using the S-P-time from several seismograms

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46
Q

how many seismograms do you need to locate an earthquake

A

must have at least 3 records

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47
Q

Wadati-Benioff zones

A

dipping seismic zones common to convergent plate boundaries

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48
Q

Magnitude

A

a measure of the energy released during and earthquake, several different scales

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49
Q

Richter Magnitude

A

developed by Dr. Charles Richer for southern cal earthquakes recorded by a specific type of seismometer, uses the maximum amplitude of recorded S-waves

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50
Q

Moment Magnitude

A

independent of seismometer type, based on the total amount of energy released during an earthquake

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51
Q

Scale of Magnitude

A

It is logarithmic so for every 1 point increase the amplitude of the ground motion increases 10x

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52
Q

Earthquake Hazards

A

ground shaking, ground displacement, liquefaction, landslides, fires, tsunamis

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53
Q

what controls the level of ground shaking

A

-magnitude - how much energy is released
-distance - shaking decays with distance
- local soil and bedrock conditions

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54
Q

Would it be better to build your home on bedrock or soil/mud

A

rock is better, more consolidated material, shakes less

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55
Q

Liquefaction

A

mixing of soil and groundwater during an earthquake, ground becomes very soft and loses strength

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56
Q

Can Earthquakes be predicted

A

although we know where earthquakes are likely to occur, there is no reliable way to predict when an event will happen at any specific location,

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57
Q

Groundwater and the Hydrologic cycle

A

groundwater is about 22% of the world’s freshwater, comes form precipitation going through soils and sediments, and fills the open spaces in rocks

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58
Q

groundwater

A

is an important source for domesic industrial and agricultural use, also important erosion al agent and energy source

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59
Q

Distribution of Groundwater

A

zone of saturation, zone of aeration, capillary fringe, and belt of soil moisture

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60
Q

zone of saturation

A

all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water, water table is the upper limit

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61
Q

zone of aeration

A

area above water table, pore spaces mostly filled with air

62
Q

capillary fringe

A

extends upward from the water table, groundwater held by surface tension in tiny passages between grains of soil or sediment

63
Q

belt of soil moisture

A

water held by molecular attraction on soil particles

64
Q

Properties of Materials that allow them to absorb water

A

porosity, and permeability

65
Q

porosity

A

the percentage of a materials volume that is open pore space

66
Q

permeability

A

the measure of the interconnectedness of pore spaces, ability to transmit fluid

67
Q

Aquifer

A

porous, permeable rock that transmits water freely, high permeability, ex. gravel and sand

68
Q

aquitard

A

rock or soil layer that does not transmit water easily, low permeability, ex clay

69
Q

How does groundwater move

A

gravity, recharge areas, discharge areas

70
Q

gravity in groundwater moving

A

groundwater is moved by gravity from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, can move up to 250 km a day or less than a few cm a day

71
Q

Recharge areas

A

natural recharge: rainfall or snowmelt
artificial recharge: wastewater treatment plants or recharge ponds

72
Q

discharge areas

A

natural discharge: lakes streams swamps, springs
artificial discharge: pumping from wells

73
Q

types of discharge

A

Springs, geysers, Water wells

74
Q

Springs

A

water table intersects earth’s surface, natural outflow of groundwater

75
Q

hot springs

A

heated by colling igneous rocks underground, contains lots of dissolved minerals, temperature can range from 86-220F

76
Q

Gysers

A

intermittent hot springs, erupts with great force, occur when underground chambers exist withing hot igneous rocks

77
Q

geysers process

A

groundwater heats, expands, changes to steam and erupts

78
Q

Water wells

A

a hole drilled or dug into the zone of saturation allowing water to seep in

79
Q

problems with water wells

A

pumping can create a cone of depression and lower the water table

80
Q

Groundwater withdrawal issues

A

Groundwater nonrenewable resource, Subsidence, Saltwater intrusion

81
Q

groundwater nonrenewable resource

A

recharge less than discharge, occurs primarily when more groundwater is used than is replaced by natural processes

82
Q

subsidence

A

water pumped from ground, ground collapses and compresses, loose grains of aquifer are packed tighter as pore spaces collapse

83
Q

saltwater intrusion

A

excessive withdrawal in costal areas causes saltwater to be drawn into wells, contaminating freshwater supply

84
Q

Groundwater contamination

A

serious problem due to indiscriminate practices by industry and citizens

85
Q

most common sources of groundwater contamination

A

sewage, landfills, toxic waste disposal sites, industry, underground tanks, and agriculture

86
Q

Natural filtration

A

water can become purified as it passes through an aquifer composed of sand or permeable sandstone, acts as a filter

87
Q

what is wrong with gravel aquifers

A

the pore openings are too large and it does not filter well

88
Q

groundwater distance and purification

A

groundwater my travel long distances without being cleaned

89
Q

Geologic work of gorundwater

A

groundwater can dissolve rock

90
Q

acidic groundwater

A

contains weak carbonic acid, and the acid reacts with calcite in limestone and the rock becomes soluble

91
Q

caverns(caves)

A

acidic groundwater dissolves soluble rock, they form in the zone of aeration

92
Q

caverns vs caves

A

they are the same except caverns are larger

93
Q

How caves form

A

chemical weathering, water table drops, water-air interaction forms deposits/features

94
Q

Speleothems

A

calcite-containing water drips from cracks in the ceiling of the cave or runs down the walls, water evaporates when encountering the air in the cave and leave behind the calcite it was carrying, calcite builds up over time

95
Q

rate of growth of speleothems

A

1-2mm a year

96
Q

Types of speleothems

A

Stalactites, Stalagmites, Soda Straws, Column, Flowstone

97
Q

Stalactitles

A

icicle like cone, hangs from the celling of the cave and grows downward, water drips off tip, adding calcite

98
Q

Soda Straws

A

a type of stalactite, delicate hollow features, build up to form more massive stalactites later on

99
Q

Stalagmites

A

water drips onto cave floor, building up a mound of calcite, grows upward from the floor of the cave

100
Q

what usually happens with stalactites and stalagmites

A

they often form directly over one another and they grow toward one another

101
Q

Column

A

when a stalactite and a stalagmite grow together into one feature, connects the ceiling and floor of the cave

102
Q

Flowstone

A

sheet-like deposits from water running down the wall of the cave

103
Q

Other Cave Features

A

underground lakes and rivers

104
Q

Underground lakes and rivers

A

where the water table intersects the cave

105
Q

Cave environment

A

fairly constant temperature at about 55F, almost 100% humidity, pitch black (eyes will never adjust)

106
Q

Spelunking

A

cave exploration

107
Q

Mammoth cave

A

Kentucky, world’s longest known cave system, 390 miles explored with more to explore

108
Q

Carlsbad Cave

A

New Mexico, deepest cave in the U.S. at about 750ft, one of the largest underground chambers in the world at the size of 6 football fields

109
Q

Cave life

A

Bats, crayfish, spiders, fish, salamanders

110
Q

bats

A

like the constant temperature and the dark

111
Q

unique forms of life

A

crayfish, spiders, fish, and salamanders, have no coloring and no eyes

112
Q

karst topography

A

landscaped shaped by dissolving power of groundwater

113
Q

features of karst topography

A

irregular terrain, sinkholes, disappearing streams, karst springs

114
Q

sinkholes

A

soluble rock is dissolved leaving shallow depressions, cavern roof collapses, due to the subsurface not being able to support the overlaying weight

115
Q

disappearing streams

A

water disappears into underground caverns or cracks in the rock, can take unexpected paths

116
Q

Characteristics of Waves

A

they derive their energy and motion from the wind

117
Q

Parts of a wave

A

Crest and trough

118
Q

crest of a wave

A

top of the wave

119
Q

trough of a wave

A

low area between waves

120
Q

wave height

A

vertical distance between trough and crest

121
Q

wavelength

A

horizontal distance between crests

122
Q

wave period

A

the time it takes for two successive crests to pass the same point

123
Q

types of waves

A

oscillating and translational

124
Q

oscillating wave

A

wave energy moves forward not that water itself, occur in deep water

125
Q

translational wave

A

form in shallower water when water depth is about 1/2 the wavelength

126
Q

translational wave process

A

speed and length of wave diminish and wave grows higher, steep wave front collapses, wave breaks along shore, turbulent water advances up shore and forms surf

127
Q

wave erosion

A

breaking waves exert a great force

128
Q

wave erosion is caused by

A

wave impact and pressure, abrasion by rock fragments

129
Q

Wave Refraction

A

waves seldom approach the shore straight on but rather at an angle, when waves reach shallow water they are bent and tend to become parallel to the shore, so wave energy is concentrated against the sides and ends of headlands

130
Q

headlands

A

land sticking out into water

131
Q

consequences of wave refraction

A

wave erosion wears down headlands over time, eventually straitening and smoothing the shoreline, this energy also moves sand along beaches

132
Q

longshore current

A

current is parallel to the coast, also helps move sand down the beach, sand moves with the current

133
Q

erosional shoreline features

A

wave cut cliffs, wave cut platforms, sea arch and sea stack

134
Q

depositional shoreline features

A

spits, baymouth bar, tombolo

135
Q

spits

A

elongated ridge of sand extending from land into mouth of adjacent bay

136
Q

baymouth bar

A

a sand bar that completely crosses a bay

137
Q

tombolo

A

a ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or another island

138
Q

2 approaches to stabilizing the shore

A

building structures and beach nourishment

139
Q

building structures

A

jetties, groins, breakwaters, and seawalls

140
Q

jetties

A

built in pairs to develop and maintain harbors

141
Q

groins

A

built to maintain or widen beaches, constructed at a right angle

142
Q

breakwaters

A

barrier built offshore and parallel to the coast to protect boats from large waves

143
Q

seawalls

A

barrier parallel to shore and close to the beach to protect property, stops waves from reaching the beach areas behind the wall

144
Q

beach nourishment

A

the addition of large quantities of sand to the beach system, very expensive and not a long term solution

145
Q

Coastal classification

A

emergent and submergent coasts

146
Q

emergent coast

A

develop because of uplift of an area or drop in sea level, tectonically active, tend to be erosional

147
Q

features of emergent coasts

A

wave cut cliffs and wave cut platforms

148
Q

submergent coast

A

caused by subsidence of land adjacent to the sea or rise in sea level, tend to be depositional

149
Q

features of submergent

A

estuaries

150
Q
A

Geology (5 decks)

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