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Geology > Test 1 Material > Flashcards

Test 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Geologic time

A

the span of time since earth’s formation, the earth is 4.6 billion years old

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2
Q

Relative time

A

age of features are described in relation to one another. Principal of uniformitarianism, superposition, original horizontality, original continuity, cross-cutting relations, inclusions, and baked contacts

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3
Q

principal of uniformitarianism

A

physical processes that occur today also happed in the past. “the present is the key to the past”

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4
Q

principal of superposition

A

in an undeformed sequence of rocks, oldest are on the bottom and the youngest are on top

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5
Q

principal of original horizontality

A

sediments settle and accumulate on fairly horizontal surfaces. flat geologic layers have not been disturbed

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6
Q

principal of original continuity

A

sediments accumulate in continuous layers or sheets. layers that end abruptly have been disturbed after formation

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7
Q

principal of cross-cutting relationships

A

if one geologic feature cuts across another, the feature that has been cut is older

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8
Q

principal of inclusions

A

inclusions are a piece of rock within another rock. the inclusion must be older than the surrounding rock

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9
Q

principal of baked contacts

A

molten rock can heat or bake the surrounding rock, the baked rock must be older than

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10
Q

importance of fossils

A

aid in the interpretation of past events, and are important time indicators

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11
Q

unconformities

A

a break in the rock record resulting from erosion and or non deposition of rock

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12
Q

angular unconformity

A

tilted or folded rocks overlain by flat lying rocks

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13
Q

nonconformity

A

when rocks that form in very different environments are found next to each other

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14
Q

disconformity

A

a break in the rock record between rock units of similar type

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15
Q

absolute time scale

A

age of features is reported by a numerical value

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16
Q

radioactivity

A

spontaneous decay in atomic structure

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17
Q

parent

A

unstable radioactive isotope

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18
Q

daughter

A

isotope resulting from decay of parent

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19
Q

half-life

A

(decay rate) time required for one half of radioactive material to decay

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20
Q

carbon 14 dating

A

half life is 5730 years and is the ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12. used to date material less than 50k yrs

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21
Q

geologic time scale

A

calendar of earths history, created by assigning absolute dates to relative features

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22
Q

Periods and dates

A

4.6 - Precambrian - 540 mill - Paleozoic - 248 mill - Mesozoic - 65 mill - Cenozoic - now

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23
Q

big bang theory

A

occurred about 14 billion years ago, all mater and energy packed into one point that violently exploded.

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24
Q

nebular hypothesis

A

dust collides and sticks together to form mini planets. mini planets collide to build up proto-earth

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25
Q

age of the earth

A

4.6 billion years ago

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26
Q

compositional earth layers

A

crust, mantle, inner core, and outer core

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27
Q

Precambrian history

A

simple life (cyanobacteria), supercontinent Rhodena, formation of most continents, oxygen and water fairly abundant,

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28
Q

Paleozoic history

A

Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghenian Orogeny formed the Appalachian mountains, supercontinent Pangea, diversification of life, largest extinction in history

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29
Q

Mesozoic history

A

age of the dinosaurs, breakup of Pangea, few mammals, Laminide Orogeny formed the Rocky mountains and the K-T extinction (meteor)

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30
Q

Cenozoic history

A

current continent formation, age of the mammels, ice age, evolution of humans

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31
Q

defining characteristics of minerals

A

naturally occurring, homogeneous, definite chemical composition, inorganic crystalline solid

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32
Q

atomic structure

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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33
Q

isotope

A

different number of neutrons

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34
Q

ion

A

different number of electrons
cation - positive charge
anion - negative charge

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35
Q

types of chemical bods

A

ionic, covalent, metallic, and van der Waals

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36
Q

ionic bond

A

atoms gain or lose outermost electrons creating ions, opposites attract and they become electronically stable

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37
Q

covalent bond

A

stronger than ionic bonds, atoms share electrons to achieve electrical neutrality

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38
Q

metallic bond

A

electrons migrate among atoms, good conductivity

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39
Q

van der Walls bond

A

weak attractive force between electrically neutral atoms

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40
Q

polymorphs

A

minerals with the same composition but different crystalline structures

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41
Q

mineral diagnostic properties

A

crystal form and shape, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity and others

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42
Q

crystal form

A

external expression of mineral’s internal structure

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43
Q

luster

A

appearance in reflected light, metallic or non metallic

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44
Q

color

A

generally unreliable because of mineral impurities

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45
Q

streak

A

color of a mineral in powdered form

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46
Q

hardness

A

resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

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47
Q

cleavage

A

tendency to break along planes of weak bonding, produces flat, shiny surfaces

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48
Q

fracture

A

absence of cleavage when broken

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49
Q

specific gravity

A

weight of a mineral divided by the weight o equal volume water

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50
Q

other mineral diagnostic properties of

A

magnetism, reaction to HCl, double refraction, taste, smell

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51
Q

silicate minerals

A

most important mineral group, very abundant, tetrahedron,

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52
Q

mafic

A

simple silicate structure, dark colored, dense, contains iron and magnesium

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53
Q

felsic

A

more complex silicate structure, light colored, less dense

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54
Q

non silicate minerals

A

have important economic value and only make up 8% of the earths crust

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55
Q

magma

A

partially melted rock at a depth of

56
Q

lava

A

magma on the surface of

57
Q

components of magma

A

liquid portion, solids(silicate minerals), and volatiles

58
Q

how magma forms

A

heat (temperature increases with depth), pressure (decrease pressure decreases the melting point), volatiles (causes rocks to melt at a lower temperature),

59
Q

Bowen’s reaction series

A

mafic minerals crystallize first, felsic minerals crystalize last

60
Q

Partial melting

A

felsic minerals melt first, mafic minerals melt last

61
Q

Other ways to change magma composition

A

crystallization and settling, assimilation of inclusions, magma mixing

62
Q

viscosity

A

resistance to flow

63
Q

low viscosity

A

runny and flows easily, mafic magma

64
Q

high viscosity

A

thick and flows slowly, felsic magma

65
Q

intrusive cooling

A

magma cools and solidifies underground, can form a variety of plutons

66
Q

dike

A

vertical pluton

67
Q

sill

A

horizontal pluton

68
Q

laccolith

A

lens or mushroom shaped pluton

69
Q

batholith

A

largest pluton

70
Q

extrusive setting

A

magma erupted onto the surface of the earth freezes in contact with the atmosphere and ocean

71
Q

Igneous Textures

A

aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, glassy

72
Q

Aphanitic texture

A

rapid cooling, extrusive, very small crystals

73
Q

Phaneritic texture

A

slow cooling, intrusive, large visible crystals

74
Q

porphyritic texture

A

both big and little crystals, indicates 2 stages of cooling

75
Q

glassy texture

A

very rapid cooling of lava, extrusive

76
Q

Felsic, intrusive (phaneritic texture)

A

Granite

77
Q

Felsic, extrusive (aphanitic texture)

A

Rhyolite

78
Q

Intermediate, intrusive (phaneritic texture)

A

Diorite

79
Q

Intermediate, extrusive (aphanitic texture)

A

Andesite

80
Q

Mafic, intrusive (phaneritic texture)

A

Gabbro

81
Q

Mafic, extrusive (aphanitic texture)

A

Basalt

82
Q

extrusive (glassy texture)

A

Obsidian

83
Q

extrusive (frothy appearance)

A

Pumice

84
Q

Pyroclastic Rocks

A

fragmented, ejected during volcanic eruption, contain broken pieces of rock inside

85
Q

the rock cycle

A

any type of rock can turn into any other type of rock

86
Q

weathering

A

the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at the earth’s surface

87
Q

parent material

A

rock being weathered

88
Q

types of weathering

A

physical and chemical (both can happen simultaneously)

89
Q

physical weathering

A

breaking of rocks into smaller pieces

90
Q

frost wedging

A

water gets in a crack and freezes and makes the crack even bigger

91
Q

unloading

A

pressure released off of a pluton and it expands

92
Q

biologic activity in weathering

A

animals make homes in rocks

93
Q

thermal expansion

A

heating causes expansion, cooling causes contraction,

94
Q

chemical weathering

A

chemical reactions alter or destroy minerals

95
Q

dissolution

A

minerals dissolved into water

96
Q

oxidation

A

chemical reaction with water

97
Q

hydrolysis

A

ions from water attack and replace mineral ions

98
Q

Rates of weathering factors

A

Surface area, rock composition, climate

99
Q

Surface area

A

greater surface area = faster weathering

100
Q

rock composition

A

less complex SiO4 structure = faster weathering

101
Q

climate in weathering

A

chemical processes increase at higher temperatures and in the presence of liquids

102
Q

differential weathering

A

different rocks weather at different rates, this causes unusual and spectacular rock formations

103
Q

Soil

A

combination of sediment, organic matter, water, and air

104
Q

factors controlling soil formation

A

parent material, time, plants and animals, topography,climate

105
Q

time in soil formation

A

younger soil is thinner/less evolved than older soil

106
Q

climate in soil formation

A

most influential factor, deep soil in the tropics and thinner soil in arctic and desert

107
Q

Plants and animals in soil formation

A

humus, influence soil’s physical and chemical properties

108
Q

Topography

A

steep slopes = poorly developed soils, optimum terrain is flat surfaces

109
Q

Soil profile

A

Vertical layers called horizons

110
Q

zone of leaching

A

rainwater carries ions from above downward into soil

111
Q

zone of accumulation

A

new minerals precipitate here

112
Q

Steps to make a sedimentary rock

A

weathering, transport, diagenesis

113
Q

transportation: erosion and deposition

A

moving sediment from is source location to another location (wind, rivers, glaciers, ocean currents)

114
Q

Degree of rounding and transport

A

the farther that a rock travels the rounder its edges get. traveled short distance = harsh/jagged edges. traveled long distance = rounded edges

115
Q

Sedimentary environments

A

Continental, transitional, marine

116
Q

continental environment

A

dominated by river/stream deposition, also have glacial and wind deposition

117
Q

transitional environment

A

tidal flats, lagoons, deltas

118
Q

marine environment

A

shallow, deep

119
Q

Diagenesis

A

chemical, physical, and biological changes after sediments are deposited

120
Q

Lithification

A

transform loose sediment into rock

121
Q

types of sedimentary rocks

A

Detrital, Chemical

122
Q

Detrital

A

sedimentary rocks made of pieces of other rocks, sediments transported as solid particles

123
Q

Shale

A

clay or silt sized sediment, most common

124
Q

Sandstone

A

sand sized sediment

125
Q

Conglomerate and Breccia

A

pebble, cobble, or boulder sized sediment

Conglomerate = rounded sediment
Breccia = angular sediment

126
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

once in solution, precipitation occurs by inorganic or organic processes

127
Q

common sedimentary rocks

A

limestone, agate, and chert

128
Q

Evaporates

A

evaporation triggers deposition of precipitates

129
Q

coal

A

organic material buried and turned into sedimentary rock

130
Q

sedimentary structures

A

bedding planes, cross-bedding, ripple marks, mud cracks

131
Q

bedding planes

A

a layer of sedimentary rock with a distinctive top and bottom

132
Q

cross bedding

A

pattern created by moving sand dunes

133
Q

ripple marks

A

as water moves back and forth it moves sand underneath to create ripples

134
Q

mud cracks

A

a wet muddy environment that drys up and cracks

135
Q
A
136
Q
A

Geology (5 decks)

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