Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Test 4 Material > Flashcards

Test 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrointestinal System

A

Organs that collectively perform digestion and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Absorbtion

A

Passage of molecules through plasma membranes of cells lining stomach and intestines into blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structures of the Gastrointestinal System

A

1) Gastrointestinal Tract
2) Accessory Digestive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract

A

-a.k.a. alimentary canal
-Continuous tube from the mouth to to anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A

-Teeth
-Tongue
-Salivary Glands
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of the Gastrointestinal System

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing and Propultion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ingestion

A

Eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secretion

A

Cells in walls of GI tract and accessory organs secrete water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into lumen of tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mixing and Propultion

A

Muscles in organ wall rhythmically contract and relax to mix food and secretions together and move mixture through the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 Types of Digestion

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

-Tongue mixes food
-Teeth grind and cut food
-Stomach and small intestine churn/mix food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

-Enzymes help break larger nutrients into smaller ones (which can then be absorbed)
-Enzymes are secreted by salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Absorption

A

-Taken in through membranes of cells lining stomach and small intestine
-Enters blood or lymphatic systems
-Circulated throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Elimination

A

-a.k.a. defecation
-Feces: wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cells sloughed off from GI tract lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Feces

A

wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cells sloughed off from GI tract lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Emesis

A

Vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Teeth

A

Cut/grind food, mix with saliva, make food more manageable to swallow (mastication/mechanical digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Toungue

A

Skeletal Muscle covered in mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Salivary Glands (Major Ones)

A

-Parotid
-Submandibular Glands
-Sublingual Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Parotid

A

Inferior and anterior to ear, between skin and masseter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Submandibular Glands

A

Floor of mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sublingual Glands

A

Beneath tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Saliva

A

Water, Solutes, Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Bolus

A

Soft, flexible mass that is swallowed (i.e. passes into the pharynx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pharynx

A

-a.k.a. throat
-Skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane
-Muscle contractions move bolus from the mouth into pharynx into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Esophagus

A

-Skeletal and smooth muscle
-Collapsible muscular tube sitting posterior to trachea
-Runs from lowest segment of pharynx through diaphragm ( esophageal hiatus) to superior aspect of stomach
-Peristalsis: Wave-like contractions of smooth muscle lining walls of GI tract that move bolus along tract (from esophagus to anus)
-Passage of food from pharynx into esophagus controlled by upper esophageal sphincter
-Passage of food from esophagus into stomach controlled by lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the Function of the Esophagus?

A

Secrete mucous & transport bolus to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave-like contractions of smooth muscle lining walls of GI tract that move bolus along tract (from esophagus to anus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach is controlled by the ____________________.

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus is controlled by the __________________.

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Layers of the GI Tract

A

Wall of the GI tract from lower esophagus to anal canal has same 4 layered arrangment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the layers of the GI Tract from deep to superficial?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mucosa is a mucous membrane consisting of?

A

-Epithelium
-Lamina Propria
-Muscularis Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Epithelium

A

-Epithelial cells
-Exocrine cells (secrete mucous, liquid)
-Enteroendocrine Cells (secrete hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Lamina Propria

A

-CT (areolar)
-Blood and Lymphatic Vessels (for absorption)
-Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (for immune function/protection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Muscularis Mucosa

A

Smooth muscle layer creates folds in mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Submucosa

A

-CT layer binds mucosa to muscularis layer
-Contains many blood & lymphatic vessels (for nutrient transport)
-Contains neurons of enteric nervous system for GI control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Muscularis

A

Skeletal muscle: mouth, pharynx, upper 2/3rds of esophagus, external anal sphincter

Smooth muscle: everything else

Generally in 2 layers:
-Circular fibres
-Longitudinal Fibres

Contractions Help:
-Break down food
-Mix food with secretions
-Move food through GI Tract
Contractions (frequency and strength) controlled by enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Serosa

A

-Serous membrane
-Outermost layer of organs in abdominal cavity
-a.k.a. visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 2 layers of Peritoneum?

A

-Viceral Peritoneum (a.k.a. the Serosa)
-Parietal Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Between the 2 layers of the Peritoneum is the __________.

A

Peritoneal Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Some organs (kidney, ascending and descending colons, duodenum, pancreas) are covered by the peritoneum on their anterior side only they are called ________________.

A

Retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The Peritoneum contains?

A

Large folds bind organs to one another and to walls of the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Stomach

A

-J-shaped enlargement of GI tract
-Sits immediately below diaphragm
-Runs from esophagus to small intestine
-Can expand to hold several litres
-Food enters stomach through LES
-The stomach mixes food for 2-4 hours
-The soupy mix of food in stomach called chyme
-Little to no absorption happens in stomach (water, ions, some fats, medications, alcohol)
-Once food particles are small enough, they pass through pyloric sphincter into small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The wall of the stomach has the same 4 layered arrangement with some additions which are?

A
  1. Specialized Cells
  2. Additional layer of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Mucosal layer has specialized cells that secrete?

A
  1. Mucous (mucous neck cells)
  2. Intrinsic factor and HCL (parietal cells)
  3. Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase (Chief Cells)
  4. Gastrin (Hormone secreted by G cells)
    -Stimulates gastric juice production
    -Strengthen LES contraction
    -Increases stomach peristalsis
    -Relaxes the pyloric sphincter
  5. Secretions from mucous, parietal and chief cells (G cells not included) are collectively called gastric juice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Mucous

A

Mucous Neck Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Intrinsic factor and HCL

A

Parietal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase

A

Chief Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone Secreted by G Cells-Stimulates gastric juice production
-Strengthen LES contraction
-Increases stomach peristalsis
-Relaxes the pyloric sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Secretions from mucous, parietal and chief cells (G cells not included) are collectively called ____________.

A

gastric juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Muscularis has an additional (oblique) layer of smooth muscle to _______________.

A

Facilitate Mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Small Intestine

A

~ 3m long and 2.5cm diameter
Large surface area for digestion & absorption

3 Regions:
-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum

Circular folds: ridges in mucosa/submucosa that increase surface area
Mucosal layer has villi - finger like projections increase surface area
Each villus is covered in epithelium

Cells of the epithelium:
-Absorptive Cells (digestion/absorption)
-Goblet Cells
-Paneth Cells
-Enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones)
Absorptive cells have microvilli (brush border)
Each villus has an arteriole, a venule and a lacteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Circular folds

A

Ridges in mucosa/submucosa increase surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the cells of the epithelium?

A

-Absorptive Cells (digestion/absorption)
-Goblet Cells
-Paneth Cells
-Enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Mucosal layer of small intestine has?

A

Villi - finger like projections increases surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Each villus in the small intestine is covered in?

A

Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

In the small intestine absorptive cells have?

A

Microvilli (brush border)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

in the small intestine each villus has an?

A

Arteriole, a Venule and a Lacteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Intestinal and pancreatic juices absorbed nutrients pass into either?

A

-Blood stream (carbohydrates, proteins, water, electrolytes, water-soluble vitamins) and go to liver
-Lymphatics (lipids) via a lacteal
-Remaining food passes through ileocecal valve/sphincter into large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Pancreas

A

-Posterior to stomach
-Both endocrine and exocrine functions

-Exocrine Function: Secretes pancreatic juice (water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes) into duodenal lumen
-Juices are secreted into proximal duodenum via 2 main ducts:

1.Common duct formed by pancreatic duct joining common bile duct from liver gallbladder
2. Accessory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the Pancreas Exocrine Function?

A

Secretes pancreatic juice (water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes) into duodenal lumen

68
Q

In the Pancreas juices are secreted into the proximal duodenum via 2 main ducts which are?

A

-Common duct formed by pancreatic duct joining common bile duct from liver gallbladder
-Accessory duct

69
Q

Liver

A

Sits inferior to diaphragm in right superior region of abdominal cavity

2 Lobes: larger right & smaller left
Receives blood flow from 2 sources:
-Hepatic Artery - Oxygenated Blood
-Hepatic Portal Vein - Deoxygenated blood containing absorbed nutrients, medications, microbes and toxins
Blood flows past hepatocytes (liver cells)

Hepatocytes:
-Absorb oxygen, nutrients, & toxins
-Release nutrients (needed by other cells)
Blood eventually flows into hepatic vein
Hepatocytes also manufacture & secrete bile

70
Q

What are the 2 Lobes of the Liver?

A

larger right & smaller left

71
Q

Liver receives blood flow from 2 sources which are?

A

-Hepatic Artery - Oxygenated Blood
-Hepatic Portal Vein - Deoxygenated blood containing absorbed nutrients, medications, microbes and toxins

72
Q

Hepatocytes

A

-Absorb oxygen, nutrients, and toxins
-Release nutrients (needed by other cells)
Blood eventually flows into hepatic vein
Hepatocytes also manufacture and secrete bile

73
Q

Carbohydrate Metabolism (Liver)

A

-Helps Maintain blood Sugar Levels

-Low blood Sugar - Hepatocytes breakdown glycogen & release glucose into the blood

-High Blood Sugar - Hepatocytes remove glucose from blood & store it (as glycogen and fats)
-Can convert some amino acids, lactic acid, & other sugars into glucose

74
Q

Lipid Metabolism (Liver)

A

-Hepatocytes store fat, break it down (to make ATP), & make cholesterol

75
Q

Protein Metabolism (Liver)

A

-Makes amino acids available for energy
-Can convert amino acids into carbs or fats
-Synthesizes most plasma proteins

76
Q

Drug and Hormone Processing (Liver)

A

-Detoxifies inactivates substances (drugs, alcohol, hormones)
-bilirubin elimination
-vitamin & mineral storage
-vitamin D activation

77
Q

Gallbladder

A

-Pear-shaped organ sitting in posterior surfac of liver
-Stores & concentrates bile

78
Q

Bile

A

-Yellow/brown/olive liquid
-Made by hepatocytes
-Collects into larger & larger vessels

79
Q

Bile (function)

A

emulsification (breakdown) of fats

80
Q

Half Life (medication)

A

Time 50%

81
Q

Onset of action (medication)

A

30min

82
Q

Large Intestine

A

-Food enters from small intestine (Ileum) through ileocecal valve/sphincter

83
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the large intestine?

A

-Cecum
-Colon
-Rectum
-Anal Canal

84
Q

Large Intestine (functions)

A

Completion of absorption, vitamin K production, formation & elimination of feces

85
Q

Cecum

A

-Small pouch attached to ileocecal valve
-Attached to the cecum is appendix
-Contents move from cecum into colon

86
Q

What are the 4 portions of the Colon?

A

-Ascending (to the hepatic flexture)
-Transverse (to the splenic flexure)
-Descending (to the left iliac crest)
-Sigmoid (to the rectum at ~S3)

87
Q

Colon

A

-As food accumulates in ascending colon, haustra fill up/distend which stimulates smooth muscle contraction & food moves into next haustra
-Regular peristalsis occurs but more slowly
-With each meal, mass peristalsis moves feces from transverse colon into rectum

88
Q

Rectum

A

-Travels inferiorly to the anal canal

89
Q

Anal Canal

A

-Terminal portion of large intestine
-Elimination control: Internal (involuntary control) & external (voluntary control) anal sphincters

90
Q

Defecation Reflex

A

Distension of rectum ultimately gives urge to go & relaxes internal anal sphincter

91
Q

Divisions of GI Tract

A

-Upper GI
-Lower GI

92
Q

Upper GI

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum

93
Q

Lower GI

A

Most of intestines & anus

94
Q

What are the 3 overlapping phases of digestion?

A

-Cephalic
-Gastric
-Intestinal

95
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

-The thought, small, sight, initial taste of food activates the NS
-Salivary and gastric glands are stimulated to prepare mouth & stomach for digestion

96
Q

Gastric Phase (once food reaches the stomach)

A

-Stretch receptors are stimulated by change in stomach shape
-Chemo receptors are stimulated by change in stomach PH

97
Q

Gastric Phase (changes after food reaches stomach)

A

-Increase peristalsis & gastric juice production
-Stimulate gastrin release

98
Q

Gastric Phase

A

Once food reaches stomach:
-Stretch receptors are stimulated by change in stomach shape
-Chemo receptors are stimulated by change in stomach PH

These changes:
-Increase peristalsis & gastric juice production
-Stimulate gastrin release

-Small amounts of chyme pass through pyloric sphincter into duodenum
-Food leaving stomach decreases volume of the stomach and removes some of the stimulus from stretch receptors
-Food leaving stomach allows stomach to become more acidic
-Decreasing stretch receptor stimulation & normalizing PH removes some of the stimulus for gastrin release

99
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

-Chyme in duodenum causes enteroendocrine cells to release hormones:
-Cholecystokinin (CCK)
-Secretin

These Hormones:
-Stimulates gallbladder to eject bile into duodenum (CCK)
-Secretin decrease gastric juice production (CCK/Secretin)
-Slow food coming through pyloric valve (CCK/Secretin)
-Increase pancreatic juice secretion (CCK/Secretin)

100
Q

Endocrine System

A

-System of glands & cells that secrete hormones to regulate & integrate body systems
-Control System
-Endocrine Glands: Organs that secrete substances into the blood in response to stimuli
-Glands work slower (seconds-hours-days)

101
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Organs that secrete substances into blood in response to stimuli

102
Q

Hormones

A

-Chemical messengers (a.k.a. mediator molecules)
-Released into interstitial fluid which then enter bloodstream and via the circulation, have access to body cells
-They are released in one part of body to regulate activity in another

103
Q

Hormone Receptors

A

-To function (deliver message) hormones must bind to receptors on cell membranes of target cells/organs
-When hormone binds to receptor, it changes shape of receptor
-Changing the receptor’s shape activates pathways that modify cellular functions (i.e. message is delivered)
-One hormone can regulate several different body functions
-One body function can be regulated by several different hormones

104
Q

Upregulation

A

-Increase in target cell receptors due to lack of circulating hormone
-Increases sensitivity to hormone

105
Q

Down Regulation

A

Decrease in target cell receptors due to an excess of circulating hormone
-Decreases sensitivity to hormone

106
Q

Hormone Levels

A

-Most hormones are present in body all the time (usually in small amounts)
-Levels fluctuate depending on demand & normal body rhythms
-Normal levels can be altered by environment, stress, inflammation, pathologies
-Normal rhythms often absent in disease states

107
Q

Secretion Control

A

-Nervous System
-Chemical changes in blood
-Other Hormones
-In most cases, hormone levels are managed through negative feedback loops

108
Q

Primary Glands

A

-Pituitary
-Thyroid
-Parathyroid
-Adrenal
-Pineal

109
Q

Other Organs that Secrete Hormones

A

-Hypothalamus
-Thymus
-Ovaries/Testes
-Pancreas
-Kidneys
-Stomach & Small Intestine
-Heart
-Adipose tissue
-Placenta
-Liver
-Skin

110
Q

Hypothalamus & Pituitary

A

-These 2 regulate all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, & homeostasis

111
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Major integrating centre between nervous & endocrine systems
-Receives input/information from many different structures
-Controls ANS, regulates synthesis & release of anterior pituitary hormones
-Neurologically, regulates synthesis & release of posterior pituitary hormones

112
Q

Pituitary

A

-a.k.a. Hypophysis
-Small gland, sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
-Has 2 lobes:
1. Anterior lobe (a.k.a. Adenohypophysis)
2. Posterior Lobe (a.k.a. Neuhypophysis)

113
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

-Release or inhibition of it’s hormones is controlled hormonally by hypothalamus
Hormones:
-Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
-Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
-Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
-Prolactin (PRL)
-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

114
Q

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

A

-Stimulates tissue growth
-Promotes healing & tissue repair
-Increase use of lipids for energy
-Decreases cellular uptake of glucose/elevates blood glucose levels
-hGH is released in bursts every few hours

115
Q

Factors that promote Release of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

A

-Hypoglycemia
-Deep sleep (stages 3 & 4 or non REM)
-Increased SyNS (e.g. vigorous exercise)
-Other hormones (glucagon, cortisol, insulin, estrogens)

116
Q

Factors that inhibit Release of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

A

-Hypoglycemia
-REM sleep
-Obesity
-Low levels of thyroid hormones
-High levels hGH in the blood (negative loop)

117
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

-Stimulates release of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland
-Its release is dependent on level of thyroid hormones in blood

118
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

-Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal glands
-Release increases with stress-related stimuli (e.g. injury, hypoglycemia), macrophage activity

119
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

-Females: Triggers ovulation
-Males: Stimulates testes to release testosterone

120
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

-Females: Triggers ovarian follicle development
-Males: Triggers sperm production in testes

121
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

-Initiates and maintains milk production in mammary glands

122
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

-Release or inhibition of it’s hormones is controlled neurological by hypothalamus
Hormones:
-Oxytocin
-Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (a.k.a. Vasopressin)

123
Q

Oxytocin

A

-During delivery, enhances smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
-Post-partum, stimulates milk ejection

124
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

-Decreases urine production
-Causes arteriolar vasoconstriction

125
Q

Factors that promote Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

-Dehydration
-Pain/Stress/Anxiety/Trauma
-Nicotine
-Some Medications

126
Q

Factors that inhibit Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

-Increased blood volume
-Alcohol

127
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

-Inferior to larynx
-Produces thyroid hormones & calcitonin
-Activity is controlled by hypothalamus-pituitary

128
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

-Increase basal metabolic rate
-Maintain body temp
-Stimulate protein synthesis
-Increase use of glucose & lipids to generate ATP
-Mobilize lipids & enhance cholesterol excretion
-Enhance the actions of norepinephrine & epinephrine (= increase HR, increase Heart contractility, increase BP)
-With hGH & insulin, body growth accelerates

129
Q

Calcitonin

A

-Decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

130
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

-Located on posterior aspect of thyroid gland
-Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Increase blood calcium, magnesium, & phosphate levels by increasing number & activity of osteoclasts
-Also works on kidneys to decrease their secretion of calcium & magnesium & promote the formation of calctriol (active form of vitD)

131
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

-Each has Adrenal Cortex & Adrenal Medulla

132
Q

Adrenal Cortex Releases

A
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Cortisol
  3. Androgens
133
Q

Adrenal Medulla Releases

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
134
Q

Adrenal Cortex (Aldosterone)

A

-Regulates sodium & potassium levels
-Helps regulate blood pressure/volume
-Helps in elimination of H+ (acid)
-Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium & water & stimulates arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
-Released in response to dehydration, sodium deficiency, hemorrhage

135
Q

Adrenal Cortex (Cortisol) a.k.a. stress hormone

A

-Regulates metabolism & provides resistance to stress
-Makes energy available to help body deal with ‘stress’ (whatever that may be: exercise, fear, bleeding, surgery…)
-Stimulates processes that increase/maintain blood glucose concentrations
-Helps body resist stress by making more energy substrate available & facilitating vasoconstriction

136
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on glucose metabolism

A

-Maintains blood glucose during fasting
-Increases blood glucose during stress (at expense of muscle & adipose tissues) through gluconeogenisis
-Decrease use of glucose by the tissues

137
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on protein metabolism

A

-Increase protein breakdown

138
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on lipid metabolism

A

-Increases lipids in bloodstream
-Increases use of lipids by the tissues

139
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on inflammatory response

A

-Inhibits it
-Also slows tissue repair

140
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on immune system

A

-High doses depress immune responses

141
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on cardiovascular system

A

-Stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production

142
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on reproductive system

A

-Inhibits reproductive function

143
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on skeletal system

A

-Increases bone resorption (removal of calcium from bone & into blood)
-Inhibits osteoblast function

144
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on connective tissue

A

-Inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation
-With excessive amounts of cortisol, skin thins and CT support of capillaries is impaired leading to increased bruising

145
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on renal system

A

-Inhibits ADH secretion
-Increases formation of urine (increased GFR)

146
Q

Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on muscle system

A

-Excessive levels lead to muscle weakness & pain

147
Q

*Cortisol a.k.a. stress hormone - Effects on GI system

A

-Stimulates appitite
-Stimulate acid and pepsin secretion (increases risk of ulcer development)

148
Q

Adrenal Cortex (Androgens)

A

-During puberty: stimulate axillary & pubic hair growth
-Males (after puberty): weak
-Females (after puberty): function in libido & are converted to estrogens

149
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

-Produces norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline)
-Both are released during stress & exercise - Increase SyNS response

150
Q

Pineal Gland

A

-Secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycles
-Increased secretion in darkness, decreases secretion in sunlight

151
Q

Thymus

A

Hormones promote maturation of T cells

152
Q

Ovaries

A

-Secrete estrogens & progesterone which (along with FSH and LH) regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy & prepare mammary glands for lactation
-Initiate/maintain secondary female sex characteristics
-With placenta, they secrete relaxin which increases tissue/joint compliance in preparation for delivery

153
Q

Testes

A

-Secrete testosterone which regulates sperm production & initiates/maintain secondary male sex characteristics

154
Q

Pancreas

A

-Located in duodenum
-Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are endocrine cells which secrete:
1. Glucagon
2. Insulin
3. Somatostatin

155
Q

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are the endocrine cells which secrete

A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Insulin
  3. Somatostatin
156
Q

Glucagon

A

-Increases blood glucose levels
-Stimulates hepatocytes to release glucose from their stores
-Triggers by hypoglycaemia, exercise

157
Q

Insulin

A

-Decreases blood glucose levels

Stimulates:
-Body cells to take up glucose from blood
-Hepatocytes to uptake & store glucose (as glycogen)
-Hepatocytes to slow their release of glucose

-Triggered by hyperglycaemia
-Also triggered by hGH, ACTH, PaNS, some amino acids, & GI tract

158
Q

Somatostatin

A

-Inhibits glucagon & insulin release
-May slow GI absorption

159
Q

Other Endocrine Organs (secondary)

A

-Kidneys
-Stomach/Intestine
-Heart
-Adipose
-Placenta
-Liver/Skin

160
Q

Other Endocrine Organs (secondary) *Kidneys

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates RBC production, calcitriol (active form of vitD)

161
Q

Other Endocrine Organs (secondary) *Stomach/Intestine

A

Gastrin, CCK, Secretin

162
Q

Other Endocrine Organs (secondary) *Heart

A

Atrial naturetic peptide (ANP) decreases BP

163
Q

Other Endocrine Organs (secondary) *Adipose

A

Leptin suppresses appetite

164
Q

Other Endocrine Organs (secondary) *Placenta

A

Human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) helps maintain pregnancy

165
Q

Other Endocrine Organs (secondary) Liver/Skin

A

Calcitriol (active form of vitD) - start in skin, continues in liver, ends in kidneys

Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions