Test 1 Material Flashcards
Atoms
-Building blocks of matter
-Contain nucleus and surrounding electrons
-Number of protons and neutrons are equal
What does the nucleus contain?
Protons and neutrons
What do electrons do?
They determine how reactive something is
Molecule
2 or more atoms bond to form a stable structure
Compound
Substance made of different atoms
Element
Substance made entirely of the same atoms
What 4 elements make up 96% of the body’s mass?
Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
Ion
An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons
*has positive or negative charge
Free Radical
Atom or molecule with an unpaired electron
Chemical Reaction
-There is energy stored between atoms and molecules
-Chemical reaction occurs when bonds are formed or broken
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body
What are the 2 phases of metabolism?
Anabolism and Catabolism
Anabolism
Building phase of metabolism
-Simple molecules combine to make more complex ones
-Requires/uses energy
Catabolism
Breaking phase of metabolism
-Complex molecules break down into simpler ones
-Produces/releases energy
ATP
Is the gas in your gas tank
-Provides form of energy that is usable by all cells
Energy stored in ATP is used to perform what body functions?
-Muscle contraction
-Cell division
-Movement of some substances across cell membranes
-Making large molecules out of smaller ones
Energy needed to reform ATP is gained by?
Breaking down food (Catabolizing)
Spending ATP
To get energy needed to perform various functions, ATP is broken which releases energy
Gaining ATP
-To reform ATP you need energy
-Cells get energy from carbs, fats, and proteins
Substances used to make energy are called?
Energy Substrates
Cells get energy from mostly?
Fats and Carbs
ASE
Enzyme
Cellular Preference
Depending on the cell, the demand for energy, and the energy substrate available, different substrates will be used
Cellular Respiration
Series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP
-Processes can be either anaerobic or aerobic
Anerobic
Cellular respiration happens without oxygen present/being used
*An = Not/Without
Aerobic
Cellular respiration happens with oxygen present/being used
Glycogen
Storage part of glucose
Carbohydrate (Glucose) Metabolism
-Preferred energy substrate
-cells use stored glucose (glycogen) or blood glucose
-energy released in breaking down glucose is used to reform ADP+Pi into ATP
-process of making ATP from glucose occurs in cell cytoplasm is called glycolysis
-Through glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules and pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
Carb (Glucose) Metabolism in Presence of Oxygen (i.e. Aerobic)
-Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria
-a series of reactions yeild 26-28 more ATP
Carb (Glucose) Metabolism in Absense of Oxygen (i.e. Anaerobic)
-Pyruvic acid does not go into the mitochondria
-Is converted into lactic acid which quickly converts to lactate
-Lactic acid/lactate diffuses out of the cell into the blood
Is delayed onset muscle soreness caused by lactic acid?
No
Fat Metabolism
-Fat can be used to generate ATP but only in the presence of oxygen (i.e. Aerobically)
-Lipolysis: breakdown of stored fat (use glycerol & fatty acids to make ATP)
-# of ATP generated depends on the size of the fat
-Liver cells (hepatocytes) make ketone bodies wich are used by other cells (esp. heart, nervous system, kidneys) to make ATP
Glycolysis
Process of making ATP from glucose occurs in cell cytoplasm
Lypolysis
Breakdown of stored fat (use glycerol & fatty acids to make ATP)
Protein Metabolism
-Proteins are broken down into amino acids
-Using amino acids to generate ATP takes longer and produces extra wastes
-Only small amounts of proteins/amino acids are used to generate ATP
*Proteins are not often used
Nutrients
Substances needed for body structure and function
Oxygen
Cells need oxygen to function
Inorganic Compounds
-No Carbon
-Water, many salts, acids, bases
Water (H2O)
-Accounts for ~65% of body weight
-Nearly all chemical reactions in the body occur in water
In a solution, a substance (the Solvent) dissolves another substance (the solute)
Acids, Bases, and Salts
-WHen inorganic acids, bases or salts dissolve in water, they separate (dissociate) into ions and becomesurrounded by water molecules
Acid
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+)
Base
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)
Salt
A substance that dissociates into positive and negative ions (no H+ or OH-)
PH
-More hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more acidic
-More hydroxide ions (OH-) dissolved in a solution, the more basic (alkaline)
acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the PH scale
-7.0 is neutral
-body does not tolerate significant changes in PH
Organic Compounds
-Contain Carbon
ATP, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
Proteins
-Large complex molecules structures made up of amino acids
*Proteins have very specific shape to them
Structural proteins
framework of body parts
Regulatory Proteins
Hormones
Contractile Proteins
Shorten muscle cells
Catalytic Proteins
Regulate biochemical reactions
Transport Proteins
Carry substances in the body
Immunological Proteins
Help fight off invading pathogens
Lipids
-Fats and other fat-like substances
-Necessary for many different body functions
-Fatty acids - energy substrates
-Triglycerides the storage form of excess calories
Fatty Acids
Energy substrates
Triglycerides
Storage form of excess calories
Carbohydrates
-Function primarily as an energy substrate
-Sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose)
-Starches (major carb source in our diets)
- Glycogen is the storage form of glucose
Nucleic Acids
-DNA - your genetic material - controls most cell activities
RNA - Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis
DNA
Your genetic material - controls most cell activities
RNA
Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis
Examples of Inorganic Substances
-Water
-Acids, Bases, and Salts
PH
Examples of Organic Substances
-ATP
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Carbohydrates
-Nucleic Acids
Cell
Smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life
Tissue
Group of similar cells that function together to perform specialized activities
What are the 4 major groups of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
Covers body, surfaces, lines, hollow organs, and forms glands
Connective Tissue
Supports structures and connects stuff
Muscular Tissue
Cells that use ATP to contract
Nervous Tissue
Tissue that makes up the nervous system
Organ
-Part of the body composed of t least 2 different kinds of tissue
-All tissues involved contribute to a specific function/activity
Organ System
-A group of organs related to each other that performs functions together
-Organ systems operation together from the organism
Organism
An individual, animal, plant, or single-celled life form
Homeostasis
The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory process
-Body is dynamic - constantly changing
-Different parts of the body operate within specific parameters - Homeostatic mechanisms keep the internal environment within those limits
-All structures contribute to maintaining homeostasis
-When something disrupts homeostasis, there are mechanisms that will have the opposite effect
-Most disruptions are mild and temporary and the return to homeostasis is relatively quick
Feedback Systems (Loops)
A cycle of events in which the internal environment is:
-Monitored
-Evaluated
-Changed
-Re-Monitored
-Re-Evaluated
Controlled Condition
A variable being monitored
Stimulus
Whatever disrupts/changes the controlled condition (disruptions can be external or internal)
Components of a feedback System/Loop
-Sensor/Receptor
-Transmission Pathways
-Control Center
-Effector(s)
Sensor/Receptor
-Structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
-They detect chemical, electrical, mechanical changes
-Sends information to the control centre (via a transmission pathway)
Transmission Pathway
-Nervous and blood vessel pathways
-Relays messages between (1) the sensor/receptor and the control centre and (2) the control centre and the effector
Control Center
-Comprises the nervous and endocrine systems
-Sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained
-evaluates and compares the input received from the sensor/receptor against the set range
-Determines the body’s response to the change in the controlled condition
-Sends the commands (when needed) to the effector (via transmission pathways)
Effector
-The structure(s) that ultimately produces the response to a given stimulus
-Receives the commands from the control centre
-Produces the response that will change the controlled condition
The lack of Internal Uniformity
-The inside of the body is not uniform
-Homeostatic mechanisms also function to maintain key differences in the body
Negative and Positive Feedback Systems/Loops
Physiological feedback systems/loops are either negative or positive
Negative Systems/Loops
-Reverse changes in the internal environment
-Very stable
-Predominant system/loop
*More Common
Positive Systems/Loops
-Strengthen changes in the internal environment
-There must be a mechanism that shut down the response
-Inherently unstable
-Uncommon
Adaptation
The adjustment of an organism to it’s environment
Compensation
The adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
A flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents
-Separates the cell from the external environment
-Contains membrane proteins that identify the cell, strengthen the membrane, and move substances in and out of the cell
-Selectively permeable (Allows some substances to pass through (in or out) an not others)
-Involved in communication (Between cells, between cells and their environment)
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid inside the cell
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside the cell
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid between cells
Plasma
Fluid in blood vessels
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Membrane Proteins
Proteins embedded within the membrane or attached to one side of he membrane (inside or out)
Membrane Proteins Functions
-Selective channels that allow and/or move molecules from one side of the membrane to another
-receptors that recognize specific molecules
-Identify the cell
-Strengthen and support cell membranes and connect adjacent cell membranes
Microvilli
-Finger-like projections
-Increase surface area
-Increase rate of absorption
Cytoplasm
Contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus)
-2 Components intracellular fluid/cytosol (water, dissolved substances) and organelles
-Cell metabolism, storage
Cytoskeleton
-Network of protein filaments within the cytosol
-Give structure to cell allowing it to move
-Help move internal organelles around cell
Cytoskeleton Functions
-Structural framework for cell shape
-A scaffold for the organization/placement and movement of cell contents (Organelles)
-Force transmission
-Aiding in cell movement
Nucleus
Rounded or elongated structure usually located near the centre of the cell
-Control centre for the cell - it is responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction (it contains genetic material (DNA))
-Present in all human cells except for red blood cells (RBCs)
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism
Golgi Complex
Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell
Lysosomes
Break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged
Mitochondria
Power plant of the cells (transform organic compounds into energy (APT) that is easily accessible to the cell
Cilia
Short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell - their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface
Flagella
Similar to cilia but longer, they move the cell
Membrane Transport
-Cells must be able to transport material across the plasma membrane (both in and out)
-Membrane transport is either passive or active (depending on whether it requires energy)
Passive Transport (diffusion, osmosis)
No energy is needed to move the substance
Active Transport (active transport, transport in vesicles)
Energy is needed to move the substance
Concentration Gradient
-A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another
-In moving substances in and out and in being selectively permeable, concentration gradients can be formed (and maintained)
Passive Processes Diffusion
-Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient
-Both solvent and solutes undergo diffusion (they move down their concentration gradients)
-Across the plasma membrane, molecules can either move straight through or go through membrane proteins
Osmosis
-Passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
-Only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes
Active Processes
Active Transport
-Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient
-Energy is used/needed to pump in or out of the cell
-Movement is through membrane-bound proteins
Vesicle
A small spherical sac
Endocytosis
Extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane
Phagocytosis
Form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses, worn out cells
Ecocytosis
Vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell
Tight Junctions
Prevent the passage of substances between cells
Anchoring Junctions
Anchor cells to one another
Gap Junctions
Provide channels to allow substances to pass between cells
Epithelial Tissue Function
Function as selective barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective surfaces
Epithelial Tissue Common Locations
Common Locations: Skin, Gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, lining of blood vessels and the heart
Epithelial Tissues Structure
-Free surface
-Lateral surfaces
-Basal surface
Epithelial Tissues Blood Supply
-Epithelial tissue is avascular
-Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply
Epithelial Tissues Basement Membrane
-Thin layer anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue
-Provides a surface for cell migration during growth or wound healing
Simple Epithelial Cells
Simple: One layer, good for the passage of substances
Pseudo stratified Epithelial Cells
Pseudo stratified: A single layer (not all cells reach the free surface), some have cilia, goblet cells secrete mucous
Stratified Epithelial Cells
Stratified: more than one layer, good for protection
Squamous Epithelial Cells
Squamous: Flat and thin, rapid movement of substances (Simple), protection (stratified)
Cuboidal Epithelial Cells
Cuboidal: Cube (or hexagon) shaped, free surface may have microvilli, good for secretion or absorption
Columnar Epithelial Cells
Columnar: Taller than wide, free surface may have cilia or microvilli, good for secretion or absorption
Glandular Epithelium
Gland: One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
2 kinds: Exocrine and Endocrine
Exocrine Glands
-Secrete their products into ducts (tubs) that empty onto the epithelial surface
-Eg. Sweat, Salivary, Oil
Endocrine Glands
-Secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct
-Eg. Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenals
Connective Tissue Structure
-Made of extracellular matrix (ECM - The material between the cells) and cells
-Most CTs have good blood supply
Most CTs have nerve Supply
Connective Tissue Functions
-Protection
-Support/Definition
-Binding
-Transportation
-Energy
-Immunity
Extracellular Matrix Contains
-Protein fibres
-Ground substance
Protein Fibres
-Collagen
-Elastin
-Reticular
Collagen
White, very strong, resist tensile (pulling) forces (fibre arrangement is determined by the forces acting on the fibres)
Elastin
Yellow, smaller than collagen, strong but stretchy
Reticular
Thin, fine collagen fibres that form branching networks
Ground Substance
-May be fluid, gel-like, or calcified
-It supports the cells and through it, substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells
Connective Tissue cells
Blasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
Fibroblasts
Present in all general CT, they produce the protein fibres and the ground substance
Osteoblasts
In bone
Chrondoblasts
In Cartilage
Macrophages
Eat bacteria and cellular debris
Plasma Cells
Part of the immune response (secrete antibodies)
Mast Cells
Make histamine (part of the inflammatory response)
Adipocytes
Cells that store fat
5 Types of connective tissue
- Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
- Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
- Bone
- Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)
- Liquid (blood, lymph)
Loose Connective Fibres
More cells and fewer, fibres are loosely intertwined
3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar
- Adipose
- Reticular
Areolar
-Most widely distributed CT in the body
-Found in and around nearly every body structure (beneath skin, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs)
-Function: strength, elasticity, support
Adipose
Areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes
Locations: beneath the skin, around some organs (kidneys, heart, behind eyeball)
Function: Thermoregulation, energy, support, protection
Reticular
Locations: Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles
Function: Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes
3 Types of Dense Connective Tissues
- Regular
- Irregular
- Elastic
Regular
Collagen is arranged in parallel patterns
Locations: Tendons (muscle to bone) and most ligaments (bone to bone)
Function: Very strong but somewhat pliable structural connections
Tendons and Ligaments are _________ but don’t _________.
Strong, Stretch
Irregular
Collagen is arranged in random/irregular patterns
Locations: Structure, Support
Function: Tensile (pulling strength in many directions)
Elastic
High elastin content
Locations: lung tissue, arteries, ligaments between vertebrae
Function: Stretch and Recoil
Bone
-Osseous Tissue
-Fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fibres
-The matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts which make it very hard
Function: protection and support, movement
Cartilage
-Strong and resilient
-Cells are called Chrondocytes
-Ground substance has large amounts of collagen, also contains elastin fibres
-Avascular, Aneural
3 Types Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
-Most common cartilage in the body
-Blue-white appearance
Locations: ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal skeleton
Function: flexibility, support, friction reduction, shock absorption
Fibrocartilage
Locations: between vertebrae (intervertebral disks), Pubic symphysis, menisci
Function: Support
Elastic Cartilage
Has elastin fibres
Locations: epiglottis, part of the external ear
Function: support and flexibility while maintaining shape
Blood
Cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Function: Transport system
Lymph
A plasma-like fluid in lymphatic vessels - functions in immunity, transportation, fluid regulation
2 Types of Liquid Connective Tissue
- Blood
- Lymph
Muscle Tissue
Specialized cells that use ATP in the generation of force
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Skeletal
-Striated Muscle
-Compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton (some attach to skin)
Cell Structure: Cells are cylindrical and can be quite long
Function: Movement and heat protection
-Conscious/voluntary control
Smooth
-Found in the walls of hollow tubes
-Involuntary Control
Cell Structure: spindle shaped
Function: constriction of tubes, movement of substances through the tubes
-Not striated
Cardiac
Cell Structure: branched striated fibres that fit tightly together
Function: blood flow/propulsion
-Found only in the heart
-Involuntary control
Nervous Tissue
Designed for communication
2 Types of Cells
- Neuroglia
- Neurons
Neuroglia
They support, nourish, and protect the nervous system
Neurons
Nerve cells
3 Parts of Neurons
- Dendrite
- Cell Body
- Axon
Dendrite
Structure: Multiple or single extensions off the cell body
Function: It is the input portion of the neuron
Cell Body
Structure: Contains the nucleus and other organelles
Function: Cell Processes
Axon
Thin cylindrical process off the cell body
Function: It is the output portion of the neuron
Superficial Fascia
Connective Tissue that is often referred to as adipose - it’s beneath the skin
Subserous (Visceral) Fascia
Connective tissues that suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes
Deep Fascia
Dense irregular connective tissue that gives form and support for underlying organs - can have areolar connective tissue continuous with it
Mechanisms through which fascia adapts are
- Thixotropy
- Bonding
Thixotropy
The property of gels or fluids of becoming fluid when stirred or shaken and more solid when at rest
Bonding
-Bonds between molecules are what help make a collagen fibre
-Fibres will bond together to give the tissue structure
Thixotropy Pro’s
Fascia is in a more appropriate less-viscous state when warmed and/or with movement
-More adaptable and durable
-Healthier
Thixotropy Con’s
-We are less active
-We assume postures which encourage a more gel-like state
-fascia gradually loses it’s pliability
-Tissue is not as healthy
-Age has similar effect
Bonding Pro’s
-Connections are beneficial
-Necessary for wound healing, tissue strength, and tissue adaptation
Bonding Con’s
-Collagen fibres will pack more tightly and will form more and more bonds
-These areas thicken, stiffen, lose their ability to move and thereby limit function this happens more readily in areas of high stress and compression and in areas of disuse
-Can also happen with dehydration
Fascia (Clinical Implications)
-Fascia needs to be challenged to effect a change
-Restrictions in one segment of fascia can affect other segments
-Site of dysfunction is not necessarily the source of dysfunction
Fascia (Immobilization)
-Tissue is fragile
-Adhesions form decreasing function
Fascia (Inactivity)
Weakens Tissue
Fascia (Age)
-Tensile strength decreases with age
-Adaptive capabilities decrease as well
Fascia (Medications)
Can lead to locally and/or systematically weakened tissue
Membranes
Sheet of tissue covering or lining a part of the body
3 Types of Epithelial Membranes
- Mucous
- Serous
- Cutaneous
Synovial
CT but no epithelium
Mucous Membranes
-Mucosa
-Line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior
-Epithelium with a CT base
Functions: Protection, Absorption
Serous Membranes
-Line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior
-Covers organs within the cavity
-Simple squamous epithelium secretes serous fluid (for lubrication)
What are the 2 layers of serous membranes?
- Parietal Layer
- Visceral Layer
Parietal Layer
Lines cavity wall
Visceral Layer
Covers and adheres to the organs in the cavity
Cutaneous Membranes
-Skin
-Epidermis & Dermis
Synovial Membranes
-Line freely movable joint cavities
-Do not open to the exterior
-No epithelium
-Made up of a layer of synoviocytes with a CT base
-Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes joint cartilage and contains macrophages that help fight infections and clean up within the joint cavity
Integumentary System Structure (Superficial to Deep)
-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Subcutaneous Tissue
Integumentary System Functions
Protection
-Barrier
-Cushioning
-Monitoring
-UV
Thermoregulation
Blood Reservoir
Excretion
Vitamin Synthesis
Epidermis
-Superficial layer
-Stratified squamous epithelium
-Avascular (No direct blood supply)
4 Types of Epidermal Cells
-Keratinocytes
-Melanocytes
-Langerhans Cells
-Merkel Cells
Keratinocytes
-Majority of epidermal cells
-Produce Keratin
-Deeper cells constantly divide
Melanocytes
Produce melanin
Langerhans Cells
-Responsible for recognizing foreign and harmful antigens and helping to remove them
Merkel Cells
-Involved in sensation of touch
5 Epidermal Layers (Deep to Superficial)
1.Stratum Basale
2.Stratum Spinosum
3.Stratum Granulosum
4.Stratum Lucidum
5.Stratum Corneum
Stratum Basale
-Single row of keratinocytes anchored to the basement membrane
-Continuous Mitosis
Stratum Spinosum
-Provides strength and flexibility to the skin
Stratum Granulosum
-These cells are dying
Stratum Lucidum
-Flat, dead, keratinocytes
Stratum Corneum
-Flat, dead, keratinocytes that are shed
Dermis
-Connective tissue layer separating epidermis and underlying adipose layer
-Collagen and elastin
Dermis Contains
-Blood vessels, Nerves
-Meissner Corpuscles: Touch Receptors
-Free nerve endings: Pain, Temperature
-Pacinian Corpuscles: Pressure, Vibration
-Sweat and oil glands, and hair are also embedded in the dermis and continue through the epidermis
Meissner Corpuscles
Touch Receptors
Free Nerve Endings
Pain, Temperature
Pacinian Corpuscles
Pressure, Vibration
What is separation between epidermis and dermis?
Blister
Subcutaneous Tissue
-Hypodermis
-Areolar and Adipose Tissue
Serves as shock absorber, insulator
Skin Colour
-Melanin
-Yellow/Orange: Carotene
-Red/Pink: Hemoglobin
-Redness (erythema): Inflammatory Response
-Blue: Cyanosis
-Blue/Black: New bruising
-Yellow: Jaundice
-Yellow/ Green: Old bruising
Hair
-Shaft: Portion of the hair that projects beyond the skin surface
-Root: Part of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis
-Follicle: The portion surrounding the root
-Dead Keratinized cells
-Produced in the hair follicle
-Arrector pili Muscle: Contract to pull the hair upright
-Sebaceous glands: Lubricates the hair
-Hair colour: Melanin
Hair (Functions)
-Protection: Scalp, eyelashes, filtration
-Thermoregulation
-Sensation
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
-All over the skin except palms and soles
-Secret Sebum
-Sebum keeps skin moist, prevents hair from becoming dry/brittle, and kills surface bacteria
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
-Sweat is released through pores and sometimes hair follicles
-Functions: Thermoregulation and waste removal
Ceruminous Glands
-External ear
-Produce Cerumen (Ear Wax)
-Cerumen helps prevent foreign bodies from entering the ear
Nails
-Hardened plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells
-Function: Protection, small object manipulation, scratching, health status info
Sun and the Skin
-Damage from acute overexposure
-DNA Damage
-Collagen and elastic fibre damage
Aging and the Skin
-Collagen fibres decrease in number and are not as functional
-Elastin loses elasticity
-Fibroblasts decrease in number
-Skin becomes thinner
In dense connective tissue what determines the arrangement of collagen fibres?
Direction of forces acting on fibres
Building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
Energy substrate fastest to supply energy?
Carbohydrates
Activity has what effect on Fascia?
Fascia is more mobile and less adhered
Solution is created when _________ dissolves in a ___________.
Solute, Solvent
Tensegrity/Biotensegrity
Strengthening of musculoskeletal system via coordination of tensioned and compressed components
