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Physiology > Test 1 Material > Flashcards

Test 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

-Building blocks of matter
-Contain nucleus and surrounding electrons
-Number of protons and neutrons are equal

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2
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Protons and neutrons

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3
Q

What do electrons do?

A

They determine how reactive something is

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4
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms bond to form a stable structure

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5
Q

Compound

A

Substance made of different atoms

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6
Q

Element

A

Substance made entirely of the same atoms

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7
Q

What 4 elements make up 96% of the body’s mass?

A

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen

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8
Q

Ion

A

An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons
*has positive or negative charge

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9
Q

Free Radical

A

Atom or molecule with an unpaired electron

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10
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

-There is energy stored between atoms and molecules
-Chemical reaction occurs when bonds are formed or broken

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body

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12
Q

What are the 2 phases of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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13
Q

Anabolism

A

Building phase of metabolism
-Simple molecules combine to make more complex ones
-Requires/uses energy

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking phase of metabolism
-Complex molecules break down into simpler ones
-Produces/releases energy

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15
Q

ATP

A

Is the gas in your gas tank
-Provides form of energy that is usable by all cells

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16
Q

Energy stored in ATP is used to perform what body functions?

A

-Muscle contraction
-Cell division
-Movement of some substances across cell membranes
-Making large molecules out of smaller ones

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17
Q

Energy needed to reform ATP is gained by?

A

Breaking down food (Catabolizing)

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18
Q

Spending ATP

A

To get energy needed to perform various functions, ATP is broken which releases energy

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19
Q

Gaining ATP

A

-To reform ATP you need energy
-Cells get energy from carbs, fats, and proteins

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20
Q

Substances used to make energy are called?

A

Energy Substrates

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21
Q

Cells get energy from mostly?

A

Fats and Carbs

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22
Q

ASE

A

Enzyme

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23
Q

Cellular Preference

A

Depending on the cell, the demand for energy, and the energy substrate available, different substrates will be used

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24
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP
-Processes can be either anaerobic or aerobic

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25
Q

Anerobic

A

Cellular respiration happens without oxygen present/being used
*An = Not/Without

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26
Q

Aerobic

A

Cellular respiration happens with oxygen present/being used

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27
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage part of glucose

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28
Q

Carbohydrate (Glucose) Metabolism

A

-Preferred energy substrate
-cells use stored glucose (glycogen) or blood glucose
-energy released in breaking down glucose is used to reform ADP+Pi into ATP
-process of making ATP from glucose occurs in cell cytoplasm is called glycolysis
-Through glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules and pyruvic acid and 2 ATP

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29
Q

Carb (Glucose) Metabolism in Presence of Oxygen (i.e. Aerobic)

A

-Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria
-a series of reactions yeild 26-28 more ATP

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30
Q

Carb (Glucose) Metabolism in Absense of Oxygen (i.e. Anaerobic)

A

-Pyruvic acid does not go into the mitochondria
-Is converted into lactic acid which quickly converts to lactate
-Lactic acid/lactate diffuses out of the cell into the blood

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31
Q

Is delayed onset muscle soreness caused by lactic acid?

A

No

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32
Q

Fat Metabolism

A

-Fat can be used to generate ATP but only in the presence of oxygen (i.e. Aerobically)
-Lipolysis: breakdown of stored fat (use glycerol & fatty acids to make ATP)
-# of ATP generated depends on the size of the fat
-Liver cells (hepatocytes) make ketone bodies wich are used by other cells (esp. heart, nervous system, kidneys) to make ATP

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33
Q

Glycolysis

A

Process of making ATP from glucose occurs in cell cytoplasm

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34
Q

Lypolysis

A

Breakdown of stored fat (use glycerol & fatty acids to make ATP)

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35
Q

Protein Metabolism

A

-Proteins are broken down into amino acids
-Using amino acids to generate ATP takes longer and produces extra wastes
-Only small amounts of proteins/amino acids are used to generate ATP
*Proteins are not often used

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36
Q

Nutrients

A

Substances needed for body structure and function

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37
Q

Oxygen

A

Cells need oxygen to function

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38
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

-No Carbon
-Water, many salts, acids, bases

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39
Q

Water (H2O)

A

-Accounts for ~65% of body weight
-Nearly all chemical reactions in the body occur in water
In a solution, a substance (the Solvent) dissolves another substance (the solute)

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40
Q

Acids, Bases, and Salts

A

-WHen inorganic acids, bases or salts dissolve in water, they separate (dissociate) into ions and becomesurrounded by water molecules

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41
Q

Acid

A

Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+)

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42
Q

Base

A

Substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)

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43
Q

Salt

A

A substance that dissociates into positive and negative ions (no H+ or OH-)

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44
Q

PH

A

-More hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more acidic
-More hydroxide ions (OH-) dissolved in a solution, the more basic (alkaline)
acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the PH scale
-7.0 is neutral
-body does not tolerate significant changes in PH

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45
Q

Organic Compounds

A

-Contain Carbon
ATP, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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46
Q

Proteins

A

-Large complex molecules structures made up of amino acids
*Proteins have very specific shape to them

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47
Q

Structural proteins

A

framework of body parts

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48
Q

Regulatory Proteins

A

Hormones

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49
Q

Contractile Proteins

A

Shorten muscle cells

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50
Q

Catalytic Proteins

A

Regulate biochemical reactions

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51
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Carry substances in the body

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52
Q

Immunological Proteins

A

Help fight off invading pathogens

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53
Q

Lipids

A

-Fats and other fat-like substances
-Necessary for many different body functions
-Fatty acids - energy substrates
-Triglycerides the storage form of excess calories

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54
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Energy substrates

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55
Q

Triglycerides

A

Storage form of excess calories

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56
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-Function primarily as an energy substrate
-Sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose)
-Starches (major carb source in our diets)
- Glycogen is the storage form of glucose

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57
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

-DNA - your genetic material - controls most cell activities
RNA - Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis

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58
Q

DNA

A

Your genetic material - controls most cell activities

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59
Q

RNA

A

Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis

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60
Q

Examples of Inorganic Substances

A

-Water
-Acids, Bases, and Salts
PH

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61
Q

Examples of Organic Substances

A

-ATP
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Carbohydrates
-Nucleic Acids

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62
Q

Cell

A

Smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life

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63
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells that function together to perform specialized activities

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64
Q

What are the 4 major groups of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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65
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers body, surfaces, lines, hollow organs, and forms glands

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66
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports structures and connects stuff

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67
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Cells that use ATP to contract

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68
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Tissue that makes up the nervous system

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69
Q

Organ

A

-Part of the body composed of t least 2 different kinds of tissue
-All tissues involved contribute to a specific function/activity

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70
Q

Organ System

A

-A group of organs related to each other that performs functions together
-Organ systems operation together from the organism

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71
Q

Organism

A

An individual, animal, plant, or single-celled life form

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72
Q

Homeostasis

A

The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory process
-Body is dynamic - constantly changing
-Different parts of the body operate within specific parameters - Homeostatic mechanisms keep the internal environment within those limits
-All structures contribute to maintaining homeostasis
-When something disrupts homeostasis, there are mechanisms that will have the opposite effect
-Most disruptions are mild and temporary and the return to homeostasis is relatively quick

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73
Q

Feedback Systems (Loops)

A

A cycle of events in which the internal environment is:
-Monitored
-Evaluated
-Changed
-Re-Monitored
-Re-Evaluated

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74
Q

Controlled Condition

A

A variable being monitored

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75
Q

Stimulus

A

Whatever disrupts/changes the controlled condition (disruptions can be external or internal)

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76
Q

Components of a feedback System/Loop

A

-Sensor/Receptor
-Transmission Pathways
-Control Center
-Effector(s)

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77
Q

Sensor/Receptor

A

-Structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
-They detect chemical, electrical, mechanical changes
-Sends information to the control centre (via a transmission pathway)

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78
Q

Transmission Pathway

A

-Nervous and blood vessel pathways
-Relays messages between (1) the sensor/receptor and the control centre and (2) the control centre and the effector

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79
Q

Control Center

A

-Comprises the nervous and endocrine systems
-Sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained
-evaluates and compares the input received from the sensor/receptor against the set range
-Determines the body’s response to the change in the controlled condition
-Sends the commands (when needed) to the effector (via transmission pathways)

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80
Q

Effector

A

-The structure(s) that ultimately produces the response to a given stimulus
-Receives the commands from the control centre
-Produces the response that will change the controlled condition

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81
Q

The lack of Internal Uniformity

A

-The inside of the body is not uniform
-Homeostatic mechanisms also function to maintain key differences in the body

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82
Q

Negative and Positive Feedback Systems/Loops

A

Physiological feedback systems/loops are either negative or positive

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83
Q

Negative Systems/Loops

A

-Reverse changes in the internal environment
-Very stable
-Predominant system/loop
*More Common

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84
Q

Positive Systems/Loops

A

-Strengthen changes in the internal environment
-There must be a mechanism that shut down the response
-Inherently unstable
-Uncommon

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85
Q

Adaptation

A

The adjustment of an organism to it’s environment

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86
Q

Compensation

A

The adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect

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87
Q

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

A

A flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents
-Separates the cell from the external environment
-Contains membrane proteins that identify the cell, strengthen the membrane, and move substances in and out of the cell
-Selectively permeable (Allows some substances to pass through (in or out) an not others)
-Involved in communication (Between cells, between cells and their environment)

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88
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

Fluid inside the cell

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89
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid outside the cell

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90
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid between cells

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91
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid in blood vessels

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92
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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93
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Proteins embedded within the membrane or attached to one side of he membrane (inside or out)

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94
Q

Membrane Proteins Functions

A

-Selective channels that allow and/or move molecules from one side of the membrane to another
-receptors that recognize specific molecules
-Identify the cell
-Strengthen and support cell membranes and connect adjacent cell membranes

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95
Q

Microvilli

A

-Finger-like projections
-Increase surface area
-Increase rate of absorption

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96
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus)
-2 Components intracellular fluid/cytosol (water, dissolved substances) and organelles
-Cell metabolism, storage

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97
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-Network of protein filaments within the cytosol
-Give structure to cell allowing it to move
-Help move internal organelles around cell

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98
Q

Cytoskeleton Functions

A

-Structural framework for cell shape
-A scaffold for the organization/placement and movement of cell contents (Organelles)
-Force transmission
-Aiding in cell movement

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99
Q

Nucleus

A

Rounded or elongated structure usually located near the centre of the cell
-Control centre for the cell - it is responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction (it contains genetic material (DNA))
-Present in all human cells except for red blood cells (RBCs)

100
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

101
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached)

102
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism

103
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell

104
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged

105
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plant of the cells (transform organic compounds into energy (APT) that is easily accessible to the cell

106
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell - their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface

107
Q

Flagella

A

Similar to cilia but longer, they move the cell

108
Q

Membrane Transport

A

-Cells must be able to transport material across the plasma membrane (both in and out)
-Membrane transport is either passive or active (depending on whether it requires energy)

109
Q

Passive Transport (diffusion, osmosis)

A

No energy is needed to move the substance

110
Q

Active Transport (active transport, transport in vesicles)

A

Energy is needed to move the substance

111
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

-A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another
-In moving substances in and out and in being selectively permeable, concentration gradients can be formed (and maintained)

112
Q

Passive Processes Diffusion

A

-Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient
-Both solvent and solutes undergo diffusion (they move down their concentration gradients)
-Across the plasma membrane, molecules can either move straight through or go through membrane proteins

113
Q

Osmosis

A

-Passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
-Only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes

114
Q

Active Processes
Active Transport

A

-Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient
-Energy is used/needed to pump in or out of the cell
-Movement is through membrane-bound proteins

115
Q

Vesicle

A

A small spherical sac

116
Q

Endocytosis

A

Extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane

117
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses, worn out cells

118
Q

Ecocytosis

A

Vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell

119
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Prevent the passage of substances between cells

120
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Anchor cells to one another

121
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Provide channels to allow substances to pass between cells

122
Q

Epithelial Tissue Function

A

Function as selective barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective surfaces

123
Q

Epithelial Tissue Common Locations

A

Common Locations: Skin, Gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, lining of blood vessels and the heart

124
Q

Epithelial Tissues Structure

A

-Free surface
-Lateral surfaces
-Basal surface

125
Q

Epithelial Tissues Blood Supply

A

-Epithelial tissue is avascular
-Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply

126
Q

Epithelial Tissues Basement Membrane

A

-Thin layer anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue
-Provides a surface for cell migration during growth or wound healing

127
Q

Simple Epithelial Cells

A

Simple: One layer, good for the passage of substances

128
Q

Pseudo stratified Epithelial Cells

A

Pseudo stratified: A single layer (not all cells reach the free surface), some have cilia, goblet cells secrete mucous

129
Q

Stratified Epithelial Cells

A

Stratified: more than one layer, good for protection

130
Q

Squamous Epithelial Cells

A

Squamous: Flat and thin, rapid movement of substances (Simple), protection (stratified)

131
Q

Cuboidal Epithelial Cells

A

Cuboidal: Cube (or hexagon) shaped, free surface may have microvilli, good for secretion or absorption

132
Q

Columnar Epithelial Cells

A

Columnar: Taller than wide, free surface may have cilia or microvilli, good for secretion or absorption

133
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Gland: One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
2 kinds: Exocrine and Endocrine

134
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

-Secrete their products into ducts (tubs) that empty onto the epithelial surface
-Eg. Sweat, Salivary, Oil

135
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

-Secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct
-Eg. Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenals

136
Q

Connective Tissue Structure

A

-Made of extracellular matrix (ECM - The material between the cells) and cells
-Most CTs have good blood supply
Most CTs have nerve Supply

137
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A

-Protection
-Support/Definition
-Binding
-Transportation
-Energy
-Immunity

138
Q

Extracellular Matrix Contains

A

-Protein fibres
-Ground substance

139
Q

Protein Fibres

A

-Collagen
-Elastin
-Reticular

140
Q

Collagen

A

White, very strong, resist tensile (pulling) forces (fibre arrangement is determined by the forces acting on the fibres)

141
Q

Elastin

A

Yellow, smaller than collagen, strong but stretchy

142
Q

Reticular

A

Thin, fine collagen fibres that form branching networks

143
Q

Ground Substance

A

-May be fluid, gel-like, or calcified
-It supports the cells and through it, substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells

144
Q

Connective Tissue cells

A

Blasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes

145
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Present in all general CT, they produce the protein fibres and the ground substance

146
Q

Osteoblasts

A

In bone

147
Q

Chrondoblasts

A

In Cartilage

148
Q

Macrophages

A

Eat bacteria and cellular debris

149
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Part of the immune response (secrete antibodies)

150
Q

Mast Cells

A

Make histamine (part of the inflammatory response)

151
Q

Adipocytes

A

Cells that store fat

152
Q

5 Types of connective tissue

A
  1. Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
  2. Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
  3. Bone
  4. Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)
  5. Liquid (blood, lymph)
153
Q

Loose Connective Fibres

A

More cells and fewer, fibres are loosely intertwined

154
Q

3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
155
Q

Areolar

A

-Most widely distributed CT in the body
-Found in and around nearly every body structure (beneath skin, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs)
-Function: strength, elasticity, support

156
Q

Adipose

A

Areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes
Locations: beneath the skin, around some organs (kidneys, heart, behind eyeball)
Function: Thermoregulation, energy, support, protection

157
Q

Reticular

A

Locations: Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles
Function: Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes

158
Q

3 Types of Dense Connective Tissues

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
159
Q

Regular

A

Collagen is arranged in parallel patterns
Locations: Tendons (muscle to bone) and most ligaments (bone to bone)
Function: Very strong but somewhat pliable structural connections

160
Q

Tendons and Ligaments are _________ but don’t _________.

A

Strong, Stretch

161
Q

Irregular

A

Collagen is arranged in random/irregular patterns
Locations: Structure, Support
Function: Tensile (pulling strength in many directions)

162
Q

Elastic

A

High elastin content
Locations: lung tissue, arteries, ligaments between vertebrae
Function: Stretch and Recoil

163
Q

Bone

A

-Osseous Tissue
-Fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fibres
-The matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts which make it very hard
Function: protection and support, movement

164
Q

Cartilage

A

-Strong and resilient
-Cells are called Chrondocytes
-Ground substance has large amounts of collagen, also contains elastin fibres
-Avascular, Aneural

165
Q

3 Types Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic Cartilage
166
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

-Most common cartilage in the body
-Blue-white appearance
Locations: ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal skeleton
Function: flexibility, support, friction reduction, shock absorption

167
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Locations: between vertebrae (intervertebral disks), Pubic symphysis, menisci
Function: Support

168
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Has elastin fibres
Locations: epiglottis, part of the external ear
Function: support and flexibility while maintaining shape

169
Q

Blood

A

Cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Function: Transport system

170
Q

Lymph

A

A plasma-like fluid in lymphatic vessels - functions in immunity, transportation, fluid regulation

171
Q

2 Types of Liquid Connective Tissue

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymph
172
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized cells that use ATP in the generation of force

173
Q

Three Types of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
174
Q

Skeletal

A

-Striated Muscle
-Compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton (some attach to skin)
Cell Structure: Cells are cylindrical and can be quite long
Function: Movement and heat protection
-Conscious/voluntary control

175
Q

Smooth

A

-Found in the walls of hollow tubes
-Involuntary Control
Cell Structure: spindle shaped
Function: constriction of tubes, movement of substances through the tubes
-Not striated

176
Q

Cardiac

A

Cell Structure: branched striated fibres that fit tightly together
Function: blood flow/propulsion
-Found only in the heart
-Involuntary control

177
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Designed for communication

178
Q

2 Types of Cells

A
  1. Neuroglia
  2. Neurons
179
Q

Neuroglia

A

They support, nourish, and protect the nervous system

180
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

181
Q

3 Parts of Neurons

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Cell Body
  3. Axon
182
Q

Dendrite

A

Structure: Multiple or single extensions off the cell body
Function: It is the input portion of the neuron

183
Q

Cell Body

A

Structure: Contains the nucleus and other organelles
Function: Cell Processes

184
Q

Axon

A

Thin cylindrical process off the cell body
Function: It is the output portion of the neuron

185
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Connective Tissue that is often referred to as adipose - it’s beneath the skin

186
Q

Subserous (Visceral) Fascia

A

Connective tissues that suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes

187
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that gives form and support for underlying organs - can have areolar connective tissue continuous with it

188
Q

Mechanisms through which fascia adapts are

A
  1. Thixotropy
  2. Bonding
189
Q

Thixotropy

A

The property of gels or fluids of becoming fluid when stirred or shaken and more solid when at rest

190
Q

Bonding

A

-Bonds between molecules are what help make a collagen fibre
-Fibres will bond together to give the tissue structure

191
Q

Thixotropy Pro’s

A

Fascia is in a more appropriate less-viscous state when warmed and/or with movement
-More adaptable and durable
-Healthier

192
Q

Thixotropy Con’s

A

-We are less active
-We assume postures which encourage a more gel-like state
-fascia gradually loses it’s pliability
-Tissue is not as healthy
-Age has similar effect

193
Q

Bonding Pro’s

A

-Connections are beneficial
-Necessary for wound healing, tissue strength, and tissue adaptation

194
Q

Bonding Con’s

A

-Collagen fibres will pack more tightly and will form more and more bonds
-These areas thicken, stiffen, lose their ability to move and thereby limit function this happens more readily in areas of high stress and compression and in areas of disuse
-Can also happen with dehydration

195
Q

Fascia (Clinical Implications)

A

-Fascia needs to be challenged to effect a change
-Restrictions in one segment of fascia can affect other segments
-Site of dysfunction is not necessarily the source of dysfunction

196
Q

Fascia (Immobilization)

A

-Tissue is fragile
-Adhesions form decreasing function

197
Q

Fascia (Inactivity)

A

Weakens Tissue

198
Q

Fascia (Age)

A

-Tensile strength decreases with age
-Adaptive capabilities decrease as well

199
Q

Fascia (Medications)

A

Can lead to locally and/or systematically weakened tissue

200
Q

Membranes

A

Sheet of tissue covering or lining a part of the body

201
Q

3 Types of Epithelial Membranes

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Serous
  3. Cutaneous
202
Q

Synovial

A

CT but no epithelium

203
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

-Mucosa
-Line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior
-Epithelium with a CT base
Functions: Protection, Absorption

204
Q

Serous Membranes

A

-Line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior
-Covers organs within the cavity
-Simple squamous epithelium secretes serous fluid (for lubrication)

205
Q

What are the 2 layers of serous membranes?

A
  1. Parietal Layer
  2. Visceral Layer
206
Q

Parietal Layer

A

Lines cavity wall

207
Q

Visceral Layer

A

Covers and adheres to the organs in the cavity

208
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A

-Skin
-Epidermis & Dermis

209
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

-Line freely movable joint cavities
-Do not open to the exterior
-No epithelium
-Made up of a layer of synoviocytes with a CT base
-Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes joint cartilage and contains macrophages that help fight infections and clean up within the joint cavity

210
Q

Integumentary System Structure (Superficial to Deep)

A

-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Subcutaneous Tissue

211
Q

Integumentary System Functions

A

Protection
-Barrier
-Cushioning
-Monitoring
-UV
Thermoregulation
Blood Reservoir
Excretion
Vitamin Synthesis

212
Q

Epidermis

A

-Superficial layer
-Stratified squamous epithelium
-Avascular (No direct blood supply)

213
Q

4 Types of Epidermal Cells

A

-Keratinocytes
-Melanocytes
-Langerhans Cells
-Merkel Cells

214
Q

Keratinocytes

A

-Majority of epidermal cells
-Produce Keratin
-Deeper cells constantly divide

215
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin

216
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

-Responsible for recognizing foreign and harmful antigens and helping to remove them

217
Q

Merkel Cells

A

-Involved in sensation of touch

218
Q

5 Epidermal Layers (Deep to Superficial)

A

1.Stratum Basale
2.Stratum Spinosum
3.Stratum Granulosum
4.Stratum Lucidum
5.Stratum Corneum

219
Q

Stratum Basale

A

-Single row of keratinocytes anchored to the basement membrane
-Continuous Mitosis

220
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

-Provides strength and flexibility to the skin

221
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

-These cells are dying

222
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

-Flat, dead, keratinocytes

223
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

-Flat, dead, keratinocytes that are shed

224
Q

Dermis

A

-Connective tissue layer separating epidermis and underlying adipose layer
-Collagen and elastin

225
Q

Dermis Contains

A

-Blood vessels, Nerves
-Meissner Corpuscles: Touch Receptors
-Free nerve endings: Pain, Temperature
-Pacinian Corpuscles: Pressure, Vibration
-Sweat and oil glands, and hair are also embedded in the dermis and continue through the epidermis

226
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

Touch Receptors

227
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

Pain, Temperature

228
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Pressure, Vibration

229
Q

What is separation between epidermis and dermis?

A

Blister

230
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue

A

-Hypodermis
-Areolar and Adipose Tissue
Serves as shock absorber, insulator

231
Q

Skin Colour

A

-Melanin
-Yellow/Orange: Carotene
-Red/Pink: Hemoglobin
-Redness (erythema): Inflammatory Response
-Blue: Cyanosis
-Blue/Black: New bruising
-Yellow: Jaundice
-Yellow/ Green: Old bruising

232
Q

Hair

A

-Shaft: Portion of the hair that projects beyond the skin surface
-Root: Part of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis
-Follicle: The portion surrounding the root
-Dead Keratinized cells
-Produced in the hair follicle
-Arrector pili Muscle: Contract to pull the hair upright
-Sebaceous glands: Lubricates the hair
-Hair colour: Melanin

233
Q

Hair (Functions)

A

-Protection: Scalp, eyelashes, filtration
-Thermoregulation
-Sensation

234
Q

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

A

-All over the skin except palms and soles
-Secret Sebum
-Sebum keeps skin moist, prevents hair from becoming dry/brittle, and kills surface bacteria

235
Q

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

A

-Sweat is released through pores and sometimes hair follicles
-Functions: Thermoregulation and waste removal

236
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

-External ear
-Produce Cerumen (Ear Wax)
-Cerumen helps prevent foreign bodies from entering the ear

237
Q

Nails

A

-Hardened plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells
-Function: Protection, small object manipulation, scratching, health status info

238
Q

Sun and the Skin

A

-Damage from acute overexposure
-DNA Damage
-Collagen and elastic fibre damage

239
Q

Aging and the Skin

A

-Collagen fibres decrease in number and are not as functional
-Elastin loses elasticity
-Fibroblasts decrease in number
-Skin becomes thinner

240
Q

In dense connective tissue what determines the arrangement of collagen fibres?

A

Direction of forces acting on fibres

241
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

Amino Acids

242
Q

Energy substrate fastest to supply energy?

A

Carbohydrates

243
Q

Activity has what effect on Fascia?

A

Fascia is more mobile and less adhered

244
Q

Solution is created when _________ dissolves in a ___________.

A

Solute, Solvent

245
Q

Tensegrity/Biotensegrity

A

Strengthening of musculoskeletal system via coordination of tensioned and compressed components

Physiology (6 decks)

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