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Physiology > Test 3 Material > Flashcards

Test 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System

A
  1. Cardiovascular System
  2. Lymphatic System
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2
Q

Cardiovascular System (Functions)

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Immunity & Protection
  3. Regulation
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3
Q

Cardiovascular (Transportation)

A

-Nutrients & Wastes
-Hormones

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4
Q

Cardiovascular (Immunity & Protection)

A

-Clotting
-Disease/infection

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5
Q

Cardiovascular (Regulation)

A

-PH
-Body Temp
-Fluid Levels

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6
Q

Cardiovascular System (Structures)

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
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7
Q

Heart

A

-Roughly the size of your closed fist
-Sits almost in the middle of the chest in the mediastinum
-2/3rds of its mass is on the left attached to the diaphragm inferiorly
-Inferior portion is the apex
-Superior portion is the base

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8
Q

Heart (Functions)

A

Pump, adaptation to changes, homeostasis

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9
Q

Mediastinum

A

A mass of organs and tissues that separates the lungs

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10
Q

Mediastinum (Boundaries)

A

-Superiorly: First Rib
-Inferiorly: Diaphragm
-Anteriorly: Sternum (breastbone)
-Posteriorly: Vertebral Column (spine)

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11
Q

Mediastinum (Contains)

A

-Heart & it’s large vessels
-Trachea
-Esophagus
-Thymus & Lymph Nodes
-Connective Tissue

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12
Q

Pericardium

A

A 2 layered CT membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous Pericardium
  2. Serous Pericardium
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14
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

-Most superficial
-Tough, inelastic, dense irregular CT
-Attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly, to the CT of the blood vessels superiorly
-It holds the heart in the mediastinum and allows for movement

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15
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

-Thinner, deep to the fibrous
-Forms a double layer around the heart (Parietal & Visceral layer)

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16
Q

Serous Pericardium (Outer Layer)

A

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
-Fused to the fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

Serous Pericardium (Inner Layer)

A

Visceral Layer of the pericardium
-a.k.a. epicardium
-Attached to the heart muscle

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18
Q

What is another name for the visceral (inner layer) of the Serous Pericardium?

A

Epicardium

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19
Q

Parietal Cavity

A

-Space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium
-Filled with pericardial fluid (thin layer of fluid to reduce friction)

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20
Q

What are the 3 Layers of the Heart Wall?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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21
Q

Epicardium

A

-a.k.a visceral layer of the serous pericardium
-Simple squamous epithelium and CT
-Gives the outer surface of a smooth, slippery texture

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22
Q

Myocardium

A

-Cardiac muscle tissue
-Site of contraction

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23
Q

Endocardium

A

-Endothelium overlying a thin layer of CT
-Endothelium: Layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
-Provides smooth lining for the chambers and valves of the heart

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24
Q

Endothelium

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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25
Q

Endocardium is made of of _________________ and __________.

A

Endothelium Cells, CT

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26
Q

How many heart chambers are there?

A

4

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27
Q

Heart Chambers

A

4 Heart Chambers
-2 Atria
-2 Ventricles

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28
Q

Atria

A

-2 superior chambers
-Receive blood from blood vessels (veins) returning to the heart

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29
Q

Ventricles

A

-2 inferior chambers
-Receive blood from the atria and eject it out into blood vessels (arteries)

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30
Q

Septa

A

-A dividing wall
-Interatrial Septum: divides the 2 atria
-Interventricular Septum: divides the 2 ventricles

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31
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

Divides the 2 atria

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32
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Divides the 2 ventricles

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33
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

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34
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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35
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives blood from 3 veins
-Superior Vena Cava
-Inferior vena Cava
-Coronary Sinus
Blood passes from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular (AV) valve (a.k.a. tricuspid valve) into the right ventricle

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36
Q

What 3 veins does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

-Superior Vena Cava
-Inferior vena Cava
-Coronary Sinus

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37
Q

Blood passes from the right atrium through the _________________________ into the right ventricle

A

right atrioventricular (AV) valve (a.k.a. tricuspid valve)

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38
Q

Right Ventricle

A

-Receives blood from the right atrium
-The cusps of the right A-V valve are connected to the tendon-like cords called chordae tendineae
-Chordae tendineae are anchored to the ventricular wall by papillary muscles
-Blood is ejected by the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
-The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries

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39
Q

Left Atrium

A

-Receives blood from the pulmonary veins
-Blood passes from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular (AV) valve (a.k.a. bicuspid valve, mitral valve) into the left ventricle

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40
Q

Left Ventricle

A

-Thickest chamber of the heart
-Receives blood from the left atrium
-The cusps of the left A-V valve are connected to the tendon-like cords called chordae tendineae
-Chordae tendineae are anchored to the ventricular wall by papillary muscles
-Blood is ejected by the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
-Some of the blood in the aorta flows into the coronary arteries which supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood

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41
Q

Heart Valves

A

-Atrioventricular (a.k.a. tricuspid & bicuspid/mitral) Valves
-Pulmonary & Aortic Semilunar Valves

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42
Q

Atrioventricular (a.k.a. tricuspid & bicuspid/mitral) Valves

A

-When blood flows into the atria, it increases pressure in the atria
-The pressure opens the AV valves allowing blood to flow into the ventricles
-When the ventricles contract, the increased pressure forces the AV valves closed
-The papillary muscles contract to prevent the valves from being forced open in the opposite direction

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43
Q

Pulmonary & Aortic Semilunar Valves

A

-When the ventricles contract, they increase pressure in the ventricles
-This pressure closes the AV valves and opens the pulmonary and aortic valves
-Blood is ejected into the arteries (pulmonary and aorta)
-When the Ventricles relax, blood in these arteries starts to flow back toward the heart
-This fills the cusps of the semilunar valves and they close

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44
Q

Heart Sounds

A

-‘Lub-Dub’
-‘Lub’: The sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the AV
-‘Dub’: The sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the semilunar valves

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45
Q

‘Lub’ (Heart Sound)

A

The sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the AV

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46
Q

‘Dub’ (Heart Sound)

A

The sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the semilunar valves

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47
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

-Function of the right side of the heart
-Deoxygenated blood returns from body tissues and enters the right atrium
-Gets pumped into the right ventricle which ejects the blood into the pulmonary arteries
-These blood vessels take the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to clear the CO2 and pick up the O2
-The blood (now oxygenated) returns from the lungs via pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium

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48
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

-Function of the left side of the heart
-Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium
-Blood is pumped into the left ventricle which ejects the blood into the aorta and out to body tissues
-Tissues use the O2 and release CO2 which eventually makes its way back to the right atrium (now deoxygenated)

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49
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

-The heart needs its own circulation - the coronary circulation
-Coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and encircle the heart
-The heart gets its blood supply between beats

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50
Q

The Conduction System of the Heart

A

-Specialized cardiac muscle cells generate their own AP’s - they are called autorhythmic fibres because they are self-excitable
-They form structures that set the rhythm of the APs that cause contraction and they form a conduction system
-The conduction system is the pathway along which the APs progress through the heart
-The APs propagete through this conduction system in a specific sequence

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51
Q

APs propagete through conduction system in a specific sequence

A
  1. SA node
  2. Atria
  3. AV node
  4. Bundle of His
  5. Bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibres
  7. Ventricles
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52
Q

SA (Sinoatrial) Node

A

-In right atrial wall
-It repeatedly generates APs which propagate through the atria via gap junctions causing atrial contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricles
-The APs travel throughout the atria and reach the AV node

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53
Q

The AV (Atrioventricular) Node

A

-From the AV node, the APs enter the bundle of His (a.k.a. atrioventricular bundle)
-The APs conduct along the right and left bundle branches which extend along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart
-Purkinje fibres very quickly conduct the APs upward through the ventricles causing ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the arteries

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54
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

-As the APs move through the heart, they can be detected on the surface of the body
-Problems can be identified based on the shape and timing of the tracing

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55
Q

The Cardiac Cycle

A

-All of the events associated with one heart beat
-Systole: contraction phase
-Diastole: relaxation phase
-In each cycle, the atria and ventricles alternately contract pushing blood through the chambers of the heart and out of the heart

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56
Q

Systole

A

Contraction Phase

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56
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation Phase

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57
Q

Cardiac Output

A

-The amount of blood the heart ejects each minute
-Different factors factors will affect HR and SV - there are limits as to how low they can go

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58
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

Number of times the heart beats in 1 min

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59
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

Amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat

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60
Q

How to calculate Cardiac Output (CO)

A

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

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61
Q

Average HR

A

72 bpm

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62
Q

Average SV

A

70ml

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63
Q

Average CO

A

5L/min

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64
Q

Factors affecting Heart Rate

A

Heart rate must adjust to meet blood flow demands

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65
Q

Factors that regulate HR

A
  1. ANS
  2. Hormones/Ions
  3. Other
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66
Q

ANS

A

-The control center in the medula oblangata gets input from sensory receptors and high brain centres (e.g. limbic system and cerebral cortex)
-Based on input, the control centre increases or decreases the frequency of APs in the SyNS and the PaNS

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67
Q

Increased SyNS

A

Increased HR

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68
Q

Increased PaNS

A

Decrease HR

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69
Q

Hormones/Ions

A

-Epinephrine/norepinephrine: increase HR & contractility
-Thyroid hormones: increase HR and contractility
-Sodium & potassium: needed for normal APs - elevated blood levels decrease HR
-Elevated levels of calcium: increase HR & contractility

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70
Q

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

A

Increase HR & contractility

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71
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Increase HR and contractility

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72
Q

Sodium & Potassium

A

needed for normal APs - elevated blood levels decrease HR

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73
Q

Elevated Levels of Calcium

A

Increase HR & Contractility

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74
Q

Other Factors

A

-Age
-Sex
-Fitness Level
-Body Temp

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75
Q

What are the 3 factors that maintain equal stroke volume?

A
  1. Preload
  2. Contractility
  3. Afterload
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76
Q

Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

A

-The left and right ventricles need to eject the same volume of blood
-3 Factors help to maintain equal stroke volume
1. Preload
2. Contractility
3. Afterload

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77
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

Greater Stretch = Stronger Contraction

78
Q

EDV is affected by?

A

-Duration of ventricular diastole
-Venous return

79
Q

Preload

A

-Degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
-Greater Stretch = Stronger Contraction (Frank-Starling Law)
-Amount of stretch is proportional to the volume of blood that fills the ventricles at the end of diastole (end diastolic volume or EDV)
-EDV is affected by:
1. Duration of ventricular diastole
2. Venous return
-There are limits

80
Q

Contractility

A

-Strength of contraction at any given preload
-Factors that increase contraction strength:
1. SyNS activation
2. Hormones (adrenaline/epinephrine)
3. Medications (e.g. digitalis)
-Factors that decrease contraction strength:
1. Decreased SyNS activation
2. Chemical imbalances
3. Medications (e.g. Calcium Channel Blockers)

81
Q

Factors that increase contraction strength?

A
  1. SyNS activation
  2. Hormones (adrenaline/epinephrine)
  3. Medications (e.g. digitalis)
82
Q

Factors that decrease contraction strength?

A
  1. Decreased SyNS activation
  2. Chemical imbalances
  3. Medications (e.g. Calcium Channel Blockers)
83
Q

Afterload

A

-Ejection of blood from the heart begins when ventricular pressure > vessel pressure (pulmonary trunk or aorta)
-When the pressure is greater in the ventricles than in the vessels, the semilunar valve can open is the afterload
-Factors that increase the afterload:
1. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
2. Narrowing of arteries by atherosclerosis

84
Q

The pressure that must overcome before a semilunar valve can open is the ___________________.

A

Afterload

85
Q

Factors that increase afterload?

A

-Hypertension (high blood pressure)
-Narrowing of arteries by atherosclerosis

86
Q

Arterioles

A

Resistance Vessels

87
Q

Blood Vessels

A
  1. Arterial System
  2. Venous System
88
Q

Arterial System

A

-Arteries carry blood away from the heart
-Large elastic arteries divide into medium-sized muscular arteries which branch out into the different regions of the body
-Muscular arteries divide into smaller arteries which divide into smaller arterioles (a.k.a resistance vessels)
-As arterioles enter the tissue, they divide/branch out into capillaries (a.k.a. the exchange vessels)
-Capillaries exchange substances (gases, nutrients) between the blood and the tissues

89
Q

Arteries carry blood ______________________.

A

Away from the heart

90
Q

Veins carry blood ____________________.

A

To the heart

91
Q

Venous System

A

-Carry blood to the heart
-Capillaries within tissues ‘reunite’ to form venules
-Venules merge to form progressively larger veins
-Veins merge into the Vena Cavae

92
Q

Blood Vessel Walls

A

-BVs (except capillaries) have the same 3-layered arrangement surrounding the lumen
1. Tunica Intima
2. Tunica Media
3. Tunica Externa

93
Q

Tunica Intima

A

-Inner layer
-Simple squamous epithelium (called endothelium) and a CT basement membrane

94
Q

Tunica Media

A

-Middle layer
-Contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle

95
Q

Tunica Externa

A

-a.k.a. Tunica Adventitia
-Outer layer
-Contains elastic and collagen fibres
-Supports BVs and anchors them to surrounding structures

96
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in lumen size

97
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increase in lumen size

98
Q

Arteries

A

-Stretch to accommodate blood flow (especially under pressure (i.e. when ventricles contract))
-Recoil which helps force the blood forward

99
Q

Arterioles

A

-Blood flow regulation
-Have substantial ability to constrict or dilate the vessel
-Therefore have significant affect on blood pressure

100
Q

Capillaries

A

-Microcirculation
-Found near almost every cell in the body
-Walls are a single layer of endothelium and a basement membrane
-Nutrient and waste exchange

101
Q

Venules

A

-Blood flow from capillaries to veins

102
Q

Veins

A

-Little smooth muscle and less elastic CT
-Not designed to withstand high pressure
-Need help moving blood
-Have one-way valves to prevent backflow
-Transport blood to the heart (venous return)

103
Q

Blood

A

-Fluid (55%) and Cells (45%)
-38 deg C, pH 7.4
-Male blood volume: 5-6L, female blood volume: 4-5L

104
Q

Blood (Functions)

A

-Transportation (nutrients, wastes, heat, hormones)
-Regulation (pH, body temp, fluid levels)
-Protection (vs blood loss, foreign invaders)

105
Q

Blood Components

A

-Plasma
-Plasma Proteins
-Blood Cells
-Erythrocytes (a.k.a. RBC’s)
-Leukocytes (a.k.a. WBC’s)

106
Q

Erythrocytes are also referred to as?

A

Red Blood Cells

107
Q

Leukocytes are also referred to as?

A

White Blood Cells

108
Q

Plasma

A

-Fluid matrix of blood
-Contains dissolved substances (including nutrients, wastes, hormones)

109
Q

Plasma Proteins

A

-Albumin
-Globulins
-Fibrinogen

110
Q

Albumin

A

Transport Protein

111
Q

Globulins

A

Some are transport proteins, some are involved in the immune response

112
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Essential in blood clotting

113
Q

Blood Cells

A

-Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) (a.k.a. erythrocytes)
-White Blood Cells (WBC’s) (a.k.a. Leukocytes)
-Platelets (a.k.a. thrombocytes)

114
Q

Erythrocytes

A

a.k.a. RBC’s
Contain hemoglobin
-Oxygen carrying protein
-Pigment that gives blood red colour
-Live for 120 days
Hemopoiesis: formation of RBC’s
Hematocrit: % of blood volume occupied by RBC’s
Anemia: Lower than normal hematocrit
Polycythemia: Higher than normal hematocrit

115
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-Oxygen carrying protein
-Pigment that gives blood red colour

116
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

formation of RBC’s

117
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood volume occupied by RBC’s

118
Q

Anemia

A

Lower than normal hematocrit

119
Q

Polycythemia

A

Higher than normal hematocrit

120
Q

Leukocytes (functions)

A

-Fight off foreign invaders
-Phagocytosis
-Immune responses

121
Q

Leukocytes (Types)

A

-Granular
-Agranular

122
Q

Granular

A

-Neutrophils (a.k.a. polymorphonuclears)
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

123
Q

Neutrophils

A

a.k.a. polymorphonuclears
Most common, function in phagocytosis (esp. bacteria)

124
Q

Eosinophils

A

Function in allergic reactions, parasitic infections

125
Q

Basophils

A

Function in stress and allergic responses

126
Q

Agranular

A

-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes

127
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  1. B Lymphocytes
  2. T Lymphocytes
  3. Natural Killer Cells
128
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased WBC Count

129
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decreased WBC Count

130
Q

Platelets

A

-Helps stop bleeding/contain substances to promote clotting
-Live 5-9 days

131
Q

Blood Pressure

A

-Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
-Ventricular contraction generates blood pressure (the pressure on the walls of the blood vessel)
-Pressure falls progressively with distance from the left ventricle

132
Q

Systolic BP

A

Highest arterial pressure during ventricular systole

133
Q

Diastolic BP

A

Lowest arterial pressure during ventricular diastole

134
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

Average blood pressure in the arteries

135
Q

Blood pressure is affected by?

A

-Cardiac Output
-Blood Volume
-Vascular Resistance

136
Q

Increased Cardiac Output (CO) =

A

Increased CO = Increased MAP

137
Q

Significant increase in Blood Volume =

A

Significant increase in blood volume = increase in BP

138
Q

Vascular resistance

A

-Lumen size (decrease lumen size = increase in BP)
-Blood Viscosity (Increased viscosity = Increased BP)
-Total vessel length (Increased vessel length = increased BP)

139
Q

Lymphatic System (functions)

A

-Drainage of excess interstitial fluid
-Transportation of lipids (from the digestive system)
-Protection/immune responses

140
Q

Lymphatic System (Structures)

A

-Lymph (fluid of the system)
-Lymphatic vessels
-Structure and organs that contain lymph tissue
-Red bone marrow (where various blood cells develop)

141
Q

Lymph

A

-Plasma and solutes filter freely from blood capillaries into interstitial space
-Some is re-absorbed into the blood
-excess filtered fluid drains into lymphatic system (capillaries)
-The few proteins that leak out of the blood capillaries must return to circulation via the lymphatics

142
Q

Lymphatic Flow

A

Capillaries -> Lymphatic Vessels -> Trunks -> Ducts

143
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

-Begin in the spaces between cells
-Closed at one end
-High Permeability
-Cells forming the endothelium overlap to allow fluid in but not back out
-Pressure drives interstitial fluid into the capillaries

144
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

-Capillaries merge into larger vessels (lymphatic vessels)
-Lots of one-way valves
-at regular intervals, lymph passes through lymph nodes

145
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

-Clusters of Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) surrounded by a dense CT capsule
-Bean shaped
- ~600 nodes located along the lymphatic vessels of the body (often in groups, superficial and deep)

146
Q

Lymph Nodes (Function)

A

Lymph Filtration (Lymph flows in, foreign substances are tapped and destroyed)

147
Q

Lymphatic Trunks

A

Larger Lymphatic vessels merge into trunks

148
Q

Lymphatic Ducts

A
  1. Thoracic Duct
  2. Right Thoratic Duct
149
Q

Right Lymphatic Ducts

A

Drains the:
-Right side of the head and neck
-Right side of the chest
-Drains into RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

150
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

Drains the:
-Left side of the head and neck
-Left side of the chest
-Entire body below the ribs
-drains into LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

151
Q

Lymphatic Flow (Sequence in order)

A

-Lymphatic Flow
-Blood Capillaries (blood)
-Interstitial Spaces (interstitial fluid)
-Lymphatic Capillaries (Lymph)
-Lymphatic Vessels (Lymph)
-Lymphatic Ducts (Lymph)
-Subclavian Veins (Lymph)

152
Q

Lymphatic flow is maintained by?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump
  2. Diaphragmatic breathing/respiratory pump
  3. Smooth muscle contraction (in vessel walls - minimal contribution)
153
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A

-Red Marrow
-Thymus
-Spleen

154
Q

Red Marrow

A

-Produces B cells and immature T cells (a.k.a. pre-T cells)

155
Q

Thymus

A

-Located in the mediastinum
-Produces mature T cells from pre-T cells
-Large at birth, significantly atrophied by maturity

156
Q

Spleen

A

-Large mass of lymphatic tissue between the stomach an the diaphragm
-Filters blood (similar to the process in a lymph node)
-Removes ruptured, worn out, defective RBC’s
-Store platelets and monocytes

157
Q

Immune System (non-specific defenses)

A

-Rapid responses
-Don’t recognize specific invaders but react in the same way to all invaders
-No memory component

158
Q

Non-specific Defences (first line)

A

-Skin
-Mucous Membranes
-Body Fluids
-Sweat
-Tears
-Saliva
-Urine
-Gastric Juice
-Defecation
-Vomiting

159
Q

Skin

A

Tightly Packed Keratinized Cells

160
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Mucous traps microbes, cilia sweeps them out

161
Q

Sweat

A

Flushes the skin

162
Q

Tears

A

Wash the eye

163
Q

Saliva

A

Washes the teeth and mucous membranes

164
Q

Urine

A

Regular flow reduces microbial growth

165
Q

Gastric Juice

A

Stomach acid destroys many bacteria

166
Q

Defecation

A

Removes microbes

167
Q

Vomiting

A

Removes microbes

168
Q

Non-specific Defences (second line)

A

-Antimicrobial Proteins
-Natural Killer (NK) Cells
-Phagocytes
-Inflammation
-Fever

169
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins

A

Discourage microbial growth

170
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A

Recognizes and kills microbes

171
Q

Phagocytes (fixed and wandering)

A

Eat Microbes

172
Q

Inflammation

A

Non-specific response to tissue damage designed to remove microbes etc., prevent their spread, and prepare the site for repair

173
Q

Fever

A

Intensifies antimicrobial protein activity, inhibits microbial growth, speeds up repair

174
Q

Specific Defences

A

a.k.a. Immunity
-Antigen
-Cell-mediated immune responses
-Antibody-mediated immune responses

175
Q

Antigen

A

Substances that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response

176
Q

In specific responses, antigen/invaders are…

A

-Identified
-Killed
-Remembered
-Specific responses are slower (than non-specific)

177
Q

What are the 2 types of antigen/invaders?

A
  1. Cell-Mediated
  2. Antibody-mediated
178
Q

Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

A

-Effective against fungi, parasites, viruses, some cancer cells, foreign tissue

179
Q

During Cell-Mediated Immune Responses, when invader is recognized, T-Cells:

A
  1. Activate
  2. Enlarge
  3. Proliferate
  4. Differentiate (into:)
    - Helper T Cells (trigger proliferation, perform other immune functions)
    -Cytotoxic T Cells: Migrate to the site and destroy the invader
    -Memory T Cells: Remain after the response, they don’t attack but with future infections (same invader), they make for a faster stronger response
180
Q

Helper T Cells

A

Trigger proliferation, perform other immune functions

181
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Migrate to the site and destroy the invader

182
Q

Memory T Cells

A

Remain after the response, they don’t attack but with future infections (same invader), they make for a faster stronger response

183
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses

A

-Effective against antigens in body fluids, extracellular pathogens (e.g. bacteria)

184
Q

During Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses, when invader is recognized B-Cells:

A
  1. Activate
  2. Enlarge
  3. Differentiate (into:)
    -Plasma cells which secrete antibodies
    -Memory B Cells: Remain after after the response, they don’t attack but with future infections (same invader), they make for a faster and stronger response
185
Q

Antibodies

A

a.k.a. immunoglobulins
-Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen
-They neutralize, inhibit, or destroy the antigen

186
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

-IgG
-Iga
-IgM
-IgE
-IgD

187
Q

IgG

A

-Most common
-In blood/lymph/intestines
-Protect against bacteria viruses
-They cross the placenta to confer immunity to the newborn

188
Q

IgA

A

-Found in sweat/tears/saliva/mucous/breast milk/GI
-Levels decrease during stress

189
Q

IgM

A

-Found in blood/lymph
-Part of blood transfusion reactions

190
Q

IgE

A

-Found in blood
-Involved in allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms

191
Q

IgD

A

-Found in blood
-Help activate B cells

192
Q

Exercise and the Immune System

A

-Effect of exercise on the immune system seems to be dependent on the type and intensity of the exercise
-More research has been conducted on endurance exercise than on resistance training
-In general, exercise generates a positive adaptation in immune system function
-Post-exercise massage seems to have a positive effect, both physiologically and psychologically

193
Q

Aging and the Immune System

A

-Increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies
-Responses to vaccines is decreased
-More antibodies are produced
-Lower level of immune function
-T-Cells and B-Cells are less responsive

Physiology (6 decks)

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