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Physiology > Test 2 Material > Flashcards

Test 2 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Bone (Functions)

A

-Support
-Protection
-Movement
-Mineral Homeostasis
-Blood Cell Production (hemapoiesis/hematopoiesis)
-Storage

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2
Q

Structures in Bone

A

-Diaphysis
-Epiphyses
-Metaphyses

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3
Q

Diaphysis

A

-Long main portion of the bone
-a.k.a body, shaft

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4
Q

Epiphyses

A

-Ends of the bone

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5
Q

Metaphyses

A

-Regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
-Contains the epiphyseal growth plate/epiphyseal line

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6
Q

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

A

-Cartilagenous area within the metaphysis of a growing bone
-once growth stops, what remains is the epiphyseal line

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7
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

-Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses

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8
Q

Perosteum

A

-Tough CT covering that surrounds bone
-Protects, nourishes, and heals bone
-Is an attachment for tendons & ligaments
-Outer layer is tough and supportive/protective
-Inner layer has bone forming cells
-Well vascularized and innervated *(Especially innervated for pain)

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9
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

-a.k.a marrow cavity
-Space within the diaphysis that contains:
1. Red Marrow (for blood cell formation)
2. Yellow Marrow (for fat storage)

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10
Q

Red Marrow

A

For blood cell formation
*(Pelvis, spine, ribs, sternum, scull, proximal ends of upper arm bone and thigh bones humorous & femur)

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11
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

For fat storage
*(everything else)

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12
Q

Bone is ______________.

A

CT

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13
Q

Bone Matrix

A

25% water, 25% collagen, 50% mineral salts

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14
Q

Bone Cells (In order)

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor Cells
  2. Osteoblasts
    3.Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
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15
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

Active during normal growth, healing and cyclical bone replacement

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16
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells

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17
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone ‘eating’ cells
*Breaks down bone

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19
Q

Types of bone

A
  1. Compact
  2. Spongy
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20
Q

Compact

A

-a.k.a. cortical, dense
-external layer of all bones
-provides protection and support

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21
Q

Cortex is the __________ layer.

A

Outer Layer

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22
Q

Structures of Compact Bone

A

-Osteon
-Central Canal
-Concentric Lamellae
-Lacunae
-Canaliculi
-Volkmann’s Canals

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23
Q

Osteon is also known as _______________.

A

-a.k.a Haversian Systems

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24
Q

Central (a.k.a Haversian) Canal

A

-A hole through the centre of the osteon through which blood and lymphatic vessels run

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25
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

-Rings of hard, calcified bone matrix around the central canal

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26
Q

Lacunae

A

-Spaces between the rings
-In the lacunae are osteocytes

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27
Q

Canaliculi

A

-Small channels sticking out (in all directions) from the lacunae
-Filled with extracellular fluid
-Allows osteocytes to communicate

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28
Q

Volkmann’s Canals

A

-a.k.a transverse perforating canals
-holes which run transversely to connect the inner and outer portions of the bone

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29
Q

Spongy Bone

A

-Trabeculae
-Trabeculae contain osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi
-Lighter
-Spaces can contain red bone marrow
-Designed for lower stresses or stresses from different directions

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30
Q

Bone Blood Supply

A

-Well Vascularized
-Periosteal arteries enter the diaphysis at multiple points (Volkmann’s canals) to supply the periosteum and outer compact bone
-Nutrient arteries enter the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen to supply the inner compact bone, spongy bone & red bone marrow
-Metaphyseal arteries - supply the metaphysis
-Epiphyseal Arteries - supply the epiphysis

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31
Q

Metaphyseal arteries

A

Supply the metaphysis

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32
Q

Epiphyseal Arteries

A

Supply the epiphysis

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33
Q

Bone Growth/Aging

A

-Bone is in a constant state of remodelling
-From birth to adolescence, bone growth is greater than bone loss
-Long bones lengthen through growth at the epiphyseal growth plates and they get thicker by osteoblasts in the periosteum laying new bone at the periphery
-In young adults - bone growth is about equal to bone loss
-From middle ages - bone loss exceeds bone growth

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34
Q

From middle ages bone loss _____________ bone growth.

A

Exceeds

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35
Q

In young adults bone growth _______________ to bone loss.

A

Is about equal

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36
Q

From birth to adolescence, bone growth is _____________ than bone loss.

A

Greater

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37
Q

Long bones lengthen through growth at the ___________________ and they get thicker by ___________ in the _______________ laying new bone at the ________________.

A

Epiphyseal growth plates, osteoblasts, periosteum, periphery

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38
Q

Nutrient arteries enter the ____________ via the ________________ to supply the inner compact bone, spongy bone & red bone marrow

A

Diaphysis, nutrient foramen,

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39
Q

Periosteal arteries enter the ______________ at multiple points (Volkmann’s canals) to supply the periosteum and outer compact bone

A

Diaphysis

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40
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

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41
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

-All of the nervous tissue outside of the CNS

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42
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory
    -detection & input
  2. Integrative
    -processing/storing/analyzing of sensory info
    -decision making
  3. Motor
    -output
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43
Q

Sensory

A

Detection & input

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44
Q

Integrative

A

-Processing/storing/analyzing of sensory info
-Decision making

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45
Q

Motor

A

Output

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46
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

-Designed for communication
-2 types of cells
1.Neuroglia
2.Neurons

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47
Q

Neuroglia

A

-Support
-Nourish
-Protect

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48
Q

Neurons

A

-Nerve cells
-3 parts: dendrite, cell body, axon

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49
Q

Dendrite

A

Structure: multiple or single extensions off the cell body
Function: the input portion of the neuron
-Contain lots of receptor sites for receiving chemical messages from other cells

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50
Q

Dendrite (structure)

A

Structure: multiple or single extensions off the cell body

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51
Q

Dendrite (function)

A

Function: the input portion of the neuron

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52
Q

Cell Body (structure)

A

Structure: contains the nucleus and other organelles

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53
Q

Cell Body (function)

A

Function: cell processes

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54
Q

Axon

A

-This cylindrical process off the cell body
-Function: The output portion of neuron
-End of an axon divides into many fine processes called axon terminals
-Synaptic end bulb: swollen ends of some axon terminals
-Some axons are myelinated
-Myelin: Multilayered lipid and protein covering that speeds up signal (action potential) conduction (axons coated in myelinare called ‘myelinated’ axons)
*Conduction of action potential

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55
Q

Axon (Function)

A

Function: The output portion of neuron

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56
Q

Synaptic end bulb

A

Swollen ends of some axon terminals

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57
Q

*Myelin

A

Multilayered lipid and protein covering that speeds up signal (action potential) conduction (axons coated in myelinare called ‘myelinated’ axons)
*Conduction of action potential

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58
Q

Neurons

A

-Possess electrical excitability
-Can respond to a stimulus and convert it to action potential
-Stimulus: Any change in the environment (internal or external) that is strong enough to stimulate an action potential
-Action Potential: Electrical signal that travels along cell membrane of a neuron
-Can communicate over very small or very great distances
-Action Potentials travel at different speeds

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59
Q

Stimulus

A

Any change in the environment (internal or external) that is strong enough to stimulate an action potential

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60
Q

Action Potential

A

Electrical signal that travels along cell membrane of a neuron

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61
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

A

-Neurons vary in size and shape
-Structurally, neurons are classified according to the number of processes extending from the cell body

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62
Q

What are the 3 Structural Classifications of Neurons?

A

1.Multipolar
2.Bipolar
3. Unipolar

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63
Q

Multipolar

A

-Several dendrites and one axon
-Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord and all motor neurons

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64
Q

Bipolar

A

-One main dendrite and one axon
*Not very common

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65
Q

Unipolar

A

Peripheral axon - has sensory receptors
Central axon - has axon terminals
Sensory neurons - in the PNS are unipolar

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66
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons

A

-Functionally, they are classified according to the direction in which the action potential is conducted with respect to the CNS

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67
Q

What are the 3 Functional Classifications of Neurons?

A
  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. Motor Neurons
  3. Interneurons
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68
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

-a.k.a Afferent neurons
-Most are unipolar
-Contain either sensory receptors at the dendritic cells or are located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells
-Once activated by a stimulus, action potential forms and propagates along the axon and is conveyed into the CNS (via sensory or afferent neurons)
-Sensory neurons travel together in spinal and cranial nerves

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69
Q

Motor Neurons

A

-a.k.a Efferent neurons
-Multipolar
-Action potential propagates away from the CNS to effectors (via motor or efferent neurons)
-Effectors: cells and organs

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70
Q

Effectors

A

Cells and Organs

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71
Q

Interneurons

A

-a.k.a association neurons
-Most are multipolar
-Primarily in the CNS between sensory and motor neurons
-Interneurons integrate/process info from sensory neurons
-If motor response is required, the specifics of the response are formulated and relevant. motor neurons are activated

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72
Q

Synapses

A

-Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and another type of cell
-2 types of synapses: electrical and chemical

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73
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A
  1. Electrical
  2. Chemical
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74
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

-Action potentials conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells through gap junctions
-Faster (than chemical)
-Allow for synchronization of function

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75
Q

Pre-Synaptic neuron

A

Neuron sending the signal

76
Q

Post-Synaptic Neuron

A

Neuron receiving the signal

77
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Space between the communicating neurons

78
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released by the pre-synaptic neuron to affect (excite or inhibit) the post-synaptic neuron(s) or effector (muscle/gland)

79
Q

Neurotransmitters are specific to the _________________?

A

Neurotransmitters released (think lock and key)

80
Q

Chemical Synapse Processes

A

-When action potential reaches the end of the pre-synaptic neuron, it causes release of a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds to the post-synaptic neuron
-If neurotransmitter is excitatory - continuation of action potential is more likely
-If neurotransmitter is inhibitory - continuation of the action potential is less likely
-Chemical synapses are slower (than electrical)

81
Q

If neurotransmitter is excitatory?

A

Continuation of action potential is more likely

82
Q

If neurotransmitter is inhibitory?

A

Continuation of the action potential is less likely

83
Q

What are 4 common neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
  3. Dopamine
  4. Seratonin
84
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

PNS/CNS, excitatory at NMJ

85
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

CNS, inhibitory

86
Q

Dopamine

A

Excitatory or inhibitory (depending on the receptor), emotional responses, addictive behaviours, skeletal muscle tone

87
Q

Seratonin

A

excitatory or inhibitory (depending on the receptor), sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood, sleep, appetite

88
Q

Neuroglia

A

-Support, nourish, and protect neurons
-With injury and/or disease, neuroglia multiply to fill the spaces formerly occipied by neurons

89
Q

What are the 4 types neuroglia of the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
90
Q

Astrocytes

A

-Help form blood-brain barrier (BBB)
-Provide nutrients to neurons

91
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-Form/maintain the myelin sheath of CNS neurons

92
Q

Microglia

A

-Phagocytotic (similar to tissue macrophages)
-Remove debris, phagocytize microbes

93
Q

Ependymal cells

A

-Line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord
-Produce and assist in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clear, colourless fluid that circulates around brain and spinal cord (protects brain and spinal cord from injury)

94
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

-Specialized barrier prevents passage of materials from the blood and the brain (and its surrounding fluid)
-Protects brain from harmful substances
-Thick basement membrane, tight junctions

95
Q

What is Neuroglia of the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

96
Q

Schwann Cells

A

-Cells that encircle axons in the PNS
-Form myelin sheath of PNS axons
-Involved in regeneration of PNS axons

97
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) includes?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

98
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

-Cranial nerves and their branches
-Spinal nerves and their branches
-Ganglia
-Enteric plexuses
-Sensory receptors

99
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS (plural: nuclei)

100
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS (plural: ganglia)

101
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of axons in CNS
-Tracts interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain

102
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in PNS
-Spinal Nerves: connect the spinal cord to the periphery
-Cranial Nerves: connect the brain to the periphery

103
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Connect the spinal cord to the periphery

104
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Connect the brain to the periphery

105
Q

Grey Matter

A

Collections of cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibres in the CNS

106
Q

White Matter

A

Collections of myelinated axons in the CNS

107
Q

Spinal Cord

A

-Encased in vertebrae (bones of the spine)
-Extends from the bottom part of the brain stem to the 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)
-At L2, it tapers into a structure called the conus medullaris
-Cauda Equina: the roots of the spinal nerves below the conus medullaris
*Spinal cord ends at L2

108
Q

Cauda Equina

A

The roots of the spinal nerves below the conus medullaris

109
Q

Neck/Cervical

A

C1-C7

110
Q

Thoracic

A

T1-T12

111
Q

Lumbar

A

L1-L5

112
Q

Sacrum

A

S1-S5

113
Q

Structure around Spinal Cord

A

-White matter surrounding an inner core of grey matter
-Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus: 2 grooves that divide the white matter into right and left sides
-Central canal: small tube in the centre if the SC that contains CSF

114
Q

Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

A

2 grooves that divide the white matter into right and left sides

115
Q

Central canal

A

Small tube in the centre if the SC that contains CSF

116
Q

Grey Matter

A

-Each side is divided into regions called horns
-Posterior Horn (a.k.a dorsal): axons of incoming sensory neurons and interneurons
-Anterior Horn (a.k.a ventral): motor nuclei
-Lateral Horn: Present in thoracic, upper lumbar, sacral portions, they contain the sympathetic nuclei

117
Q

Posterior Horn (a.k.a dorsal)

A

Axons of incoming sensory neurons and interneurons

118
Q

Anterior Horn (a.k.a ventral)

A

Motor nuclei

119
Q

Lateral Horn

A

Present in thoracic, upper lumbar, sacral portions, they contain the sympathetic nuclei

120
Q

What are the 3 horns in grey matter?

A
  1. Posterior Horn (a.k.a dorsal)
  2. Anterior Horn (a.k.a ventral)
  3. Lateral Horn
121
Q

White Matter

A

-Each side is divided into regions called columns
3 Regions: anterior columns (a.k.a ventral), posterior columns (a.k.a dorsal), lateral columns
-Each column contains bundles of axons (tracts) that have a common origin or destination
-Sensory Tracts (a.k.a ascending): consist on axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain
-Motor Tracts (a.k.a descending): consist of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain

122
Q

What are the 3 regions of white matter?

A
  1. Anterior columns (a.k.a ventral)
  2. Posterior columns (a.k.a dorsal)
  3. Lateral columns
123
Q

Sensory Tracts (a.k.a ascending)

A

Consist on axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain

124
Q

Motor Tracts (a.k.a descending)

A

Consist of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain

125
Q

Brain Structure

A
  1. Brain stem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
126
Q

Brain Stem

A

-Continuous with spinal cord (SC, it is the part between the SC and the diencephalon
-3 Regions: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
-These regions also contain nuclei of specific cranial nerves
-The net-like reticular formation extends through the brainstem

127
Q

3 Regions of Brain Stem?

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
128
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

-Contains centres (nuclei) for the control of the heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

129
Q

Pons

A

-Contains centres for the control of breathing

130
Q

Midbrain

A

-Contain centres for reflex visual activities (e.g. tracking moving objects, scanning stationary objects), hearing
-Contains nuclei called the substantia nigra - Neurons that make dopamine extend from it

131
Q

Neurons that make dopamine extend from _____________________.

A

substantia nigra (nuclei)

132
Q

Reticular Formation

A

-Net-like formation of neural tissue that spreads throughout the brain stem
-Contains the reticular activating system (RAS) which helps:
-Consciousness
-Maintain Attention
-Prevent sensory overload by filtering out insignificant info
-*Regulate muscle tone

133
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS) helps?

A

-Consciousness
-Maintain Attention
-Prevent sensory overload by filtering out insignificant info
-*Regulate muscle tone

134
Q

Cerebellum

A

-Posterior to brain stem
-Smoothes and coordinates skeletal muscle contraction
-Regulates posture and balance

135
Q

3 Parts of the Diencephalon?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Epithalamus
136
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Major regulator of homeostasis
-Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system
-Hormone production
-Emotion and behaviour (with limbic system)
-Eating, drinking
-Body temperature
-Circadian rhythm (a 24hr cycle in the biochemical, physiological and/or behavioural processes of living things)

137
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24hr cycle in the biochemical, physiological and/or behavioural processes of living things

138
Q

Thalamus

A

-Major relay station for most sensory input to the cerebral cortex

139
Q

Epithalamus

A

-Contains the pineal gland
-Involved in smelling (especially emotional responses to smells)

140
Q

Cerebrum

A

-2 halves or hemispheres (right & left)
-Consist of:
-Outer rim of grey matter (cerebral cortex;
-Inner region of white matter (association areas); and
-Grey matter nuclei deep within white (basal ganglia)

141
Q

Outer rim of Grey Matter

A

Cerebral Cortex

142
Q

Inner region of White Matter

A

Association Areas

143
Q

Grey Matter Nuclei deep within White

A

Basal Ganglia

144
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

-Contains sensory areas involved in perception
-Contains motor areas involved in the execution of voluntary movements

145
Q

Association Areas (White Matter)

A

-Contain areas that deal with more complex functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality traits, intelligence

146
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

-a.k.a basal nuclei
-Helps regulate the starting and stopping of movements
-Helps control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles
-Helps suppress unwanted movement
-Helps to set resting muscle tone
-Functionally, basal ganglia are linked to substantia nigra

147
Q

Limbic System

A

-Involved in emotion, smelling, and memory
-Includes parts of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and other nearby structures

148
Q

Hippocampus

A

-Functions in memory (encoding, consolidation, and retrieval)
-Very important in converting short term memory into long term memory

149
Q

Amygdala

A

Important in emotional function (esp. fear)

150
Q

Meninges

A

-3 protective layers of connective tissue (CT) that encircle the brain and spinal cord (SC)
-They cover the Brain/SC up to the point where the nerves exit the spinal cord

151
Q

What are the 3 protective layers (meninges) of connective tissue (CT) that encircle the brain and spinal cord (SC)?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Membrane
  3. Pia Mater
152
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough outer layer

153
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

Middle layer

154
Q

Pia Mater

A

Inner layer

155
Q

Epidural Space

A

Adipose and CT- filled space between the wall of vertebral canal and dura mater (no epidural space in brain)

156
Q

Subdural Space

A

Interstitial fluid-filled space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane

157
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

CSF filled space between arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

158
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

All of the nervous tissue outside the CNS including:
-Cranial Nerves
-Spinal Nerves
-Ganglia
-Sensory Receptors

159
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

-Paths of communication between brain and periphery
-12 pairs of nerves that exit from base of brain

160
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

-Paths of communication between SC and the periphery
-31 pairs of spinal nerves
-Parallel bundles of axons (& their associated neurological cells) wrapped in several layers of CT
-Spinal nerves connect the SC to receptors, muscles, glands in all body parts of the body
-31 pairs numbered according to region and level of vertebral column from which they emerge
-1st pair of cervical nerves emerge from spinal cord between base of the scull and 1st cervical vertebra
-C1-C7 exit the spine above their corresponding vertebra
-C8 exits between C7 and T1 Vertebra
-Not all are aligne with their corresponding vertebrae - lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves descend from ~ L2 to their respective levels

161
Q

What are 4 Spinal nerves ?

A
  1. Nerve root
  2. Anterior Root (ventral)
  3. Posterior Root (dorsal)
  4. Posterior/Dorsal Root Ganglion
162
Q

Nerve Root

A

two bundles of axons that connect the spinal nerve to the SC

163
Q

Anterior Root (ventral)

A

Bundle of motor axons

164
Q

Posterior Root (dorsal)

A

Bundle of sensory axons

165
Q

Posterior/Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

Swelling in the posterior root containing cell bodies of sensory (a.k.a. unipolar, primary afferent) neurons of the PNS

166
Q

What are the 3 Connective tissues of a Spinal Nerve?

A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
167
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost, covers the axon (whether it’s myelinated or not)

168
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle layer, covers fascicles (bundles of axons)*Perineurium & epineurium are highly vascularized

169
Q

Epineurium

A

Outermost layer, covers spinal nerve
*Perineurium & epineurium are highly vascularized

170
Q

3 Subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic NS (SNS)
  2. Autonomic NS (ANS)
  3. Enteric NS (ENS)
171
Q

*Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

-‘Voluntary nervous system’
-Sensor neurons (a.k.a. 1st order neurons) convey info to the CNS (e.g. temp, pressure, pain …)
-Motor neurons conduct impulses (signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles only

172
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Monitors (sensory) and controls (motor) body activities (cardiac, smooth muscle, glands) automatically
2 divisions: sympathetic nervous system (SyNS) and parasympathetic system (PaNS)

173
Q

What are 2 divisions of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)
  2. Parasympathetic system (PaNS)
174
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)

A

-Fight or flight
-High sympathetic activity comes from being excited, scared, threatened

175
Q

Responses of Sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)?

A

-Pupil dialation
-Increased Heart Rate, blood pressure
-Airway dilation
-Vasodilation of skeletal and cardiac mm.
-Glucose release
-Vasoconstriction in kidneys and the digestive tract

176
Q

Parasympathetic system (PaNS)

A

-Rest and digest
-Conserve and restore energy systems
-Increased digestive and urinary functions

177
Q

Autonomic Tone

A

-Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
-Regulated by hypothalamus
-Most organs have dual innervation (PaNS & SyNS)
-Few structures receive only sympathetic innervation (sweat glands, arrector pilli, kidneys, most BVs, adrenal medullae) - function is determined by increasing or decreasing sympathetic stimulation
-For normal functioning there needs to be a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
-Effects of sympathetic stimulation last longer and are more widespread than effects of parasympathetic stimulation

178
Q

Autonomic Control

A

Major control and integration centre for the ANS is the hypothalamus

179
Q

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

A

-Sensory neurons that monitor chemical changes within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and stretching of its walls
-Motor neurons control contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and secretions of GI organs (e.g. acid secretions by stomach)

180
Q

Sensory Input

A

-Peripheral sensory receptor (e.g. unipolar neuron) detects stimulus
-Sensory input (in form of AP) travels along the axon to cell body in the dorsal rood ganglion (DRG); from DRG, the sensory axon may proceed in 3 ways:
1. Axon extends into white matter an travels up to brain as part of sensory tract (ascending)
2. Axon enters the dorsal horn and synapses with an interneuron - it’s axon crosses over into white matter of opposite side and travels up to brain as part of a sensory tract
3. Axon enters dorsal horn and synapses with and interneuron which in turn synapses with a somatic motor neuron in the ventral horn as part of spinal reflex pathway

181
Q

Motor Output occurs via 2 ways?

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
182
Q

Somatic

A

Axons from motor tract (descending) synapse with the somatic motor neurons in the ventral horn on the contralateral side - these axons extend through ventral root then spinal nerve to innervate skeletal muscles

183
Q

Autonomic

A

Autonomic motor neurons in the lateral horn send output along axons which sequentially pass through the lateral grey horn, the anterior grey horn and the anterior root to enter spinal nerve. From spinal nerve, the axons of autonomic motor neurons synapse with another group of autonomic motor neurons which will innervate cardiac muscles, smooth muscles or glands

184
Q

Metabolic Requirements of Nervous Tissue

A

-High metabolic rate
-Glucose is primary energy substrate for the nervous system but neurons have no glycogen stores (get it from blood or neuroglial cells)

185
Q

Regeneration & Repair of Nervous TIssues

A

-Although nervous tissue can readily adapt, it has limited ability to regenerate
-In the PNS: damage to dendrites and myelinated axons can be repaired if the cell body is intact and schwann cells are active
-In the CNS: little or no repair of damaged neurons occurs

Physiology (6 decks)

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