test #4 lecture notes Flashcards

Question

why help others

Answer 1

evolutionary, egoistic, learning, altruistic helping

Answer 2

kin selection. I am more likely to help people who share my genetic material. identical twins are more likely to help others than fraternal twins (r x b) >c

Answer 3

when we help others we feel good about ourselves

Answer 4

if you get rewarded for helping you are more likely to help again in hopes of that reward in the future

Answer 5

helping someone with no benefit to yourself. empathy is a key factor. if you have higher empathy you are more likely to perform altruistic helping it is controversial, many people don't think this exists often times we help others and feel good about ourselves, thus while we don't get any physical benefit we do get some emotional benefit.

Answer 6

we help people who are similar to us. dovidio et al (1997) went to subway stations on days when there was a soccer game. they came to someone who was either wearing their team shirt, a numeral team shirt, or an opposing team shirt, prior to the encounter they asked the person to speak of why they were a fan of there team. they found that there was a massive amount of helping after when someone with the same team shirt on asked, and there was little statistical difference between someone with a numeral or same team shirt. they then repeated but instead of asking them why they are a fan of a particular team, they asked why they are a fan of soccer in general. after they found a massive increase for helping the opposing teams shirt.

Answer 7

personality differences, similarities, gender differences

Answer 8

men are more likely to help in public, more likely to help strangers, more likely to help during a crisis women are more likely to help in the family sphere, in close relationships, and for long periods of time

Answer 9

im not so sure what the answer is but I am sure you will get it soon Elias, you got this!

Answer 10

beautiful people, strong belief in a just world, emotions

Answer 11

we are more likely to help beautiful victims. there is a higher chance of reciprocity and we want beautiful people to be involved in our life so we help them to increase the chance of their involvement we also generally attribute good traits to beautiful people

Answer 12

if you have a strong belief in a just world you will be more likely to help people who you think deserve help. if you see a person in need of help due to no fault of his own, then you are more likely to help. if you see a person in need of help because they did something wrong you are less likely to help Schmidt and wiener (1988): had people ask others for notes from the previous class after class. in one condition they said they needed notes because they had an eye condition and could not see the board very well. in the other condition they said it was because they went to the beach instead of going to class. the confederates with an eye condition were more likely to receive notes than than those who were at the beach

Answer 13

we are more likely to help if we are in a positive emotional state. although guilt is the negative emotion that leads people to help

Answer 14

kitty genovese, Latine and Darley's cubicles, bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, responsibility when it comes to bad actions, environment small vs large towns, pluralistic ignorance

Answer 15

there was a story written about a lady named kitty genovese. the story claimed she was attacked for a long time and she screamed for help and nobody helped. the case where there was one thousand witnesses and nobody sought help. this tale ended up inspiring a lot of psychological research even though it was mostly a myth. The idea that people did not help is a fallacy. She died in the arms of a friend and neighbor, multiple neighbors called the police, but there was no 911 so they had to call specific precincts, people called different precincts but they were unhelpful. She is one of the reasons we have 911. They myth is important because it did inspire a lot of research as follows

Answer 16

had participants in individual cubicles and they were wearing headphones with a mic attached to communicate so they could to talk to people in other cubes but only one mic could be on at a time. one had them think it was them and a partner, one had them think it was them and two others, one had them think it was them and three others the others were not real but recordings and at one point one of the others started having a seizure over the recording. the dp was how many people left there cube to help. they wanted to see how many people would get up to help when there was no communication with others in the group. When it was just the participant and the person having a seizure people left to get help 85% of the time. When it was one other person and the seizing person and the subject it dropped to 62%. When ir was the participant the seizure and two others helping dropped to 31% of the time. this touches on the bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

Answer 17

the more people in the area the less likely each individual is to help

Answer 18

you are less likely to take action when you feel less responsibility. in the first latane situation they had 100% of the responsibility if the participant did not help nobody was going to help

Answer 19

the less responsibility we have the more likely we are to do bad actions or bad action through inaction

Answer 20

people are more likely to help in small towns than in urban area. see notes for more

Answer 21

the stimulation in urban areas are so high that people get used to blocking out a lot of the information around them. if they are not able to identify that a person needs help then they will not be able to help, less about apathy and more about attention. in the largest towns people helped over 50% and no urban area broke 15%

Answer 22

Had people in a room and had smoke start filling up the room from under the door. the it is just one person in the room they almost always get up to report it. when there are two strangers along with the subject who act like nothing is wrong it just gets smokier and smokier and nobody moves. they create the definition that there is no emergency. when there is an ambiguous situation you look to others to understand the information, if nobody acts like there is an emergency you act like there is no emergency

Answer 23

1. notice something is happening. 2. interpert meaning 3. take responsibility 4. know how to help 5. if all four of these happen then you are very likely to help

Answer 24

decreased. you are a lot more likely to be murdered in the 1300s

Answer 25

behavior intended to harm someone who is not wanting harm

Answer 26

generally yes

Answer 27

rather than aggressing the person or thing you want to aggress against, you take it out on someone or something else. you can't yell at your boss for making you mad so you punch a pillow or hit your wife

Answer 28

when the behavior leading to aggression is happening in the environment of the victim. punching someone in the face

Answer 29

men are more likely to directly aggress. women are slightly more likely to be indirect. women are more likely to murder by poison which is indirect

Answer 30

when the victim is not physcially present during your aggression

Answer 31

spontaneous aggression, when you are generally pissed off and want to aggress

Answer 32

when you use aggression to achieve a goal

Answer 33

rather than trying to cause physical harm, you try to harm the relationships of another person

Answer 34

present in all cultures Craig and hazel 2004: when children in 35 different countries are surveyed just over 10% reported some kind of bullying patzer et al (2009): 75% of children and adolescents have reported some sort of cyber bullying

Answer 35

decreasing. it is at .6 per 100,000. we are seeing increased since just 2010

Answer 36

non married women are three times more likely to be the victim of domestic violence in romantic relationships children and the elderly are more likely to be victims of domestic violence we have seen an increase of violence to the elderly abusive spouses are likely to become abusive parents

Answer 37

there is a buildup of aggressive urges and they build up so much that you feel the need to agress. agression is an instinct and if we don't express it it builds up to the point where we feel the need to lash out thanatos: the dark destructive unconscious desire that frued thought we all had. the desire to kill and assault evolutionary psychologist: part of the problem with this theory is it stongly suggests catharsis, but research has not supported that catharsis is good at revealing aggression

Answer 38

our aggressive behaviors can be learned through classical and observational conditioning. children who were abused abuse, children who were taught aggression were aggressive Bandura, ross, and ross, (1962): bobo doll: it is not just that the children were aggressive, what was particularly noteworthy was that the children copied the novel aggressive actions and the novel hostile behavior the teacher was gender matched in studies where the teacher was rewarded the children were more likely to do the same. in studies where teachers were punished children were less likely to aggress

Answer 39

had participants watch a physically aggressive film (kill bill), a relationally aggressive film (mean girls) and a non aggressive but exciting film (what lies beneath) they then gave the participants the opportunity to blast confederates' headphones with noice. donut it did not matter which aggressive film they watched, they were more likely to aggress if they watched either aggressive film rather than the exciting but not aggressive film in 2012 the study was replicated but instead of watching a film they read the synopsis for the film and sound the same results

Answer 40

wanted to see the connection between violence and video games. Massive meta analysis. Found there was a connection between violent video games and violent behaviors and also violent thoughts. We can’t prove causation.

Answer 41

in places where there is culture of honor where insults are perceived to be a threat they are mire likely to lead to aggressive behavior. in the us the south has a much higher honor culture than the north

Answer 42

when you feel frustrated you express aggression Berkowitz (1989) it is not just that frustration causes aggression, it only increases hostile aggression not instrumental aggression

Answer 43

most negative emotion are correlated with aggression. guilt is the outlier, one of the reasons we see a connection between negative emotions and aggression is we think negative emotions will make us feel better, that is not true, we think it will help us get out of negative emotionality, in reality it usually just traps us in

Answer 44

anything that will inhibit your self control is correlated with aggression. less self control = more aggression

Answer 45

when we experience hostile behavior towards us we are more likely to make internal attributions

Answer 46

make sure to fill this out and keep up the good work

Answer 47

we are more likely to perceive ambiguous stimuli as hostile. this ends up being a protection component. we need to know of threats as early as possible, by perceiving ambiguous stimuli as threats we give ourselves the most potential time to identify and react to the threat

Answer 48

when we think about how someone will react we often times expect them to be more hostile than actuality. again this serves as a protection component. if you are expecting the most hostile reaction you can be the best prepared

Answer 49

individualistic cultures tend to be more aggressive than collectivist cultures. a lot of aggression seems to be more personal

Answer 50

social influence can impact aggression. one may be more aggressive if they are promised a reward because of their aggressive action like social capital and acceptance into a group. also, likelihood of retaliation: if there is a high likelihood of retaliation we are less likely to aggress

Answer 51

when we see weapons we are put in a more hostile and aggressive mindset and are thus more likely to egress. Berkowitz and Lepage (1967): brought participants into the lab and ‘accidentally’ exposed them to guns or tennis racquets. They then asked the participants to deliver electric shocks to a confederate, those exposed to the guns gave higher and longer electric shocks. Turner et al. (1975) rigged a truck to stall at a red light. In the back window there was either a shotgun or there was no gun. How quickly and for how long would they honk at the truck for. Found people were more quick to honk at the car when there was a gun in the back window. This seems pretty counterintuitive! effect. The wording may be off. The research has been mostly with firearms, and we don’t know about all weapons

Answer 52

temperature, biological (gender), kin, alcohol, age, gender, personality,

Answer 53

the hotter the environment the more likely it is to lead to aggression. ice cream and murder

Answer 54

testosterone is linked with increased aggression in both men and women Raine et al (2008): the prefrontal cortex in brains of people convicted of murder was 14% smaller than matched samples of males. Pardini et al (2014) more aggressive men had a smaller amygdala It is part of our fear response, maybe we see more aggression because we see less fear

Answer 55

we are more likely to help those who we are more biologically related to. we are less likely to aggress this who we are biologically related to. Frisell at al (2011) a swedish study looking at 12.5 million residence, found that preschoolers living with a step parent or foster parent were 70 to 100 times more likely to be fatally abused While you see this relationship with step parents and foster parents, you don’t see this rate with adopted parents. Parents who go through the adoption process go through a lot of vetting.

Answer 56

by itself it is not a cause of aggression but it makes it easier to aggress considering it lowers the levels of self control. it is also a depressant so it might put you into a negative emotional state and that too could make you more likely to aggress. it is also a depressant so it might pout you into a negative emotional state and that too could make you more likely to aggress

Answer 57

younger than nine is the age most likely to aggress. mostly because children at that age are not good at self control

Answer 58

men are more likely to physically aggress, women are more likely to physically or relationally aggress there is no known society where more women commit violent crimes than men, women account for only 10% of crimes men fight or flight women tend to befriend women are more likely to commit physical domestic violence but cause less lasting or persistent harm

Answer 59

people who are low in agreeableness are more likely to aggress. type A people are more likely to aggress for they tend to be more hostile

Answer 60

three personality traits when present in one individual you see higher rates of aggression narcissism: a preoccupation with the self psychopathy: impulsivity and a low level of self control and a low level of empathy Machiavellianism: being a manipulative person

Answer 61

groups tend to be more aggressive or antisocial than individuals do. on the group level, a group is more likely to aggress another group than individual another individual (deindividuation)

Answer 62

out of all of the lies in one day we see about five percent of the population commuting them. people are really bad ad detecting lies, generally at chance,

Answer 63

we generally cheat to get ahead, and when we get away with it we get positive emotionality

Answer 64

people who deindividuated or anonymous are more likely to steal, you don't see a lot of stealing when you are not deindividuated

Answer 65

we are more likely to litter when other people do, litter on the floor can increase the chance you litter

Answer 66

catharsis, reward alternatives, model prosocial behavior, legal solutions

Answer 67

historically I was thought to work, in reality it does not, it actually leads to increased aggression

Answer 68

we generally see that punishing aggression is not very helpful, however if we can reward the alternatives and instead do something that is not aggressive it leads to a decrease in aggression

Answer 69

observational learning - kids will learn from how their parents react to hostile environments

Answer 70

deterrence or legal punishments are not so effective, instead what is more effective is rehabilitation, if you compare counter where they have rehab rather than punishment you see more success

Answer 71

the evaluation of others based on group membership

Answer 72

beliefs that certain groups have certain traits

Answer 73

a type of stereotype created to avoid abandoning the larger stereotype in cases of exceptions

Answer 74

unequal treatment based on group membership

Answer 75

prejudice is more about your feelings, stereotypes are more about cognition, discrimination is more about behaviors prejudice and stereotypes tend to be more internal while discrimination tends to be more external

Answer 76

freiburger and Sheeran (2020) in Milwaukee county in 2009 they found - black defendants were more likely to get jailer rather than probation and hispanic defendants received the longest jail sentence bertrand and mullainathan (2004) sent 5,000 resumes across 1,300 job adds. gender and stereotypical names were studied. Half where Emily or greg, half were laquisha or Jamal. they found that gender did not make much of a difference but the names attached to a white person received a call back 1/10 times, resumes attached to a black name received call backs 1/15 times . other than the names the resumes were the same Greenwald at al (2003) had participants sit at a computer and they were supposed to press a key with regard to how to deal with the participants on the screen. one key was a shooting key, one was a non shooting key. people would appear holding a gun or a nonthreatening object, both black and white patricipants were more likely to wrongfully shoot a black target. plant later found this only happened with black men Parsons et al (2011): umpires were more likely to call strikes for pitchers who are the same race as themselves. this was only true when there was les accountability or public outcry so in smaller games or when it was the first or second strikes

Answer 77

unique because it tends to be prescriptive while others tend to be descriptive. tends to be more about how people should act, other types are about how people actually act get more on this...

Answer 78

bushman and bonacci (2004): had people receive an email from a Muhammad or a Jonathan, it either said that the person won or lost the scholarship. how many people alerted the emailer that they sent it to the wrong person, found that people were more likely to let the sender know when it was a European sounding name and they won the scholarship, or if it was an Arab sounding name and they lost

Answer 79

all things being equal, people are less likely to offer a job to women who are overweight than women who are underweight

Answer 80

support for same sex marriage was low in 1996 and increased to just 64% in 2017. people who believe that sexuality is a choice are more likely to show prejudice hebl et al (2002) sent ra's into a mall with a hat on that said either Texas and proud or gay and proud, the ra's did not know which hat they were wearing, they then went into different stores in the mall and secretly recorded interactions with employees there. found that the ra's who were wearing the gay and proud hat had less helpful interaction with the employees the employees were less interested in talking to them, and they were spoken to less

Answer 81

people who showed one type of prejudice stereotype or discrimination are likely to show multiple types. victims tend to be aware of this and it does affect their interactions.

Answer 82

any group that you do not have membership in. because you don't have membership the outgroup seems threatening to you

Answer 83

the bias that you think outgroup members are more similar to each other than members of our in-groups. thinking outgrips are all the same, my group is special, we all have uniqueness to us

Answer 84

other race effect: we are better at discriminating between members of our own race than members of another race, being able to tell the difference between members or our own race is easier than members of another race. even people adopted into another race tend to be better at telling there own race than other races

Answer 85

groups in which you have membership in and feel accepted by so you feel safer

Answer 86

we give special treatment to people who share group membership with us, you want to avoid potential rejection from a group that currently provides security

Answer 87

you see ingroup bias even for meaningless groups, you don't need similarity to show favoritism locksley, ortiz, Hepburn (1980) randomly assigned people to red or blue groups based on marbles they drew, totally meaningless groups, people started to rate shared members smarter, friendlier, and better people, while they rated outgroup members as annoying or less intelligent. even though everything was due to chance you still saw an imbalance between groups

Answer 88

robbers cave: had 22 white eleven year old boys and divided them up into two equal groups, they came out to a summer camp and were divided randomly, then there were three stages to the participation in the study. 1. bonding, they were in their group and did not interact with the other group, they let the boys name the groups and they bonded and formed a strong group identity 2. competition: they had contests for prizes between the two groups, they started to eat together in the mess hall, there was some antagonistic action, when there is battling you will see outgroup negativity show, what started as verbal aggression moved to physical aggression, eventually the rattles stole and burned the eagles flag 3. de-escelation: they started telling the groups good things about the other group - that had no effect. instead they then had them interact in a non competitive environment, they started doing group activities with no winner but had everyone participate like watching movies, that did lead to de-escelation

Answer 89

realistic conflict theory, contact hypothesis, law of least effort, scapegoat theory, social dominance theory, social rejection, system justification theory, social identity, stereotype content model,

Answer 90

when there is competition over scarce resources it is going to lead to hostility between groups. oftentimes that hostility will lead to direct conflict

Answer 91

increased regular interaction between groups will lead to a decrease in prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination, similar to mere exposure in a sense that it must be neutral or positive it does not need to be physical, it can be through representatives in tv

Answer 92

stereotypes are the brains laziest way to deal with a new person. Macrae, Milne, and Bodenhausen (1994): participants got either a name of a person or a name and a stereotype. They were then given a list of traits half of which matched the stereotype, half of which were counter to the stereotype. When primed with a stereotype they remembered the stereotypical traits more than the non stereotypical traits more, and remembered the stereotypical traits more than those who did not get the stereotype primed. After they were given the traits they were given a piece of prose to read. The short story was unrelated to the stereotype or trait, they found that participants who were given the stereotype at the beginning of the experiment remembered more of the story than participants who were just given the name. Because they could rely on the schematic information they had more cognitive resources when it came to processing the story.

Answer 93

we use prejudice, stereotype and discrimination to scapegoat outgrips for bad things that happen to us. one of the reasons this works is because it gives us moral affirmation, we feel less bad when we can blame someone else. we feel less guilt for bad actions when we can blame those bad actions on somebody else seen in. victim blaming, the reason I treated you badly is not because I am a bad person but because you are a bad person, another example is welfare - they treat people on welfare poorly not because I am a bad person, but because the welfare user is bad. control is an additional factor, when bad thing happen that are out of my control I feel less bad about them

Answer 94

the extent to which we want our ingroup to be dominant both socially and over resources, people who want their group to be more dominant are more likely to show stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination

Answer 95

we display prejudice in order to avoid rejection from an ingroup. especially if my ingroup has a specific hatred of an outgroup. in order to be accepted by my ingroup I will hate the outgroup too.

Answer 96

both people who are in power and who are not in power are motivated to maintain the status quo, this can lead to a perpetuation in prejudice, stereotype, and descrimination because people may be motivated to maintain a bad status quo

Answer 97

by having and ingroup outgrip dichotomy we can better understand ourselves and our position in society

Answer 98

ingroups are comforting, we are going to use different stereotypes in order to understand how we should interact with outgroup members Warmth and competence. Warmth is competition based, if we are in competition we are going to be low warmth, if we are not in competition we are going to be high warmth. Competence is status based, if you are low competence you are going to be low status, if you have more status you are higher in competence. These combine to create this matrix Low competence low warmth: contemptuous stereotype: low status individuals who are competing with your ingroup, this will generate a lot of negative emotionality, anger disgust and fear Welfare recipients are often times viewed this way High competence, low warmth: envious stereotype: people of high status who are competing with your ingroup, some of the common emotions elicited are envy and jealousy. Rich people High warmth low competence: paternalistic stereotype - people who are not in competition with us and have low status, elicit pity and sympathy The elderly People who are high in warmth and high in stature: admiration stereotypes, elicit admiration and pride. This is where we see our stereotype for fellow ingroup members, if your ingroup has allies in another outgroup they may also fit in this category.

Answer 99

not all stereotypes are equal inaccurate, some are actually built in accuracy, men are taller than women

Answer 100

stress can lead a person to use stereotypes and stereotypes can cause the person being stereotyped against to feel stressed. Law of least effort, when we are stressed we lack cognitive resources and likely use stereotypes. Sinclair and Kunda (2000) had half the group be criticized by a professor who was either male or female, had half the group be praised and had a female or male professor. When a female professor was criticizing a student they were viewed as less confident, when it came to praise you saw no difference. Criticism increases people stress which may lead them to tap into a stereotype against women.

Answer 101

through confirmation bias we tend to remember information that fits with our stereotypes and forget information that is counter to out stereotypes Darley and gross (1983) gave people traits about a child which made the participants think they were academically gifted or gave them traits that made participants think the child was not academically gifted. then they had the child perform the test and show average intelligence. the participants reported information about the child hat matched the stereotype

Answer 102

overweight women tend to receive less financial assistance from their family than overweight men or underweight women. a person weight is more correlated with a hiring raises and salary than race or gender. white men tend to be offered the best car deals followed by white women followed by black women followed by black men

Answer 103

being stereotyped starts to affect your own identity. it does not feel good when we are stereotyped. we question our own self and identity. this is especially true when someone mispsteoretypes you

Answer 104

it does not feel good to be stereotyped against

Answer 105

if you think a new person will behave in an aggressive way, you are then going to create behaviors that will fit in that belief. you put up your guard and might respond aggresivley, because you started exception aggression that person may respond aggesivley. you may think that my stereotype was correct when in reality the impetus of the aggression starts with me

Answer 106

steele and Quinn (1999) when you are primed with a stereotype you end up enacting that stereotype Were told that there was a difference between men and females on this test, the other group was told there was no difference. Women performed worse only when they were told there was a gender difference. If you are primed with a stereotype that you will perform poor;y, why would you put resources into that task? Women in the stereotype threat condition reported feeling much higher rates of anxiety than women in the no stereotype threat, this causes worse performance.

Answer 107

Conscious effects, most of the time they happen rather unconsciously, so if we can override those unconscious thoughts we can show a decrease in prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. Deliberate conscious thought can overcome those aspects There is a difference between implicit and explicit Implicit is automatic, most o the time when prejudice is discussed it is implicit Explicit is what one consciously thinks, it is a ot easier to track what one explicitly thinks than implicit, so it can be hard to measure the implicit when it comes to stereotype IAT combats this, sorting the ingroup member and the outgroup member with the stereotype quickly, based on time it can tell you the implicit association.

Answer 108

had a black couple where the men were not meeting the dress code of the restaurant, they wanted to see what would happen to the men not wearing the dress code, 25% of the black couples were turned away, 70% of the white couples were turned away. 1971! They believed that the social desirability bias led to the difference in the results, the host did not want to be viewed as racist so they favored black couples. This is only the first couple, then… 45 minutes the second couple came of the other race. The second couple was treated the same as the first couple. The reason you didn't see this same sort of difference in the second couple ws because the host had justification for their decision. Field study

Answer 109

empathy toward the outgroup, trying to put yourself in the shoes of the outgroup member.

Answer 110

get this from ta and keep up the good work

Answer 111

highlight a common ingroup identity, people belong to a large number of groups, if you can highlight a shared identity between two different groups than you can reduce prejudice, think of the soccer team helping experiment Rick et al. (2010) made pairs of dems and reps, half of the pairs had pins identifying them as dem or reps, the other half had pins just identifying them as american. Found that when their separate identities were highlighted, the members rated their partner more negatively than when the shared identity was highlighted.

Answer 112

when you give two groups a shared goal that they must work together to accomplish. think of the Sherif (1965): Prior to the superordinate goals they asked them how many people in the other group do you like, in stage three they are given goals to work on together, you saw increased rates of liking across the groups, they are forcing contact and working with the contact hypothesis.

test #4 lecture notes Flashcards

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