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Social Psychology > Test #2 lecture notes > Flashcards

Test #2 lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

social cognition

A

the investigation of how people think about others

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2
Q

Accuracy with regards to social cognition

A

it matters in terms of if one feels correct but not if they are actually correct

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

cognitive miser

A

humans tend to conserve our cognitive resources rather than use them

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5
Q

information overload

A

when there is more information to process than the cognitive resources you have present to do so. often times when this happens people shut down

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6
Q

information sacrificer

A

someone who uses criteria processes and shortcuts do be good enough, sacrificing information and accuracy

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7
Q

information maximizers

A

one who maximizes their use of cognitive resources, thinking through everything they can before they come to a decision and moving to the next goal

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8
Q

automatic vs. deliberate processes

6 points a,I,c,e,e,k

A

automatic does not require awareness, deliberate does.

automatic does not require intention, deliberate does

you can’t control automatic processes, you can control deliberate processes, thus,

deliberate requires more effort, is less efficient

automatic relies on knowledge structures

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9
Q

schemas

A

shortcuts for the mind, a large amount of information relating to a concept which affects how we process information

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10
Q

what happens when something breaks our schema

A

we get frustrated, and either try to adjust our schema or make an exception like penguins

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11
Q

stereotypes

A

person schemas

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12
Q

Kelly study on lecturers

A

gave students a short bio on a guest lecturer and it either triggered the stereotype for a warm friendly person or a cold distant person. Both groups of students saw the exact same lecture. Those who got the warmer bio rated the lecturer more positively, those who got the colder bio rated the lecturer more negatively.

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13
Q

scripts

A

schemas but specifically about events, how you expect an event to go. They can be for things like your morning routine, or how you set up a party, or welcome people into your home

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14
Q

priming

A

check notes

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15
Q

framing

A

how you present a question

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16
Q

gain framing

A

when you make a partisan think they are going to benefit by the way your are phrasing your question or comment

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17
Q

loss framing

A

when you highlight the potential for risk or the potential for loss when it comes to the words you choose

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18
Q

thought suppression

A

don’t think about white bears

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19
Q

heuristics

A

like schemas but more specific for decision making

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20
Q

representative heuristic

A

making decisions based on how typical it is to the average case

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21
Q

prototype

A

the average use used I the representative heuristic

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22
Q

barnum effect

A

creating examples that seem really relevant to the people you are talking about, while in reality they are really vague like fortune tellers - tricking people to think you have some internal knowledge by coming up with things that would be representative of most individuals

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23
Q

expectations regarding cause and effect

A

we expect the proportion of the effect to be the same size as the case. think earthquake and deaths

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24
Q

Availability heuristic

A

you make decisions based on how easy it is to bring examples to mind shark vs vending machine

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25
Q

simulation heuristic

A

the more easily you can create the event in your head, the more likely you are to believe it will happen - strictly regarding ease

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26
Q

anchoring heuristic

A

when we are asked to give a numerical answer, we like to anchor our answer based on information we already have. think of going second in answering how far the moon is from earth vs going first. judges and peoples assessments

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27
Q

attributions

A

explanations we make for why people do the things they do and why events may occur. essentially our explanations for why things are happening in the world

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28
Q

self serving bias

A

we take credit for our success and blame others for our failures

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29
Q

Weiner what are the two important pairs when it comes to attributions

A

internal vs external and stable vs unstable

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30
Q

internal vs external attributions

A

when what happened is because of the person or the environment. generally external for ourselves and internal for others

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31
Q

stable vs unstable attributions

A

when the explanation is unlikely to change ie. failing a marathon because the road was paved poorly, roads don;t get paved quickly vs saying I failed the marathon because it was too cold, weather is likely to change

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32
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

overemphasizes internal attributions and underestimate external attributions, especially when talking about other people

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33
Q

actor/observer bias

A

often times we give ourselves a break because we think we know everything going on within ourselves, and have a good grasp on the external factors that are influencing behavior, so we pin things on those external factors. while when looking at others we don’t know how those external factors are affecting them we are more likely to make an internal attribution.

essentially because we know more things about our lives we are better at finding external scapegoats

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34
Q

Covariation model

A
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35
Q

actions vs intentions

A

we judge other based on their actions and judge ourselves based on intentions

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36
Q

conformity vs individuality

A

we assume other people are conforming while we come from a place of individuality

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37
Q

confirmation bias

A

we pay attention to information that agrees with us an we forget information that disagrees with us

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38
Q

optimistic bias

A

we think bad things won’t happen to us

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39
Q

overconfidence bias

A

we are a lot more confident in ourselves and or decisions than we should be

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40
Q

negative bias

A

when bad things happen to us, we focus on them extensively

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41
Q

optimistic bias vs negative bias

A

optimistic bias is future oriented negative bias is about the present or the past

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42
Q

illusory correlations

A

we make connections that we don’t have a reason or foundation to make, may use it to try and understand a chaotic world

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43
Q

one shot illusory correlation

A

when something so weird happens the through a single exposure you create a correlation

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44
Q

base rate fallacy

A

we ignore the base rate and do whatever we want. when we are trying tin Justin our behaviors we ignore or underuse base rate information, think lottery players

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45
Q

alternative outcomes effect aka gamblers fallacy

A

when someone keeps winning they thunk it will continue and when someone keeps losing they think they are due for change. believing that past history has an impact on future random chance

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46
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

when we believe that something will occur, we engage in behaviors that will make it more likely to occur

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47
Q

false consensus

A

we think more people will agree with you than may actually agree with you. fits will with information has or overconfidence effect. Think behind the curve flat earth’s doc

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48
Q

false uniqueness

A

we think we are more special than we actually are

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49
Q

perseverance

A

once we have a belief we are unlikely to change it, we find excuses that explain something we believe. think darley and gross

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50
Q

illusion of control bias

A

we think that we have more control in the universe than we actually do

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51
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

we image an alternative to an actual event. sometime upward or downward. usually we are not accurate , its not like if you left the house later you would’ve been in that car wreck

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52
Q

first instinct fallacy

A

we think that we should not change based on our first instinct.

this is considered a fallacy because we are doing a selective memory, we remember instances where if we had changed we would have ended up in a worse place, but not ll the times we did change and were right

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53
Q

bodenhausen

A

people are more likely to show their biases in their off times - morning people at night or night people in the morning

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54
Q

how not to fail

A

use deliberate rather than automatic processing; less likely to fall pray to these biases

meta cognition; thinking about your thinking to identify your biases

be more humble; if we are humble enough to recognize we can be wrong, it can set us up to avoid these biases

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55
Q

emotion

A

a conscious state that is in reaction to some external event or stimulus. a specific reaction

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56
Q

mood

A

a state that is not connected to o in reaction to any external stimulus. specific but not a reaction

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57
Q

affect

A

a positive or negative state that is a reflexive reaction. not specific but a reaction, just positive or negative - very general

58
Q

emodiversity

A

the degree to which you ca experience a wide range of emotions. A wide range bet

59
Q

elements of emotion

A

stimulus, arousal, appraisal

60
Q

James lang

A

ES-PA-CA.

one problem is that this model assumes every emotion has a different pa which isn’t always true. Anger and fear have very similar PA’s but are very different

facial feedback hypothesis proves pa-ca

61
Q

schacter-singer

A

(es - PA - ES (that we attribute blame to) - CA - emotion

I sweat, attribute anxiety to the test tomorrow, then feel stress.

misattribution of arousal, we often want to understand the pa so we label it, but we can label it incorrectly. also excitation transfer

62
Q

why do negative emotions matter more strongly than positive emotions

A

we feel them more strongly, they last longer, and we care about them more

63
Q

emotions as a monolith?

A

one of the things that can lead us astray when thinking about emotions is when we try to isolate them, it is helpful to think about them in the larger picture

64
Q

yerkes Dotson law

A

there is an optimal level of arousal for an optimal level of performance

65
Q

happiness: what matters, what’s the exception,

A

happiness is largely determined on what your culture determines as success as well as your biological needs

one large exception is that children don’t make you happier

66
Q

how to increase happiness

A

increase social interactions, increase money, some people are just born happy

67
Q

Why is anger unique

A

it is one of the few negative approach emotions, and it is one of the hardest emotions to regulate

68
Q

anger superiority effect

A

people are quicker to identify anger than other emotions, and they are slower to look away from displays of anger

69
Q

what are two bad ways we tend to deal with anger

A

one of the ways we try to deal with anger is to conceal I, we are very bad at that

catharsis - taking it out on some other stimulus, we are bad at that too and it often leads us to experience anger for longer

70
Q

what are effective ways to deal with anger

A

leave, reappraise, agrees the stimulus

71
Q

disgust

A

women feel more strongly than men, it is the prime avoidance emotions

72
Q

ekman

A

went to 37 different countries across five different continents and showed people pictures of people experiencing emotions and took pictures of people experiencing emotions. cross culturally people were able to label 6 emotions at a very high rate; happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. they later added contempt to this list

73
Q

Matsumoto and willingham

A

compared athletes who were born blind to sighted athletes and found little difference in how they expressed emotions after performing athletic feats

74
Q

display norms

A

when, how and to whom we should display emotions to, differs widely compared ton which cultures you are from

75
Q

Larson and pleck

A

gave adults beepers and when they went off they had people fill a survey about their emotional state. there was no gender difference between men and women, if anything, men seemed to be more emotional - experienced emotions more strongly and reported feeling more emotions

76
Q

love and gender difference

A

men are more emotional when they feel love, feel love first, feel happier when they feel love, stay in love longer, and feel more distressed when love ends

77
Q

self-conscious emotions

A

central to motivation and regulation

78
Q

when do we start experiencing self - conscious emotions

A

in order to feel the you need to have a good sense of self to be able to compare yourself to others which happens later in life

they don’t have a distance facial expression

79
Q

self conscious emotions regarding ourself vs others

A

universal emotions (like fear) are more about keeping ourselves alive, self conscious emotions are more about how we are fitting with others and how we present ourselves to others

80
Q

envy

A

requires two people. the person feeling envy and the subject of that envy. means you want what they have

81
Q

benign envy

A

riding you to be better - is motivational, and is self focused. I want to get that sub 7 minute mile like him so I will run harder

82
Q

malicious envy

A

when you are angry that this person has what you want, you feel like you want to destroy the object of your envy. If I can’t have it nobody can have it. is other focused

83
Q

jealousy

A

specifically about relationships and feeling there is a threat in a relationship. require three people, you, the person you are in a relationship with, and the imagine or real threat

men are more jealous to a sexual threat to a realtionship, women are more jealous of an emotional threat to a relationship

84
Q

guilt

A

feeling bad about an acton. when we feel guilt we want to remedy that guilt. sone way is to be pro social

85
Q

survivors guilt

A

most of the time it is a shorter emotional experience for change, the exception is survivors guilt, they can feel it for a longer period of time

86
Q

cleanliness

A

if someone cheats on. their partner they sometimes clean their apartment to resolve guilt they try and feel cleanliness elsewhere

87
Q

empathy

A

people who feel guilt show an increase in empathy. People who feel bad for a specific actin that they did increase empathy. People who feel shame feel a decrease in empathy, shame is more self focused, so the resources feel bad for others are spent feeling bad for yourself

88
Q

shame

A

feeling bad about who you are

89
Q

embarrassment

A

unique because of the blush component, most self conscious emotions don;t have a such distinct facial expression, but embarrassment does

main goal is to apologize for a cultural or personal transgression and repair the relationship from that transgression

embarrassment requires other people

tends to come from trivial actions compared to guilt or shame

90
Q

pride/ hubris paradigm

A

similar to the guilt and shame paradigm,

where pride is specifically about an accomplishment the same way guilt I aboutt an action.

hubris is more about a violation of expectations as In I am so much better than you that I can violate

hubris and shame refer to who you are as a person

pride and guilt refer to a specific action of accomplishment

pride and guilt increase social behavior, shame and hubris decrease social behavior or at least hubris generally leads to aggression and hostility

91
Q

what are the 7 purposes of emotion

A

group formation, group control, share information, makes behavioral actions easier, guides cognition, guides decision making, cushions us

92
Q

pe group formation

A

we will feel connected to others that are experiencing the same emotion as us, thus emotions help us form groups

93
Q

pe group control

A

helps to keep members in line, if you violate our expectations we can induce a negative emotion in you

94
Q

pe share information

A

we understand what certain emotions mean in other people. if someone displays fear we can know there its a threat coming to us, if they display joy we know there is no threat

95
Q

pe behavioral

A

makes our behavioral actions easier, emotions usually come with some sort of motivation and guide us to do certain behaviors.

96
Q

pe guide cognition

A

helps with shortcuts, oftentimes we have emotional schemas. the schema you have for happiness is different than sadness so when you feel happy certain things follow suit automatically

97
Q

pe affective forecasting

A

we predict the emotion we will feel after we make a decision. we are really bad at this. it does strongly influence our decision making. think, we might feel regret from this decision so we don’t make it in the first place. this is an example of a potential future emotion affecting our current decision

98
Q

pe cushion us

A

positive emotions help protect us from negative events. if you never experience positive emotions negative events will be more damaging on your psyche. if you can think back to positive emotions, it helps make those negative events less impactful. the downside is post emotions make us less logical and they cause worse memory

99
Q

what is emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, generate, understand, and regulate emotions.

some people have high ei some have low ei

100
Q

what are two factors when it comes to perceiving emotions and ei

A

affect blends: we often feel a few different emotions at the same time, people who are really good at perceiving emotions perceive the variance in those blends better

context matters: approach emotions are quickest perceived when someone is facing you, avoidance emotions are quickest perceived when someone is facing away from you

101
Q

facilitating thoughts

A

you will be able to make those cognitive connections and schemas happen if you have higher levels of emotional intelligence

102
Q

understanding thoughts

A

people will higher level of emotional intelligence are better at affective forecasting, but still not good

103
Q

managing emotions

A

people with higher intelligence are better at mananging emotions which leads into other parts of life, they are less likely to engage in drug abuse and are more lilkely to have successful romantic partnership

104
Q

emotional cognition

A

mood congruence, state dependent retrieval, mood and attributions

105
Q

mood congruence

A

we process information that matches our current mood better; can result in mood cycles

106
Q

state-dependent retrieval

A

we are better at remembering information that matches our current mood

107
Q

mood and attributions

A

if you are in a positive mood you will likely make more positive attributions

108
Q

affect regulation

A

we have specific goals on how to manage our emotions and we cover the goals into three different types, get in, get out, or prolong

109
Q

relationship between ei and affect regulation

A

people with higher ei are better at this because they understand which stimuli to expose themselves to in order to get into. specific state and what to remove to get to of it, they are largely situational and don’t have specific steps

110
Q

how to create a positive affect

A

do good feeling things, reach out for social support, exercise

111
Q

how to create a negative affect

A

rumination(more likely for women) distract yourself (men are more likely) overconsumption (women are more likely to turn to food, mean are more likely to turn to alcohol

112
Q

beliefs

A

facts or opinions toward something

113
Q

attitudes

A

your evaluations toward something which are usually more global

114
Q

dual attitudes

A

when you hold multiple attitudes towards something, general the split comes when one is more deliberate and one is more automatic

115
Q

attitudes vs beliefs when it comes to a choice

A

attitudes are generally used to make a choice, while beliefs are used to explain something

116
Q

what are the three components of an attitude

A

cognitive: what you thinkabout the thing

affective: what you feel about the thing

behavioral: how you want to respond to that thing - can be implicit or explicit

117
Q

how do we use attitudes

A

assessing good vs bad when it comes to something, can be used for nonsense words, makes our coin ition easier, we make faster and better decisions when we have an attitude to a choice we are making

118
Q

cultural differences when it comes to attitudes

A

western cultures put more of their identity into attitudes than eastern cultures

western cultures are more stable and last longer, the attitudes in eastern culture fluctuate more

119
Q

mere exposure effect (Zajonc)

A

as long as something start neutral or positive, repeated exposure causes a more positive attitude

120
Q

learning

A

we can earn to form a positive attitude about something through repeated pairing. think big and snoop,

121
Q

how does an attitude become strong?

A

how much it affects the rest of your life; the more certain you are the stronger it is

122
Q

polarization and attitudes

A

when you think about your attitude it makes your belief in it stronger

123
Q

theory of planned behavior

A
124
Q

spontaneous behavior

A

how accessible the attitude is, if you are currently thinking about the attitude it will be likely to indluence the behavior, if not it will be unlikely ton influence the behavior

125
Q

what is the relationship between behaviors and attitudes

A

bidirectional, usually our attitudes influence our behaviors more

126
Q

the a-b problem

A

the disconnect between attitudes and behaviors, see notes for more

127
Q

social influences

A

if we can limit our social influences our attitudes will be more in line with our behaviors.

128
Q

principal of aggregation

A

if you are looking at an aggregate of behaviors you often time see a stronger correlation to your behaviors,k our attitudes may more correspond to a specific behavior, but if we look at a group of behaviors it can make a difference, think religiosity and church attendance

129
Q

experience

A

attitudes buildt on expreicne tend ton be more strongly correlated to experience , think zionism and living in Israel

130
Q

cognitive disonance

A

when we have conflicting thoughts with other thoughts or behaviors this makes us feel uncomfortable and we are compelled to resolve this through change

131
Q

counterattidunal action

A

a behavior that goes against an attitude that you hold will cause you to change that attitude if there is no justification

132
Q

the new look of cognitive dissonance

A

four things need to be present for cognitive dissonance to occur. 1, a negative consequence from this behavior 2. personal responsibility 3. physiological arousal 4. attributing that discomfort to yourself

133
Q

effort justification

A

if something is really difficult to achieve we want too justify the effort we put into it

134
Q

post decisional dissonance

A

when we try and make a decision between two similar options, after making that decision we elevate the options we chose and denigrate what we did not choose

135
Q

trivialization

A

when we try to trivialize the behavior our the action we did and say it is not important

136
Q

social desirability bias

A

threat of rejection can serve as the justification, other people would do the same thus we resist ostracism

137
Q

why is consistency so important

A

inconsistency makes us feel uncomfortable, there is some variability when it comes to how people relate to consistency, people with a very high level for a preference of consistency are likely to feel cognitive dissonance very strongly and are less likely to engage in counter attitudinal action, people are also influenced by social aspects - others don’t like when we lie, salience of inconsistency is also impactful we are often inconsistent in motor ways that are not conscious however if someone points out this ways we may feel that dissonance and we certainly feel them when they are salient

138
Q

beliefs and understanding

A

we can believe things we don’t understnad

139
Q

belief perseverance

A

one we have a belief we are unlikely to abandon it. confirmation Bias among other topics found in social cognition, can be threatening to change a belief and takes a lot of cognitive reasources to change. making someone play devils advocate can help them change

140
Q

assumptive world

A

people have three specific beliefs that often times go along with how they process the world.

benevolence; generally people I the world are nice
fair and just: good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
goodness: I am good

when something bad happens we process that according to this world which leads us to…

victim blame: in order to avoid dilating these three assumptions we say something bad happened to me because I am a bad person or to someone else.

it isn’t too bad if you blame it on an action but can hurt if you blame it on who you are as a person

141
Q

cognitive coping

A

upward coping: comparing yourself to someone who has it better than you, usually is not effective, but sometimes an help motivate us to create plans to get us in a better place when we see someone in a better place

downward coping: comparing ourselves to someone who has it worse than you, this helps with emotional issues, think, oh I don’t have it that bad

142
Q

religious beliefs and trauma

A

trauma does some interesting things when it comes to religious beliefs, it generally polarizes people religious beliefs. When you experience trauma or catastrophe you may see movements in religious beliefs in either direction. The direction depends on the person and the trauma.

Social Psychology (10 decks)

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