Test 3 lecture notes

Question 1

Types of social influence

Answer 1

conformity: going along and changing your behavior in order to match others
compliance: changing your behavior based on direct request
obedience: a type of compliance, going along with a request from an authority figure

Question 2

Normative

Answer 2

Going along with the group to be liked and accepted and not rejected.

Question 3

Descriptive normative influence

Answer 3

When you conform to what is typically done

Question 4

injunctive normative influence

Answer 4

when you are going along with behaviors that are typically approved of

there are instances when they are the same, but there are others where they are different

Question 5

rejection

Answer 5

fear of what happens when you stand out

Question 6

what is the difference between descriptive and injunctive normative influence

Answer 6

???

Question 7

shatter (1951)

Answer 7

put people into groups with a confederate, and the confederates job was to disagree with the group. they observed what happened when this confederate refused to go along with the group. Found that there were three stages of behavior. 1. argue with the outlier 2. ignore the outlier 3. if given the opportunity they would punish the outlier

Question 8

What are the factors that influence normative influence

Answer 8

1. size: the larger the group, the stronger the normative influence
   (moscovivi’s theory: majority sways by size, minority sways by style)
2. Group unanimity: if the group is all saying the exact same thing then you are more likely to see normative influences occur, In one of the paradigms that Asch tested he gave the actual participants a teammate that also went against the group, this if someone else also disagrees with the group it will be easier
3. immediacy: stronger when group pressure happens right before behavior
4. social strength: if you are in a group withy people who matter with you, normative influence will be stronger

Question 9

bond and smith (1996)

Answer 9

the Asch studies that were done in more collectivist cultures have more conformity than the studies done in individualistic cultures

Question 10

informational influence

Answer 10

occurs because you want to be right and you assume the group is right. works off of the accuracy motivation

Question 11

Normative vs informational influence

Answer 11

those going along with the group for normative influence will revert to their initial opinion when asked alone, those going along with the informational influence will go on and say what the group says because they truly think the group is correct

Question 12

social validation

Answer 12

using our social connections to come to a ‘correct’ conclusion

Question 13

Sherif (1935) auto kinetic effect

Answer 13

if you beam a dot of light onto a solid space you are going to perceive some movement in the light. There is no actual movement, it is perceived movement. He had people report what they saw individually, and then he brought them back into the lab with three other participants and had them report what they saw as well. Based on those two tactics we would not know if it is normative or observational. he then brought them back in alone to see if there motivation was observational or normative (I am not so sure this is correct)

Question 14

what happens in cases with decision making during ambiguity

Answer 14

if there is not a clear and definitive correct answer we tend to be more risk averse and go along with the group more

Question 15

crisis

Answer 15

during times of crisis we tend to be more risk averse and go along with the group more, this could also be because of higher rates of ambiguity during crisis

Question 16

crisis and experts

Answer 16

when we are in a crisis we tend to look towards experts more, we assume a level of knowledge can help us avoid these negative consequences

Question 17

social contagion

Answer 17

once one thing starts in a social group it is easy for that thing to spread across a culture like memes

Question 18

mass psychogenic illness

Answer 18

when a biological illness seems to occur but has no biological reason nd seems to occur because of social contagion

Question 19

what are three examples of mass psychogenic illness

Answer 19

Tanganyikan laughing epidemic: three girls in a school started laughing and could not stop. quickly it spread to other students, eventually they had to shut down the school, family members and neighbors started showing the same problem

dancing plague of 1518: from July to September there were groups of people who could no stop dancing, led to heart attacks and stroke

warren county high school: a teacher reported smelling gasoline and started getting lightheaded. This led to 99 people going to the er, and couldn’t ink any source, only those who showed symptoms smelled gas, the school then reopened and 71 people went to the er, found that symptoms were passed only by sight

Question 20

make sure to know milligram well! go over the video

Answer 20

thanks Elias you’re the best, I believe in you!

Question 21

How does the drive for consistency affect persuasion

Answer 21

people like to be consistent, people will go along with what you ask for with this in mind

Question 22

foot in the door

Answer 22

when you start with a very small and reasonable request that most people are going to say yes to, but then follow it up with a slightly larger request then another and another until you get to the request you actually want. Ie, the traveling salesman who knocks on the door and just asks for a glass of water, then asks them to just try the product, then asks them to try their pitch on them, finally after being so consistent with saying yes to small asks, the salesman asks their real question and they feel stronger to answer yes because of the need for consistency.

Freedman and Fraser (1966) asked people to wear a sticker that says be a safe driver and asked the other half of the group nothing. then followed up and asked the whole group if they could put up a big ugly sign that says be a safe driver. Those who wore the sticker agreed 73% to put up the sign, those who did not get offered a sticker only 3% agreed to put up the sign

Question 23

Low ball

Answer 23

when you get a low introductory element that has other hidden costs involved. because you have already agreed to the low ball offer, you are unlikely to change your opinion once you have been made aware of the other hidden costs

Question 24

bait and switch

Answer 24

where you get people in the store for a really attractive offer, then switch it out to a less attractive offer. ie Black Friday sakes, they offer a ps5 for 200$ but only have like two in the store, then when you go it is sold out but you buy something else because you have already made this mental commitment to spending money and going to the store

Question 25

labeling

Answer 25

if you give someone a label they tend to be more consistent with that label. ie voter vs voting speech. Ie cars salesman who tells the consumer you look like someone who cares about the environment

Question 26

what are the four consistency techniques for getting people to do what you want. why do they work

Answer 26

foot in the door, low ball, bait and switch, labeling. they work under the idea of obligation

Question 27

door in the face and what are the two requirements

Answer 27

you ask someone for something ridiculous that you expect a no for, when they say no you ask them something reasonable. you came down from a big request so they should reciprocate and come up.

1. conceivable: if the initial request is absurd than they don’t feel like you did anything by coming down
2. same person: it must be the same person doing both requests

Question 28

reciprocation

Answer 28

because it seems like they are doing something for you, you feel compelled to do something for them, door tin the face, that’s not all, favors, scarcity

Question 29

that’s not all

Answer 29

if you call in the next 20 minutes we will double the offer for free. the seller is making their deal worse for you so you should reciprocate and agree. Berger cupcake that’s not all, bargain, control - 56, 25, 20

favors: if you a favor for someone, they are more likely to do it for you

scarcity: works off the idea that something being limited makes it better - what is rare is good - buildingg pressure makes you more willing to buy that limited number, and if it seems like there is a possibility you could miss out on something you are more likely to agree

Question 30

amount of time

Answer 30

if you feel like there is a fast approaching deadline you are more likely to say yes

Question 31

attention

Answer 31

if you catch their attention they are more willing to go along with something you ask for

Question 32

pique

Question 33

disrupt then reframe

Answer 33

you in some way try to disrupt their cognitive processing, then you reframe your request in a way that makes it easier for them to say yes. the goal of this technique is to get people to consume the cognitive resources so they can’t reframe and won’t go through that process leading them to say yes

David and Knowles (1999) sold postcards for either three dollars or three hundred pennies. By reframing the price as pennies it disrupted people’s cognitive processing. Thirty percent of participants bought a postcard in the three dollar condition, sixty five percent bought a postcard in the three hundred pennies

Question 34

incidental similarity

Answer 34

people will in some way try to draw attention to how you are similar to them in some way, if they think they are similar to you they are more likely to go along with your request

Question 35

ingratiation and self promotion

Answer 35

they are going to compliment you as well as show their virtues, in doing so they build a foundation for liking. one important component is that t seems genuine

Question 36

persuasion

Question 37

three things to look at when it comes to successful persuasion

Answer 37

who is doing the persuasion, what are they persuading about, what (is this how) are they trying to persuade you to do

Question 38

who

Answer 38

source credibility - you are more likely to be persuaded by someone who seems credible on the topic at hand

Question 39

sleeper effect

Answer 39

information from a non credible source can be persuasive but it often times takes longer to see that effect

Question 40

credibility + expertise

Answer 40

no! get more on this what is the difference between the two?

Question 41

trustworthiness

Answer 41

you need to be able to trust the source in order to find them credible

Question 42

source likeablitiy

Answer 42

if you like a source you will find them more persuasive, similarity also comes into play here, so does attractiveness

Question 43

majority vs minority

Answer 43

majority by size minority by swagger

Question 44

personal importance

Answer 44

if we can highlight how this idea is connected to us we are more likely to be persuaded bye it

Question 45

humor

Answer 45

if we find things funny we are more likely to be persuaded by it - think Super Bowl commercials

Question 46

fear

Answer 46

can be effective, but it is important to note it has a bell curve, if you make people too afraid you will paralyze them, you want to make them feel a little bit afraid so they feel some stakes and are motivated to act, and also tell them how to avoid it

Question 47

one sided messages

Answer 47

if you argue one side of an issue it is effective for uniformed listeners, people who are informed tend not to be persuaded by this

Question 48

primacy vs recency

Answer 48

primacy is more effective when all of you options are given at once, recency is more effective when your options are given across time

Question 49

emotional state

Answer 49

people in a more positive emotional state are more open to persuasion

Question 50

intelligence

Answer 50

you want a middle zone, people who are really smart don;t think they need to hear your opinion, people with a lower level have a similar mindset - they all might be low in a need for cognition

Question 51

self -esteem

Answer 51

similar pattern to intelligence, middle level

Question 52

higher need for cognition

Answer 52

will be more persuaded by a stronger argument

Question 53

lower need for cognition

Answer 53

will be more persuaded by a weaker argument

Question 54

self presentation

Answer 54

if your audience cares about how they come off to other people then arguments about status will be more effective

Question 55

individualist culture

Answer 55

arguments focused on independence or self achievement are going to be the most influential

Question 56

collectivist culture

Answer 56

arguments focused on the group will be most effective

Question 57

ego depletion

Answer 57

when your self control is lowest people tend to be more open to persuasion

Question 58

whom

Answer 58

emotional state, intelligence, self-esteem, higher vs lower need for cognition, self presentation, individualist vs collectivist culture, ego depletion

Question 59

active vs passive arguments

Answer 59

active is a direct argument for something, passive is more about exposure. active is necessary for opinions that are strongly held

Question 60

repetition

Answer 60

can be useful as long as it is positive of neutral, if people don’t like art at first they will get more anode at repeated exposure

ads wear out, repitition with variation like Flo

Question 61

straightforwardness

Answer 61

we are more persuaded by arguments we overhear than arguments directed to us, we think they are more honest when we overhear

Question 62

subliminal advertisement

Answer 62

for the most part it is not effective at all,

Question 63

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 63

this model is a theory of persuasion, there are two paths and depending on who you are talking to and what you are trying to persuade them either path will be more effective

central: based on the message that you are saying, where you think strong arguments will create lasting change

peripheral: using everything but the message to create change, ie cereal mascots - ends up creating immediate change but less lasting change

Question 64

what are three ways to resist

Answer 64

attitude inoculation, forwarding, stop being lazy

Question 65

attitude inoculation

Answer 65

introduce people to a weak counter argument which makes the feel stronger about there own argument as ling as the counter argument is not too persuasive

Question 66

forewarning

Answer 66

often times they go through reactance

Question 67

cognitive misers

Answer 67

stop being lazy

Question 68

minimum size of a group

Answer 68

2

Question 69

groups are

Answer 69

a dynamical system they are made up of mini connective variables that change over time and can be complex even if they are just two people

Question 70

cohesion

Answer 70

relevant for how close a group feels, important for longevity and effectiveness. groups of people who form coming from a similar perspective feel closeness before time has passed together, groups who don’t share that similar background or perspective take longer

Question 71

groups and interdependency

Answer 71

most groups are interdependent, you rely on different people in the group for different components, definitional to a group is some level of dependency

Question 72

group roles

Answer 72

a set of expected behaviors depending on who you are in the group

Question 73

instrumental roles

Answer 73

roles that will help a group achieve a task

Question 74

expressive roles

Answer 74

focuses more on providing support and moral

Question 75

learn zombardo standoffs prison experiment

Answer 75

you got this shit boyyyyyyy! keep up that good work and watch the video - also go over the additional notes she mentioned about it

Question 76

group effects (10)

Answer 76

deindividuation, transitive memory, common knowledge effect, group polarization, social facilitation theory, evaluation apprehension, commons dilemma, social loafing, group think, majority vs minority

Question 77

deindividuation - what are two things that impact it and what do you see during moments of deindividuation

Answer 77

when your individual identity gets whipped away and it is replaced with the group identity which is more important to you in that moment. arousal increases deindividuation. anonymity increases deindividuation. you often see decreased responsibility people may engage in really horrible behaviors - they are able to remove the burden of responsibility to a leader or the group as a whole. people convince themselves they can behave poorly because they can put the resonsibility elsewhere

Question 78

transactive memory

Answer 78

the group will outsource memory depending on their specially, no individual is responsible to hole all of the groups memory, rather the group is expected to build the information together like a trivia team

Question 79

common knowledge effect

Answer 79

when you are in a group you are more likely to discuss information that eveyone shares more than any private information - this rules the approval motivation because it abounds ostacism and rejection, distance might increase ocstrasim

Question 80

group polarization

Answer 80

you might become more polarized on a topic when you are in a group rather than when when you are alone. the group can influence you and cause you to drift, and that drifting may stop when you return to being alone. relevant when it comes to juries

Question 81

social facilitation theory (zajonc 1956)

Answer 81

the presence of others will increase your dominant response tendency. (related to Hermes Dotson law) . this is why you typically see people perform better with practiced skills and worse with unpracticed skills.

Question 82

evaluation apprehension

Answer 82

we are worried about being judged by people, when we are worried about that we revert to what we feel comfortable with - which is the dominant response, and

Question 83

commons dilemma

Answer 83

not quite sure

self vs others, when a group shares resources we are still primed tot take care of ourselves, if we see others taking care of themselves we will ay we should do the same, this causes selfishness and backstabbing.

present vs future: we think about what we have now but don’t regard the future

Question 84

social loafing (ringlemann 1913), (latane 1979)

Answer 84

He wanted to see how many humans equaled one ox, found that when you put humans tighter they pull less hard than each alone. both humans and oxen displayed social loafing. we think the group we are in will hide our lack of effort

lateen: asked people to cheer or clap and measured the sound pressure per person. measured them alone, in groups of two, four, or six. found that individually there was the highest amount of sound pressure, then a big drop, and then a gradual decrease, effort is decreased proportionally to the number of people in your group

happens in all cultures, but Is seen less in collectivist cultures for the identity of a person is more in the group so they care more about the group

task matters as well. it is less likely to occur if the task is complicated, appealing, or challenging for one persons lack of effort an make the entire group fail and if the difference between the groups success and failure is your effort than you are likely to put it in. also hedonism

group matters too, if we care about the other group members than we will work harder for we fear rejection more from those we care about as opposed to those who we do not care about.

Question 85

groupthink

Answer 85

group members are more likely to think alike than independently, why?

could be for the sake of cohesion and positive connections sometimes we choose gelling over logic because that provides security

groups are more likely to occur with similar members so that can increase groupthink for we are already similar

also, rejection is greater if we are similar, so we make us more similar to not be rejected

ideological isolation

high self esteem, not personal but group self esteem

Question 86

when does groupthink occur

Answer 86

if there is high pressure to conform, group unanimity - if everyone I the group is saying the same thing, belief in decision: if they have a strong belief in their own choice, if everyone thinks so strongly they are correct and there are not many outliers it is likely group think occurred

Question 87

majority vs minority

Answer 87

majority by size, minority by swagga. minority can also be persuasive if persistent, if a minority member was prior a majority member they may have more sway for they are more similar to you and share a past in that same group. if the minority is willing to compromise, if there is a multi person minority - this works with the approval and rejection motivation for if you abandon the group for a single person than it is likely you may not have a group at all, it is easier to leave your majority group and trade them for another group than potentially no group at all. also, if the minority is not completely incompatible with the minority, also if the group has more accuracy motivation and a higher need for cognition

Question 88

benefits of groups

Answer 88

provide social supports, can lead to better outcomes for they have varied background and experiences and can tackle more nuanced problems better than an individual for they have a deeper arsenal of people to tap on for more complex problems, provide feelings of safety - physically, emotinionally, intellectually - when all group members feel valued and can safely express their opinions make them felled empowered heard and stronger groups

Question 89

attraction

Answer 89

an interest in continuing a relationship with another person, specifically without a goal in mind - includes romantic and platonic relationships

Question 90

acceptance and rejection

Answer 90

when both parties are interested in continuing the interaction, when one aror more parties are not interested in continuing the interaction

Question 91

reasons for attraction

Question 92

similarity

Answer 92

we like people who are similar to us

Question 93

commitment

Answer 93

if you have similar perspectives on how you view life, you likely have similar perspectives on commitment, both what you want to commit to and for how long

Question 94

flings

Answer 94

opposites attract

Question 95

matching hypothesis

Answer 95

people end up in relationships of equal levels of attractiveness

Question 96

self-e valuation maintenance hypothesis

Answer 96

we want similar people, bit not so similar that they threaten our self esteem

Question 97

Montoya

Answer 97

what was most predictive for relationship satisfaction and longevity was perceived similarity rather than actual similarity

Question 98

reinforcement-affect model

Answer 98

we like people who make us feel good, favors: if you do a favor for someone you reinforce that more tangible benefit and supercharge the reinforcement-affect model. if praise seems genuine it can support the reinforcement-affect model, but if it comes off as disingenuous than t can go in the opposite direction.

emotions: misattribution of arousal as well as other tactics for getting in a positive emotional state if you are trying to increase someones attraction to you, using the strategies to get someone in a positive emotion can serve that goal

Question 99

social exchange theory

Answer 99

we do a cost benefit analysis when assessing people and our relationships and we tend to be more attracted to people who have more benefits than costs, often times this is not conscious

Question 100

reciprocity

Answer 100

if you know someone likes you, you are more likely to like them back. this pairs well with the approval motivation for they have already accepted you so there is no risk of approval or rejection because it is less risky for rejection we are more likely to foster that relationship. mimicry: if someone ir reciprocation our behaviors we tend to like them more for mimicry suggests a level of similarity. liking works well for friendships but can put a burden on a romantic relationship if an other likes you

Question 101

morality

Answer 101

we like people whom we judge to be moral for we equate morality with trustworthiness, this is particularly applicable in new relationships

Question 102

proximity

Answer 102

one of the strongest influencers on a relationship: we like people who are near us. festinger did a big apartment study on this,

moreland and beach (1992) had women just get their picture taken, go to one class, go to a class five times, go to a class ten times, or go to a class fifteen times, they then asked people to rate their liking of the woman, the groups who just saw the others pictures or one class the liking was normal, while the girl in the class 15 times was very likable, repeated exposures were higher, also the person did not talk to anyone in class and was just seen

Question 103

social allergy effect:

Answer 103

a partners annoying habits row more annoying over time (could be platonic)

Question 104

self-disclosure

Answer 104

we like people who share information with us, this is an important point in building trust and connection, it can work in the opposite direction though if we overshare too early

Question 105

red

Answer 105

associated with liking love and attraction, it effects men more, many female animals in heat show red

Question 106

physical attraction

Question 107

symmetry

Answer 107

the more symmetrical a persons face and body the more attractive they are rated. true for both genders but matters more for rating men. symmetry can be a signifier of health

Question 108

face differences

Answer 108

we want women to have big eyes and a small nose, we want men to have a large jaw and medium sized nose

there are differences among people but this is the average, you fins some variability acrosss cultures but a general rating in a similar way

Question 109

halo effect

Answer 109

when a person has one positive trait we assume they have many positive traits - this can lead to bias for attractive people. attractive infants have better health outcomes because people spend more time with them

Question 110

group attractiveness

Answer 110

people can be judged differently if they are being judged by themselves than by a group

Question 111

changes

Answer 111

as you see more interpersonality in a relationship you see an increase in attraction

Question 112

socially skills (4)

Answer 112

we like people who are better at perceiving and understanding others was well as influencing others. social perception, interpersonal influence, social adaptability, expressiveness

Question 113

social perception

Answer 113

can be increased, we start out non perceptive and it grows over time

Question 114

interpersonal influence

Answer 114

we want someone who can influence others but not completely manipulative someone in the middle not too good

Question 115

social adaptability

Answer 115

we consider someone socially skilled if they are adaptable if someone has a variety of social groups and can still be viewed as psotivie across them

Question 116

expressiveness

Answer 116

we like people who are expressive but again we want. middle ground

Question 117

evolution determinations (5)

Answer 117

when looking for a romantic partner people take offspring into consideration things regarding offspr.

men care more about health and beauty, women care more about reasources and intellect

women take fertility more into account

men often times prefer younger women, women often times prefer older men

women with more economic power care less about resources and more about beauty

women are the preferred friend for both men and women and they are more likely to be rated as a more attractive friend

Question 118

sexual orientation theories

Answer 118

frued: homosexuality occurs when the father is weak or a poor role model and when the mother is overprotective and overly attached

skinner behaviorist: homosexuality is a learned preference which occurs when same sex stimuli is paired with same sex arousal even if this is an accident

raising theory gay parents make gay children

all three of these theories are wrong and have not been supported by research but where held for decades throughout the ninety hundreds and so they were very influential

Question 119

prenatal hormones

Answer 119

does have a scientific influence: the hormones present during specific points in gestation can predispose individuals to be non heterosexual

older bothers: the more older brothers a man has the more likely they are to identify as homosexual, for those older brothers have taken up the moms testosterone

not research has been on gay men no there is more on bi and pan women but there are gaps because of this historic overfocus

Question 120

nature

Answer 120

Baily and pillard: surveyed gay men dn found the identical twin was gay 52% of the time fraternal was 22%, if they had adopted brothers 11%. the first two does suggest some genetic component

Question 121

sexual orientation (what do we look for) (4)

Answer 121

behavior: do they shoe behavior that us romantic to the same sex

attraction: do they rate people of the same sex as more attractive

identity: do they consider themselves a specific sexual orientatioin

oftentimes these three go in the same direction, sometimes you can see instances of two

Question 122

ostracism

Answer 122

being isolated from groups we care about is why we often fear rejection. one factor is hoe much groups we are apart of matter to us

Question 123

clarity of the discard

Answer 123

how obvious is it that you are experiencing rejection, someone yelling get away I don’t like you will matter more to you than someone just ignoring you

Question 124

health risks of rejection

Answer 124

after rejection you see an increase in the risk of injury, illness, depression, and stds

Question 125

mental effects of rejection

Answer 125

after rejection, cognitive processing reduces and worse memory both for encoding dnd retrieval

Question 126

behavioral effects of rejection

Answer 126

we often times are more impulsive, reckless, aggressive and less cooperative after rejection.

changes: also after rejection people often change behavior so not to suffer another rejection and increase social connection to others

Question 127

loneliness

Answer 127

wanting but lacking social contact

Question 128

transitional times

Answer 128

when something big is changing in you life you are more likely to see loneliness

Question 129

emotional loneliness

Answer 129

feeling lonely effects how you interpret your own emotions and how you interpret the emotions of others

Question 130

gender difference in loneliness

Answer 130

men with a strong group connection feel less lonely, whole women care less about groups and more about strong social connections

Question 131

health and loneliness

Answer 131

lonely people see the same amount but that sleep is of a lower quality, also they take longer to heal from injury, for we know our emotions have a big impact on our immune system and we also don’t always take care of ourselves in this negative state so it a fact the exterior and interior

Question 132

why do we reject

Answer 132

Aggression: more likely to reject aggressive people – need to protect myself
Withdrawing: we want to reject someone before they reject us
Common trait in depression
Deviance: more likely to reject people who go against social norms / rules
Protecting ourselves – these bad acts will rub off on me and I’ll be rejected
Bad apple effect: one bad apple spoils the bunch
Attributions: when rejecting someone, we tend to do it after making an internal, stable attribution about them but the excuse we give is often an external, unstable trait
EX: there’s too much going on in my life right now
Causes guilt: when we reject, we feel bad about ourselves

Question 133

need to belong

Answer 133

we desire to affiliate, commit and remain together thus we are social creatures, we want to have others care about aus and we want to care about others. we edge this need through regular social contact

Question 134

regular social contact

Answer 134

old belief is that you can only have social contact if you are in the same room bt that is not true today. 94% off incoming freshmen use social media or virtual social contact, half of 14-17 year olds send 100+ texts a day

Question 135

stable ongoing relationships

Answer 135

maintaining a relationship, not just getting into one

mutual concern facilitates successful stable relationships

Question 136

the end of relationships

Answer 136

the biggest threat to connection, causes intense negative emotional, cognitive, and health effects

Question 137

the two types of love

Answer 137

passionate: longing desire and excitement towards another (lust). constantly wanting to be around them when not and constantly thinking about them, important for the beginning stages of a relationship for it helps build the relationships

compasionant: commitment to another, more calm and serene stage, not so overwhelming important for the mid to end stages, comes later in a relationship after a year or so, doesn’t happen right after passion goes away

changes over time, we don’t stay in the passionate stage forever, it seems to last about a year and shifts where we also happen to see lower sexual frequency

Question 138

stenbergs triangle of love

Answer 138

the most common theory based on romantic relationships

1. passionate: romantic and sexual attraction which is characterized by high body arousal
2. intimacy: emotional intimacy - wanting to feel close and wanting the best for them built through empathy and communication
3. commitment: concsoius decisions to remain in the relationship. this varies regarding the type of relationship. friendship starts with high intimacy and low passion commitment, romantic starts with high passion and low intimacy commitment

Question 139

communal relationship

Answer 139

based on love and admiration, most dating relationships important for personal relationships, intimate

Question 140

exchange relationship

Answer 140

based on reciprocity and fairness. important for the basic functioning of society

Question 141

how to determine the type of relationship

Answer 141

if you buy them lunch how do they respond? if they Venmo right after it is an exchange relationship. if they forget about it or go about it as it’ll eventually get back to you it is communal for you do it because you want them to eat

Question 142

John bowlby and his three styles of attachments

Answer 142

he observed how kids responded when separated from their parents during WWII. beloved the style they demonstrated during childhood would affect their relationships later in life. he classifies these three forms of attachments

1. anxious/ambivalent: want a complete merge and create one life with them, the problem arises when one of the people doesn’t want the same closeness
2. secure happy to be with other person, entire identity is not wrapped up in that relationship, had a pretty strong romantic and platonic relationship, maintains other strong bonds while also strengthening this one
3. avoidant, don’t want a lot of closeness, afraid to relate and open up, rend to have more short term relationships,

can move between these three styles

Question 143

dimensional model

Answer 143

can have different dimensions to attachment styles - see grid

anxiety: refers to attitude in relation to yourself
avoidance: refers to you attitudes about others

anxious/ambivalent: high anxiety and low avoidance. constantly wanting to be with them and constantly needing reassurance

fearful avoidance: high anxiety and high in avoidance. you think your unlovable so you don’t seek love

dismissive avoidant: low in anxiety and high in avoidance - think you are perfect but others are unreliable and not with committing to so you don’t see any value to relationships

secure: low in anxiety and low in avoidance - best

Question 144

relationship satisfaction equal or decrease

Answer 144

will either remain equal or will decrease – generally won’t see an increase in relationship satisfaction and if you do it is because of therapy

Question 145

weddings and divorce

Answer 145

spending more money on a ring/ceremony positively correlated to divorce

amount of people at a ceremony negatively correlated to divorce

Question 146

investment model

Answer 146

explains why people stay in or leave relationships. social exchange theory - specific cost benefit analysis

1. satisfaction - how satisfied do you feel
2. alternative outcomes - what does my life lookalike without this. it is very common for an abuser to say that nobody wants you to diminish this factor
3. sunk cost - how many resources have you put into the relationship. many, physical, temporal, kids, if high more likely to stay. very common for an abuser to manipulate this too

Question 147

equity theory

Answer 147

the happiest relationships are when the amount you put into the relationship is equal to how much you receive from the relationship

Question 148

relationship-enhancing style of attribution

Answer 148

we make internal attributions for good actions and external attributions for bas actions. this enhances relationships. he gave me flowers because he is a good person, he forgot my birthday because there is so much going on at work

Question 149

distress-maintaining style of attribution

Answer 149

when we make external attributions for good actions and internal attributions for bad actions. he brought me flowers because he is cheating, he forgot my birthday because he is a terrible person

Question 150

memory differences

Answer 150

we are more likely to remember good things when in relationship enhancing mode and we are more likely to remember bad things when we are in distress maintaining mode

Question 151

relationship dissolution (close down) Rusbult (1987)

Answer 151

there are four thins you can slop into when relationships are closing down

1. actively harming the relationship: if you want the relationship to end so you inhale in behaviors to speed up that ending, ie telling you partner you want to break up
2. passively harming the relationship: you want the relationship to end but you don’t want to be the person to cause that so you engage in passive bad behaviors like not waiting to eat with your partner
3. actively helping the relationship: the threat of dissolution is there but you don;t want relationship to end so you work to better the relationship, like going through therapy
4. passively remaining loyal to the relationship: you are not happy in the relationship but you don;t want it to end - people who have been m married for z while but feel its too late to get divorced so they just maintain and keep it as it is

Question 152

divorce

Answer 152

Culture: individualist cultures marry “for as long as we both shall love” whereas collectivist cultures marry “for as long as we both shall live”

Collectivist: relationship is identity

Age: generally if you get married before 20, more likely to get divorced

Length of relationship: if dated for a while before marriage, less likely to get divorced

Economically: if both members are financially stable, less likely to get divorced
If you don’t have that stress it’s easier

Environment: if live in the city more likely to get divorced whereas rural is less likely
Quality of alternative outcomes – in the city there’s a lot more options

Religiosity: more religious, less likely to get divorce (type doesn’t matter)

Question 153

sexuality

Question 154

Social constructionist theory

Answer 154

our sexuality perception is constructed through culture

Question 155

Evolutionary theory

Answer 155

if you have a gay sibling, you’re likely to have more kids
Research shows that gay couples tend to care for children of straight couples
Increase benefit because you have more support for taking care of your kids

Question 156

Sex drive

Answer 156

men tend to have a higher sex drive than women because there’s less of an investment on their part (of body resources)

Question 157

Coolidge effect

Answer 157

President Coolidge and his wife toured a chicken farm and she noticed there was only one rooster. Tour guide said he has a lot of sex – she said I wish you could tell Mr Coolidge that while he asked if it’s all the same partner
Sex drive increase when you have a new partner
Has been shown for people even in menopause (out of child-bearing age)

Question 158

erotic plasticity

Answer 158

degree to which your sexuality ca change. women tend to be more plastic, fluid with regard to sexuality

Question 159

Kinsey scale

Answer 159

earliest and most well known scale
Ranges from 0 - 6
0 = most heterosexual , 6 = most homosexual
Won’t see it being used in modern times – better ways to understanding sexuality

Question 160

Extradyadic sex and gender differences

Answer 160

sex outside of romantic couple

1 out of 3-4 men engage in this, one out of every nine women

polygamy is more common than polyandry but when resources are scarce women are more likely to have multipole husbands and more likely for them not be related to gain resources

Question 161

familial relationships

Answer 161

it is how we first get self esteem, we learn to trust through parents and siblings, if we learn to trust family it will be easier to trust in others. good bonds with family - good bonds with others

siblings - first social relationships we have with a peer mentality, having older siblings helps develop theory of mind earlier, speak earlier, and have larger vocabularies, first interaction with hostility and love is through siblings

Question 162

friendships and how to make friendships last longer

Answer 162

participate as equals: any hierarchy friendships wwon;t be as stable

enjoy each other: if you don;t more likely to end, social exchange theory is related here to friendships as well

trust each other

help each other

be humble

casual cruelty: taking a fear and use it against them - shows we listen and care

Question 163

intimate relationships 3 main concepts that help intimate relationships thrive

Answer 163

1. emotional attachment: feelings of affection, love, sharing own emotions and understanding and reading their emotions
2. fulfilling psychological needs: if each persons needs are met

3.. interdependence: moments of reliance on your partner (davka not codependence

dominance weakens an intimate relationship

Question 164

women

Answer 164

,more attentive, more intimate, offer more social support, receive more social support, more direct, more commited after a relationship threat

Question 165

men

Answer 165

friends are more likely coworkers, hierarchy matters more

Question 166

clark and hayfield (1989)

Answer 166

would you go out with me tonight: female 56% men 50% would you come to my apartment tonight women 6% men 67%, would you go to bed with me tonight female 0% male 75%

physical attractiveness did not matter