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Philosophy > Test 4: Final Exam/Test > Flashcards

Test 4: Final Exam/Test Flashcards

1
Q

what is political philosophy about

A

what is the best kind of government, given what human nature is like

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2
Q

what is political philosophy concerned with

A

determining the state’s right to exist, its ethical legitimate functions and scope, and its proper organization …; also seeks to describe and understand the nature of political relationships and political authority

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3
Q

what was Hobbes beliefs

A

moral philosophy/ Human Nature

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4
Q

moral philosophy/ human nature

A

human beings are naturally egotistical, out for themselves only

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5
Q

what is law

A

prevents people from acting “naturally”

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6
Q

who makes up the law

A

everyone in a society; police and courts enforce this law and punishment

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7
Q

what is the natural state

A

the state of society before civilization (the commonwealth)

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8
Q

who is the natural state a war against

A

a war of everybody against everybody

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9
Q

what does commonwealth mean

A

an independent country or community

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10
Q

what did the natural state think that life was

A

nasty, brutish, and shore

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11
Q

what are the three principal causes of quarrel

A

competition, diffidence, glory

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12
Q

what do the three mean; what are they trying to obtain

A

invade for gain, safety, and reputation

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13
Q

what was the war that was going on

A

everyone against everyone; there is no place for industry or anything else because things are uncertain

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14
Q

how is right and wrong involved in the war amongst people

A

there is no common power, no law; right and wrong have no place because there is nothing set in stone saying what is right and what is wrong

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15
Q

how is power gotten and held on to

A

by fighting for it and earning it; you are powerful for as long as you hold onto it

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16
Q

what is a social contract

A

an agreement among individuals forming an organized society or between the community and the ruler that defines the rights and duties of each

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17
Q

how did people feel about a social contract

A

people see this undesirable, and agree to form a commonwealth

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18
Q

formation of commonwealth

A

involves turning over right to anything you please to the sovereign authority

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19
Q

what is the sovereign authority

A

who makes the laws, writes the laws, and controls the police and courts

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20
Q

what is the function of sovereign authority

A

to create an orderly society, where people can feel secure, and thus be productive

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21
Q

how is the function of the sovereign authority executed

A

creating laws; helps prevent things like robbery and murder from occurring

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22
Q

why do people follow the laws that are set in place for them

A

only because of fear of punishment (nothing else because they are still egotistical

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23
Q

fear of punishment

A

not wanting to have to face the consequences at hand for doing something wrong, so people will try not to do things wrong in the first place

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24
Q

where does right and wrong, and justice and injustice exist within

A

only within the commonwealth

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25
how is law involved within the commonwealth
violating the law is bad and unjust, because there is law to prevent chaos
26
is it okay to question authority
you cannot question the authority, no matter what; because it is above the law and the law is what is controlling and running everything
27
how did hobbes view the natural law
as neither the law of God nor more law; in fact, it amounts to discarding the older religious concept
28
what did hobbes think the natural laws were
prescriptions for best preserving your own life; you obey the laws of nature insofar as you act rationally, and insofar as you do not, you do not live long
29
how many laws of nature did hobbes have
three
30
what was hobbes first law of nature
to seek peace as far as you have any hope of obtaining it, and when you cannot obtain it, to use any means you can to defend yourself
31
what was hobbes second law
to be content, for the sake of peace and self-preservation, provided others are also content, with only so much liberty "against other men" as you would allow other men against yourself
32
what is hobbes third law
that men perform the covenants they have made
33
what is a covenant
an agreement or contract, a compact
34
what did hobbes think about making the covenant
that if someone made one that they had to keep it, and if they didnt that it had to hurt
35
what did hobbes would think would happen if people did not live within his laws or things similar to them
that they were going to live in a "state of nature"
36
what is a state of nature
a state of unbridled war of each against all, a state of chaos, mistrust, deception, meanness, and violence in which each person stops at nothing to gain the upper hand,
37
what is the leviathan
a sea monster often symbolizing evil in the old testament and christian literature
38
what is the social contract
an agreement between individuals who, for the sake of peace, are willing to make this absolutely unconditional and irrevocable transfer or right and power to the sovereign
39
what also is the Leviathan
the sovereign authority
40
can there be a covenant between the Leviathan and its subjects
no there cannot be
41
why can/ or can't their be a covenant between the two
the Leviathan holds all the power, so it would be okay for it to break any promise or anything that i made, meaning that a covenant between the two would just be empty words
42
what is hobbes natural right
when peace cannot be obtained, we have a natural right to use all means to defend ourselves; no moral restrictions when doing so
43
what is contractionalism
the idea that the legitimacy of the state and/ or the principles of sound justice derive their legitimacy from a societal agreement or social contract
44
what did Locke think about political philosophy
similar to Hobbes in some ways, different in others
45
what were Locke and Hobbes similar in
natural state and social contract to form commonwealth/government (social contract theory)
46
what was different about Locke
concepts of human nature, natural rights
47
what is the concept of human nature
in the natural state, people possess God-Given natural rights
48
natural rights
life, liberty, and property
49
what does locke think about people not executing these natural rights
that it is wrong for anybody to take these things away from someone, even in the natural state
50
what do people do in social contract according to Locke
people entrust these rights to the government for protection
51
what are laws
made by government to protect natural rights, and are based on natural rights
52
what did locke think about laws
that they were the natural basis; as opposed to Hobbes idea that laws are purely conventional (mad-made)
53
why is it wrong for locke to violate the law
because you are violating natural rights; thus it is more than fear of punishment that causes to obey the law
54
why is it wrong for Hobbes to violate the law
only because it causes disorder; since human nature is the same in commonwealth, it is only fear of punishment that causes people to obey the law
55
how does locke feel about questioning the law
since people have entrusted their natural rights to government/ authority, if the latter violates these rights then citizens have the right to question authority, and even seek to overthrow it
56
what is locked theory of property
property is a right to exclusive use of something, acquired by "mixing one's labor" with it
57
how much land can people get according to locke
a limited amount in the natural state, because it eventually "spoils"
58
what happens in the civilized state (commonwealth) in regards to wealth and land
money is invented in this, so it doesn't spoil, thus people can acquire unlimited wealth
59
what did god think about God and ourselves
that we are made by god so we are his property
60
what is tacit consent
that if you accept any of the advantages of citizenship, then we have given tacit consent to the state to make and enforce laws, and we are obliged to obey these laws
61
what did locke think about property and how much people had
that everyone had a right property, but did not have a right to equal property
62
what did locke think this whole government thing should have
legislative, federative, and executive branch
63
legislative branch
lawmaking branch
64
executive branch
execute the laws at hand
65
federative branch
power to make war and peace
66
what did Hobbes government consists of
mainly just the executive branch
67
who was karl mark influenced by
industrial Revolution in 1800's
68
what was the industrial revolution
the rise of factory system of production
69
means of production
build factories; where people can be employed
70
who owns he tools to produce goods
capitalists; so to bed productive workers must work in the factory
71
what is the surplus value; what is done with the rest
the capitalists pays the worker a fraction of the value of the goods that he has "mixed with labor" with' taken by the capitalist for his own use
72
what can the capitalist due with this money
acquire more factories, thus acquiring even more surplus value; acquire more wealth
73
what is Marx ideal society
no economic classes, no wages, no money, no private property, no exploitation
74
what would each person be given in Marx's society
provided a fully adequate material existence but will also be given the opportunity to develop freely and completely all physical and mental faculties
75
what is the means of producing the satisfaction of needs called
the means or forces of production
76
what does human history consist of
successive stages of development of various means of production; advancement of technology
77
productive relations
depend on the stage of evolution of the forces of production
78
dialetical process
history is the result of productive activity in interplay with all social relationships
79
what is marx class struggle
divided of property; those who have it and those who do not ; thus causing hostility
80
capitalism
production is socialized, but ownership is not
81
unavoidable consequences of capitalism
longer it stays, the smaller and wealthier the possessing class becomes; increasing alienation of workers, the more wealth the workers produce, the poorer they become, because it is not them who retain this wealth
82
what is capitalism to marx
self-liquiditing; inevitable overproduction will result in economic crisis, falling rate of profit, increased exploitation of the working class
83
proletariat
working class
84
revolutionists
believed that a violent revolution was necessary to set in place the collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of gods
85
revisionists, evolutionary socialists
those who thought that these ends could be achieved through peaceful reform

Philosophy (4 decks)

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