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Philosophy > Test 4: Final Exam/Test > Flashcards

Test 4: Final Exam/Test Flashcards

1
Q

what is political philosophy about

A

what is the best kind of government, given what human nature is like

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2
Q

what is political philosophy concerned with

A

determining the state’s right to exist, its ethical legitimate functions and scope, and its proper organization …; also seeks to describe and understand the nature of political relationships and political authority

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3
Q

what was Hobbes beliefs

A

moral philosophy/ Human Nature

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4
Q

moral philosophy/ human nature

A

human beings are naturally egotistical, out for themselves only

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5
Q

what is law

A

prevents people from acting “naturally”

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6
Q

who makes up the law

A

everyone in a society; police and courts enforce this law and punishment

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7
Q

what is the natural state

A

the state of society before civilization (the commonwealth)

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8
Q

who is the natural state a war against

A

a war of everybody against everybody

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9
Q

what does commonwealth mean

A

an independent country or community

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10
Q

what did the natural state think that life was

A

nasty, brutish, and shore

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11
Q

what are the three principal causes of quarrel

A

competition, diffidence, glory

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12
Q

what do the three mean; what are they trying to obtain

A

invade for gain, safety, and reputation

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13
Q

what was the war that was going on

A

everyone against everyone; there is no place for industry or anything else because things are uncertain

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14
Q

how is right and wrong involved in the war amongst people

A

there is no common power, no law; right and wrong have no place because there is nothing set in stone saying what is right and what is wrong

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15
Q

how is power gotten and held on to

A

by fighting for it and earning it; you are powerful for as long as you hold onto it

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16
Q

what is a social contract

A

an agreement among individuals forming an organized society or between the community and the ruler that defines the rights and duties of each

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17
Q

how did people feel about a social contract

A

people see this undesirable, and agree to form a commonwealth

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18
Q

formation of commonwealth

A

involves turning over right to anything you please to the sovereign authority

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19
Q

what is the sovereign authority

A

who makes the laws, writes the laws, and controls the police and courts

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20
Q

what is the function of sovereign authority

A

to create an orderly society, where people can feel secure, and thus be productive

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21
Q

how is the function of the sovereign authority executed

A

creating laws; helps prevent things like robbery and murder from occurring

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22
Q

why do people follow the laws that are set in place for them

A

only because of fear of punishment (nothing else because they are still egotistical

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23
Q

fear of punishment

A

not wanting to have to face the consequences at hand for doing something wrong, so people will try not to do things wrong in the first place

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24
Q

where does right and wrong, and justice and injustice exist within

A

only within the commonwealth

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25
Q

how is law involved within the commonwealth

A

violating the law is bad and unjust, because there is law to prevent chaos

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26
Q

is it okay to question authority

A

you cannot question the authority, no matter what; because it is above the law and the law is what is controlling and running everything

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27
Q

how did hobbes view the natural law

A

as neither the law of God nor more law; in fact, it amounts to discarding the older religious concept

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28
Q

what did hobbes think the natural laws were

A

prescriptions for best preserving your own life; you obey the laws of nature insofar as you act rationally, and insofar as you do not, you do not live long

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29
Q

how many laws of nature did hobbes have

A

three

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30
Q

what was hobbes first law of nature

A

to seek peace as far as you have any hope of obtaining it, and when you cannot obtain it, to use any means you can to defend yourself

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31
Q

what was hobbes second law

A

to be content, for the sake of peace and self-preservation, provided others are also content, with only so much liberty “against other men” as you would allow other men against yourself

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32
Q

what is hobbes third law

A

that men perform the covenants they have made

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33
Q

what is a covenant

A

an agreement or contract, a compact

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34
Q

what did hobbes think about making the covenant

A

that if someone made one that they had to keep it, and if they didnt that it had to hurt

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35
Q

what did hobbes would think would happen if people did not live within his laws or things similar to them

A

that they were going to live in a “state of nature”

36
Q

what is a state of nature

A

a state of unbridled war of each against all, a state of chaos, mistrust, deception, meanness, and violence in which each person stops at nothing to gain the upper hand,

37
Q

what is the leviathan

A

a sea monster often symbolizing evil in the old testament and christian literature

38
Q

what is the social contract

A

an agreement between individuals who, for the sake of peace, are willing to make this absolutely unconditional and irrevocable transfer or right and power to the sovereign

39
Q

what also is the Leviathan

A

the sovereign authority

40
Q

can there be a covenant between the Leviathan and its subjects

A

no there cannot be

41
Q

why can/ or can’t their be a covenant between the two

A

the Leviathan holds all the power, so it would be okay for it to break any promise or anything that i made, meaning that a covenant between the two would just be empty words

42
Q

what is hobbes natural right

A

when peace cannot be obtained, we have a natural right to use all means to defend ourselves; no moral restrictions when doing so

43
Q

what is contractionalism

A

the idea that the legitimacy of the state and/ or the principles of sound justice derive their legitimacy from a societal agreement or social contract

44
Q

what did Locke think about political philosophy

A

similar to Hobbes in some ways, different in others

45
Q

what were Locke and Hobbes similar in

A

natural state and social contract to form commonwealth/government (social contract theory)

46
Q

what was different about Locke

A

concepts of human nature, natural rights

47
Q

what is the concept of human nature

A

in the natural state, people possess God-Given natural rights

48
Q

natural rights

A

life, liberty, and property

49
Q

what does locke think about people not executing these natural rights

A

that it is wrong for anybody to take these things away from someone, even in the natural state

50
Q

what do people do in social contract according to Locke

A

people entrust these rights to the government for protection

51
Q

what are laws

A

made by government to protect natural rights, and are based on natural rights

52
Q

what did locke think about laws

A

that they were the natural basis; as opposed to Hobbes idea that laws are purely conventional (mad-made)

53
Q

why is it wrong for locke to violate the law

A

because you are violating natural rights; thus it is more than fear of punishment that causes to obey the law

54
Q

why is it wrong for Hobbes to violate the law

A

only because it causes disorder; since human nature is the same in commonwealth, it is only fear of punishment that causes people to obey the law

55
Q

how does locke feel about questioning the law

A

since people have entrusted their natural rights to government/ authority, if the latter violates these rights then citizens have the right to question authority, and even seek to overthrow it

56
Q

what is locked theory of property

A

property is a right to exclusive use of something, acquired by “mixing one’s labor” with it

57
Q

how much land can people get according to locke

A

a limited amount in the natural state, because it eventually “spoils”

58
Q

what happens in the civilized state (commonwealth) in regards to wealth and land

A

money is invented in this, so it doesn’t spoil, thus people can acquire unlimited wealth

59
Q

what did god think about God and ourselves

A

that we are made by god so we are his property

60
Q

what is tacit consent

A

that if you accept any of the advantages of citizenship, then we have given tacit consent to the state to make and enforce laws, and we are obliged to obey these laws

61
Q

what did locke think about property and how much people had

A

that everyone had a right property, but did not have a right to equal property

62
Q

what did locke think this whole government thing should have

A

legislative, federative, and executive branch

63
Q

legislative branch

A

lawmaking branch

64
Q

executive branch

A

execute the laws at hand

65
Q

federative branch

A

power to make war and peace

66
Q

what did Hobbes government consists of

A

mainly just the executive branch

67
Q

who was karl mark influenced by

A

industrial Revolution in 1800’s

68
Q

what was the industrial revolution

A

the rise of factory system of production

69
Q

means of production

A

build factories; where people can be employed

70
Q

who owns he tools to produce goods

A

capitalists; so to bed productive workers must work in the factory

71
Q

what is the surplus value; what is done with the rest

A

the capitalists pays the worker a fraction of the value of the goods that he has “mixed with labor” with’ taken by the capitalist for his own use

72
Q

what can the capitalist due with this money

A

acquire more factories, thus acquiring even more surplus value; acquire more wealth

73
Q

what is Marx ideal society

A

no economic classes, no wages, no money, no private property, no exploitation

74
Q

what would each person be given in Marx’s society

A

provided a fully adequate material existence but will also be given the opportunity to develop freely and completely all physical and mental faculties

75
Q

what is the means of producing the satisfaction of needs called

A

the means or forces of production

76
Q

what does human history consist of

A

successive stages of development of various means of production; advancement of technology

77
Q

productive relations

A

depend on the stage of evolution of the forces of production

78
Q

dialetical process

A

history is the result of productive activity in interplay with all social relationships

79
Q

what is marx class struggle

A

divided of property; those who have it and those who do not ; thus causing hostility

80
Q

capitalism

A

production is socialized, but ownership is not

81
Q

unavoidable consequences of capitalism

A

longer it stays, the smaller and wealthier the possessing class becomes; increasing alienation of workers, the more wealth the workers produce, the poorer they become, because it is not them who retain this wealth

82
Q

what is capitalism to marx

A

self-liquiditing; inevitable overproduction will result in economic crisis, falling rate of profit, increased exploitation of the working class

83
Q

proletariat

A

working class

84
Q

revolutionists

A

believed that a violent revolution was necessary to set in place the collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of gods

85
Q

revisionists, evolutionary socialists

A

those who thought that these ends could be achieved through peaceful reform

Philosophy (4 decks)

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