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Philosophy > Test 3: Theory of Knowledge > Flashcards

Test 3: Theory of Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

who was rene descartes

A

17th century French philosopher; known as the father of modern philosophy

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2
Q

what did descartes develop

A

the methodological skepticism

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3
Q

what did this skepticism mean he had to do

A

he wiped all information he had off the table and fired out what he could add back onto it

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4
Q

what did descartes discover with his skepticism

A

he couldnt figure out or prove a thing

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5
Q

because he couldnt prove anything, what was it that he somewhat figured out about people

A

that because we experience things through our senses (fallible) that its actually impossible for us to know anything; everything that you think you know is just varying levels of belief that we have for something

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6
Q

after he couldnt figure anything out what did he finally admit to “knowing”

A

that he himself existed; for him to ask the questions about what exists then something actually has to exist for him to ask the question

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7
Q

what is his idea about things existing for him to ask questions called

A

Cogitoergosum

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8
Q

what does Cogitoergosum essentially mean

A

I think, therefore i am

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9
Q

what else did Descartes believe in

A

the different axioms in geometry and how a square always has four sides and no matter who you are or what you believe in that is the honest truth and you can’t do anything to change/deny that

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10
Q

ontological argument

A

the definition of a square necessitates the existence of a square and the definition of God necessitates the existence of God

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11
Q

what else did Descartes think of

A

cartesian dualism

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12
Q

what is cartesian dualism

A

the universe is composed of two distinct things

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13
Q

what are the two things that cartesian dualism thinks that the universe is composed of

A

matter of things that we see everyday and the non material substance of mind and spirit

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14
Q

what did Descartes believe about the supernatural concept

A

ghosts and souls were subject to scientific and logical inquiry like everything else; thought he found our soul in the brain located in the pineal gland

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15
Q

how is descartes applied to our life and what does that mean to him and us

A

a lot of things that we learned in school traces back to him in some way, which is ironic because his central philosophy system is that everything we learned in school or anywhere is wrong; or is it; WE DONT KNOW

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16
Q

what is methodological skepticism also known as

A

method of doubt

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17
Q

in short what is methodological skepticism

A

descartes is trying o find something that he can be certain about; the method is to put aside everything that is open to even the least amount of doubt

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18
Q

what was descartes hypothesis called

A

dream hypothesis

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19
Q

what is dream hypothesis

A

that he cannot really prove that he is not in a dream all the time. he could continually be under an illusion, because what he thinks his senses are telling him sabot a real world independent of his mind, thus being open to doubt, therefore it must set aside

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20
Q

what did descartes think about truth and doubt

A

if after all doubting was evaluated that something was left undoubted that it would become absolutely certain; then that is analyzed about why it wasn’t doubted and then that with will provide him with a criterion of truth and knowledge

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21
Q

what was descartes evil demon conjecture

A

that for all he knows, some malevolent demon devotes himself to deceiving me at every turn so that he regards as true and certain propositions that are in fact false

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22
Q

what did descartes think about god and what did that mean for things around us

A

he believed that he had certain knowledge that God existed; he felt that he knew for certain that God would not deceive the thinking mind with perceptions of an external world, if such things did not exist; for descartes this meant that there were two separate and distinct substances

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23
Q

what were the two substances according to descartes

A

extension, mind

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24
Q

extension

A

occupancy of space

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25
Q

mind

A

essential attribute is thought

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26
Q

what did descartes think about mind and matter

A

that they were totally independent of each other

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27
Q

what was something that descartes was entirely certain about

A

“I am”; because he is there doubting everything, although he might be dreaming everything, is that HE IS doubting or dreaming, and THAT you cannot doubt because it is actually happening

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28
Q

perfect, infinite being

A

some of his thoughts could not have been invented by himself because he is not perfect or an infinite being; therefore it had to come from someone who is (god; so god exists)

29
Q

also; what is cartesian dualism

A

what is the nature of the world of object perceived by the senses; what is the “I” in “I am”

30
Q

what does descartes reason about the objects perceived by our senses

A

that they are all extended, divisible, and inert

31
Q

what are all object made out of

A

matter, which has these properties of being extended, divisible, and inert

32
Q

what does the “I” consist of

A

is aware of other objects, but is not just another objects; it is completely different from material objects

33
Q

what is the “I” actually

A

the mind; must be unextended, indivisible, and active

34
Q

what do we have in response to “I”

A

mind/matter (body) dualism

35
Q

what is the interaction problem

A

how can the material body and the mind communicate with each other if they are so different; how are things that happened to the body (suffering a burn) are supposed to cause pain in the mind, and how willing something in a person’s mind is supposed to cause movements in the persons body (wanting to go to the store, then actually getting up and going)

36
Q

parallelism

A

descartes; says that events in the mind and body are programmed in the beginning by God so that they correspond to one another; they SEEM to interact, but don’t really; mind does not reallllyyyyyyyy cause the body to move

37
Q

occasionalism

A

descartes; says that when an event happens in the body, say being burned happens on that occasion god make the corresponding thing happen in the mind (pain); vise versa; again, SEEMS to interact but they don’t

38
Q

what was john locke’s fundamental thesis

A

all our ideas come from experience; when we are born our mind is a blank slate

39
Q

what are sense ideas caused by

A

sense ideas in the mind are caused by physical things happening to the boyd

40
Q

what do sense ideas represent

A

represent real events in the world external to us; light wave, which is physical, causes the sensation of red in the mind

41
Q

what does the mind only know

A

only knows directly what is in it–the sense ideas; and since the ideas represent real things, we indirectly know about those real things

42
Q

what is important about the mind and what we perceive

A

mind only has direct access to its own idea; we experience only our ideas, the world out there is only an inference from these ideas

43
Q

what is representational realism

A

the theory that we perceive objects indirectly by means of our “representations” or ideas or perceptions of them, some of which are accurate copies or representations or reflections of the real properties of “external” object, of objects “outside the mind”; we are all alone in our minds

44
Q

what do primary and secondary qualities relate to

A

to representational realism

45
Q

primary qualities

A

size, shape, motion, etc.

46
Q

secondary qualities

A

say the color green REPRESENTS the waves of real, physical “green” light coming from a tree, but do not RESEMBLE them

47
Q

what is a big difference between primary and secondary qualities

A

primary both represent and resemble the size of the tree

48
Q

what was locke’s answer to if a tree fell in the woods

A

there would be sound waves in the air, but there would ben “sound” because it was making no impressions of sound on the mind

49
Q

what was berkley’s side of things

A

idealism; “only mind to matter”

50
Q

what does aphorism 1 for berkley talk about

A

everything is an idea in the mind, including sense ideas

51
Q

cluster theory of objects

A

ex.) an apple is just a cluster of sense ideas, such as taste, size, shape; there is nothing like “matter” to which these ideas belong…; an apple doesn’t HAVE taste, shape, etc., it IS the taste, shape, etc.

52
Q

how did berkley criticize Locke

A

he said we cannot really know that thing like a basketball exists, because it is not the object we experience, but rather our perceptions or ideas of it

53
Q

what isn’t berkley’s idealism saying

A

that all the physical world is a mere imagination of dream

54
Q

what did berkley essentially think

A

to be is to be perceived; when no one is in the forest it doesn’t disappear because it isn’t being perceived; he argues that the sensible things do not depend on the perception of humans and can exist independently, this is because of God

55
Q

what does idealism says about Locke’s atoms

A

it is supposed to have primary qualities only, but can you conceive something extended with a certain shape that has no color at all? No. therefore, atoms cannot exist, therefore matter does not exist

56
Q

what is thomas hobbes

A

a materialist

57
Q

what does being a materialist mean

A

all that exist is matter and motion in certain configurations ; “mind” is basically an illusion. the mind IS the brain and nothing else

58
Q

what did hobbes think

A

properties do not really exist in the object, they are just the way objects seem to us

59
Q

what does the interaction problem derive from

A

dualism

60
Q

descartes mind matter theory

A

both matter and mind

61
Q

hobbes mind matter

A

only matter, no mind

62
Q

Berkley mind matter,

A

no matter, only mind

63
Q

dualism

A

both mind and matter

64
Q

what is color

A

an illusion

65
Q

how is color an illusion

A

when we see the color red, the wavelength that went into our eye isn’t directly red, but rather corresponds to us to make us see or think red within or brain and mind

66
Q

what are secondary qualities

A

qualities that only exist in our minds; color, sound, scent, touch

67
Q

what are primary qualities

A

both in the mind and in the real world; size, shape, etc.

68
Q

cluster theory

A

all things that make up something; apple; color, taste, scent, size

69
Q

what is god

A

is mind, pure consciousness

Philosophy (4 decks)

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