Test 4/Final Flashcards

1
Q

the round worms

A

Phylum Nematoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

They are typically considered the most abundant and widespread animals on the planet. They are found from the bottom of the deepest ocean to near the tops of the highest mountains, from the tropics to polar regions, and from every conceivable habitat.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

These are also found in or on most other types of organisms as parasites or commensals: everything from earthworms, insects, molluscs, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans.

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can Nematodes be harmful to the economy?

A

loss of agricultural production, pasture and turf damage, invasion of forest trees, adverse effects on the health of wild and domestic animals and humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are Nematodes beneficial to the economy?

A

controlling soil nutrient cycling, controlling harmful species, serving as animal models (C. elegans) for studying aging and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are the Nematodes so successful?

A

Simplicity (a simple design that works great in very common environments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The nematodes are a very __________ group in terms of their structure (both external & internal).

A

homogeneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The following characteristics belong to which phylum usually small (most species 1-2 mm long), cylindrical body, tapered at both ends, no segmentation or appendages, complete digestive tract, eutely

A

Nematode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the term eutely mean?

A

constant cell number, growth by increasing cell size, not number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Their lack of any indication of true segmentation separates and distinguishes them, as well, from the annelid worms, such as “bristle” and earth worms.

A

Phylum Nematoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This is a complex and multilayered structure that is secreted by an underlying epidermis.

A

The Nematode’s cuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the cuticle’s major layers consist of?

How many layers of this are there? How are they arranged and why?

A

protein collagen, at least 3, like plywood (layers alternate in direction). This gives strength and resiliency to the body wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nematodes: The place where these creatures mature and reproduce in the human body.

A

the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nematodes (Hookworms: Nectator americanus): The place where these creatures enter the human body.

A

The feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nematodes: These tough fibers are laid down in layers and make up the cuticle.

A

Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nematodes: Since they molt their cuticles, this phylum is grouped with others that can do the same – the __________.

A

Ecdysozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nematodes: This phylum’s key to success seems to be their _________.

A

Simplicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Echinoderms: Shared derived characters: radial, indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms from second opening

A

Deuterostome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Echinoderms: central disc with five or more arms, use tube feet for locomotion

A

subclass Asteroidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Echinoderms: Pincer-like structures on sea stars. Some keep debris off body, others used for defense or capturing prey.

A

Pedicellaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Echinoderms: If you irritate or attack me, I’ll aim my backside at you and shoot sticky red tubules out of my anus. That will teach you a lesson!

A

Sea Cucumber (Class Holothuroidea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hemichordates: part shaped like an acorn, muscular & covered with mucus, used for burrowing & moving within burrows

A

proboscis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hemichordates: The class name literally means “gut breather.”

A

class Enteropneusta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hemichordates: Class _____________ - form colonies, proboscis is shield shaped, most live in deep water, trunk is short & sac-like, digestive tract is U-shaped

A

class pterobranchia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
Hemichordates: Recent DNA evidence suggests that this phylum is more closely
Related to (Echinodermata or Chordata).
A

Echinodermata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chordates: 90% of the invertebrate species within this phylum are members of the __________ subphylum.

A

Urochordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Chordates: flexible, supporting notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; muscular postanal tail; endostyle or thyroid gland

A

the defining characteristics of Chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chordates: Members of the Urochordata produce a protective covering of protein and a polysaccharide similar to cellulose.

A

tunic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Chordates: Say hello to our closest non-vertebrate kin!

A

the Cephalochordata, lancelet, or amphioxus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chordates: Class ________ - found in most areas of the oceans, retain their larval form as adults, make big gelatinous “houses” which act as giant filters for feeding, frequently abandon their dirty house & make a new one; abandoned houses, sinkers, are food for many ocean animals

A

Class Larvacea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The Nematode’s cuticle is permeable to water and gases. Therefore, gas exchange occurs how?

A

across body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nematodes do not have ____ muscles, only _____ muscles. Therefore, how do they move?

A

circular, longitudinal, by alternating the muscles on their dorsal then ventral surfaces; this creates a whip-like up & down movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is important for a Nematode’s locomotion?

A

their hydrostatic skeleton & cuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why do Nematodes have high internal pressure (more than human blood pressure)?

A

1) non-stretchable cuticle 2) muscles are always partially contracted, squeezing the internal fluids, and 3) osmosis causes water to move into their bodies from the outside {which is why they are so round}

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Nematodes: Contraction of a ____ on one side is transmitted through the ____ and stretches the ___ on the opposite side of the body. When the muscle relaxes, the cuticle contracts and the body returns to its ______.

A

longitudinal muscle, hydrostatic skeleton, cuticle, resting position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nematodes reproduce ____ and most are (mon/di)oecious. Fertilization is ____, sperm are _____, and there is _____ larval stage.

A

sexually, dioecious.

internal, amoeboid, no distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Male/Female Nematodes: have a cloaca, a common opening for the anus and genital pore. This opening is located slightly in front of the worm’s posterior end. It generally has a pair of copulatory spicules which protrude from the cloaca.

A

Male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are male nematode’s copulatory spicules for?

A

To assist in holding the mate’s genital aperture open during copulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The (male/female) genital aperture is located about midway along the animal, on its ventral surface.

A

Female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

These characteristics describe what? most are carnivores. However, some feed on algae and fungi and some are detritivores. Others feed on plants, especially the roots. many root feeding ones are major agricultural pests estimated to destroy 12% of the world’s cash crops annually

A

Free-living nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The following are all _____. Ascariasis: Ascaris lumbrioides, Pinworms: Enterobius vermicularis, Whipworms: Trichuris trichiura, Hookworms: Necator/Ancylostoma, Trichinosis: Trichinella spiralis, River blindness: Onchocerca volvulus, Guinea worm: Dracunculus medinensis, Canine Heartworm: Dirofilaria immitis, Filarial worms: Wucheria/Loa/Brugia

A

human-parasitic nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

These worms ingest blood. <100 worms don’t cause much trouble & may not be noticed. >500 worms make the host anemic & weak from blood loss. These host will suffer severe abdominal pain, fever and dizziness.

A

Hookworm (Necator americanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

For a long time nematodes were grouped with animals that have a ____. However, it turns out that a lot of nematodes are ____. Therefore, the various groups were all split out and each made into their own phylum when it was decided that they were not a ____ group.

A

pseudocoelom. acoelomates. monophyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What kind of symmetry do the echinoderms have?

A

radial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Since the echinoderms are radially symmetric, why are they placed in the Bilateria, instead of the Radiata?

A

because their radial symmetry was secondarily evolved from bilateral ancestors (the bilateral body plan is still seen in the echinoderm larvae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Their radial symmetry is imposed on a relatively advanced coelomate body plan which includes a endoskeleton formed from mesoderm. This partly explains their success as a group. Who are they?

A

Echinoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

This phylum is unique in that they have combined mobility with radial symmetry & show lots of different lifestyles and feeding methods. They are similar to other radial animal in that they have a non-centralized nervous system (no brain). This lets them deal with their environment equally from all sides.

A

Echinoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Echinoderms are _____. They have shared derived characters including radial, have indeterminate cleavage, the blastopore becomes the anus, and the mouth forms from the second opening.

A

deuterostomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Marine animals with
spiny “skin”: endoskeleton of calcium carbonate, well-developed coelom, water vascular system, tube feet, mutable connective tissue, and Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry but, most adults exhibit pentaradial symmetry

A

Phylum Echinodermata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Many echinoderms have certain connective tissues that contribute to their body “tone” through rapid changes in their properties. In a matter of seconds or minutes the fibers of these tissues can become relatively rigid, thereby reducing body flexibility. What are these tissues called?

A

mutable connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Mutable connective tissue is not ______. It is involved in __, ___, and the intentional shedding of arms or ____ when the animals are attacked

A

muscles; locomotion, feeding; viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Sea lilies and feather stars are part of which class of Echinoderms?

A

Class Crinoidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Bristle stars are part of which class and subclass of Echinoderms?

A

Class Stelleroidea, Subclass Ophiuroidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Subclass Asteroidea of Phylum Echinodermata consist of what?

A

sea stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Class Echinoidea of Phylum Echinodermata consist of what?

A

sea urchins, heart urchins, & sand dollars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Class Holothuridea of Phylum Echinodermata consist of what?

A

sea cucumbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Except for a few brackish-water species, echinoderms are strictly ____.

A

marine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why have Echinoderms been unable to invade land or freshwater?

A

Probably because of their method of exchanging gases across their skin and because they don’t have any excretory or osmoregulatory structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Almost all _____ are benthic and in some parts of the deep sea they may compose 95% of the biomass.

A

Echinoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What phylum? spiny skin, lack cephalization, no anterior or posterior end so, refer to aboral and oral surfaces

A

Echinoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

One of the unique characteristics of the echinoderms is the _____. It consists of calcium carbonate in the form of plates and spines and it is derived from mesodermal cells.

A

endoskeleton

62
Q

The most unique derived character of phylum Echinodermata is what?

A

The water vascular system

63
Q

What do Echinoderms use for respiration?

A

dermal gills (or papulae) connected to the main coelomic cavity

64
Q

This functions in feeding and gas exchange and serves as a hydrostatic skeleton in locomotion

A

water vascular system

65
Q

Sea water flows in and out of the water vascular system through an opening in the body wall called what?

A

Madreporite

66
Q

What connects the madreporite to the ring canal?

A

The stone canal

67
Q

These run down the length of the arms & connect to the ampullae.

A

radial canals

68
Q

___ lining the canals of the water vascular system move the water along. Branches of the water vascular system lead to many ______ that extend when filled with fluid.

A

Cilia, tiny tube feet

69
Q

Each tube foot receives fluid from the main system of canals in a rounded muscular sac called an ___. It is located at the base of the foot, stores fluid, and is used to operate the tube foot

A

ampulla

70
Q

What supports the tube feet and ampullae? They are part of the of calcium carbonate skeleton.

A

ossicles

71
Q

What can tube feet be used for?

A

a suction-type structure that presses against and sticks to surfaces, gas exchange & can be the main site for excretion (by simple diffusion), also can be used for chemoreception

72
Q

pincer-like structures that respond to external stimuli independently of the main nervous system

A

pedicellaria

73
Q

Most echinoderms can ____ lost parts. Some echinoderms can reproduce ____ (most that do are ___).

A

regenerate, asexually, delicious

74
Q

the oldest class of living echinoderms, it is a group “past its prime”

A

Class Crinoidea

75
Q

Feather starts are ___, although they ____. Sea lilies are ____ and _____.
(motile or sessile, fill in blank)

A

motile, although they often stay put for long periods of time. sessile and stay attached to the ocean floor by a stalk.

76
Q

Unlike other echinoderms, the crinoid’s oral surface is on the ___ side of the disc & have a number of branched feathery arms reaching upwards.

A

upper

77
Q

Because Class Crinoidea are often sessile, they are what kind of feeders?

A

Filter/Suspension feeders

78
Q

A crinoid’s tube feet are not involved in locomotion like others but, what are they involved in?

A

feeding, gas exchange, and probably excretion

79
Q

Class Crinoidea’s tube feet are coated with mucus. How does this help in feeding?

A

The mucus coated tube feet trap microscopic organisms & then food is carried to the mouth by cilia in the ambulacral grooves.

80
Q

How do sea lilies change the direction of their feeding structures if they have no muscles?

A

They use their “smart” connective tissue. (Movement happens by varying the stiffness of the connective tissue)

81
Q

Name my class, subclass, and common name. I have a central disc with five or more arms. I use tube feet for locomotion. Most of us are carnivorous predators and scavengers but we aren’t fast so our prey is usually sedentary or slow.

A

Class Stelleroidea, subclass Asteroidea, sea stars

82
Q

In an Asteroidea, what is the main organ digesting food?

A

cardiac stomach

83
Q

Some species protrude a pyloric stomach out through their mouth and push it up against prey can push it into small spaces such as into a bivalve’s shell. Enzymes externally digest the prey and then nutrients are transported upward into the pyloric stomach. This feeding method is unique to who?

A

subclass Asteroidea (sea stars)

84
Q

Who are we? We’re ~diameter of a pencil, live 1 kilometre below the surface of the sea, and it is assumed we get our food by absorbing nutrients from decomposing logs. We have no mouth, guts or anus. Our upper surface is made of numerous perforated scales and is fringed with spines. Specimens hauled up contained fully developed embryos within their reproductive organs, indicating we give birth to live young.

A

Subclass Asteroidea:The concentricycloids (sea daisies)

85
Q

Our arms are longer, more slender than sea stars and more distinct from central disc. We use them for locomotion because our tube feet lack suckers.

A

Class Stelleroidea–subclass Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars & basket stars)

86
Q

What is the largest group of echinoderms both in number of species and number of individuals

A

subclass Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars & basket stars)

87
Q

Though most tube feet are used for locomotion, this subclass only uses them collect/handle food and they may have a sensory function.

A

subclass Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars & basket stars)

88
Q

What kind of feeders are brittle stars and basket stars? Are they diurnal or nocturnal?

A

Many are deposit feeders, sucking up sediments. Some suspension feeders and some are carnivores or scavengers. Usually nocturnal.

89
Q

This class lack arms, have a solid shell called a test, and are covered with spines.

A

Class Echinoidea (Sea & heart urchins, sand dollars)

90
Q

The flattened body of the _____ is adapted for burrowing in the sand, where it feeds on tiny organic particles and they have really small spines.

A

sand dollar

91
Q

Spines of ____ can penetrate human skin and can be hard to remove. They use their tube feet for locomotion & also push themselves along with their movable spines. Many graze on algae, and some love to eat kelp. If populations are not kept in check they can destroy kelp forests creating what are sometimes called what?

A

sea urchins, urchin barrens

92
Q

This class has elongated flexible bodies and a circle of modified tube feet that surrounds their mouth.

A

Class Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)

93
Q

The endoskeleton of Class Holothuroidea is made up of what?

A

microscopic plates embedded in the body wall

94
Q

Their circulatory system is more advanced than the other echinoderm groups and transports oxygen and maybe nutrients.

A

Class Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)

95
Q

We are sluggish and usually live on the bottom of the sea. Sometimes we burrow into the mud. Some graze with their tentacles; others stretch their branched tentacles out in the water and wait for dinner to float by. Algae and other small stuff are trapped in mucus along the tentacles.

A

Class Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)

96
Q

What is this process of the sea cucumbers called? The digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads are ejected from the body when environmental conditions are unfavorable or when they are being harassed by a predator. Afterwards, they will regenerate the lost parts.

A

evisceration

97
Q

This is a small phylum of ~100 species. They are important for the study of vertebrate evolution.

A

Phylum Hemichordata

98
Q

This structure found in Phylum Hemichordata is an evagination of the anterior gut & it is not considered homologous with a notochord.

A

stomochord

99
Q

The hemichordates are (deuterostomes/protostomes) that are placed between the ___ and ___.
Recent DNA evidence suggests that this group is more closely related to the ___ but there is other analyses that point to a closer relationship with the ___.

A

deuterostomes, Echinoderms and Chordates, Echinoderms, Chordates

100
Q

A dorsal extension of the pharynx forms an anterior buccal tube called the stomochord. This is a defining characteristic of what?

A

Hemichordates

101
Q

There are two major classes of Hemichordates. What are they?

A

Class Enteropneusta (the acorn worms) and Class Pterobranchia

102
Q

All adult hemichordates are _____ animals.

A

benthic marine,

103
Q

Most Hemichordates use part of their gut for gas exchange so they are considered gut breathing. These make up which class? The others are known has the feather gill. These are Class ___.

A

Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia

104
Q

Class ____ are sedentary worms which usually live buried in soft sediments, among algae holdfasts, or under rocks. Most live in intertidal areas.

A

Class Enteropneusta

105
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of Class Enteropneusta? Each of these have a ___.

A

the proboscis, collar, and trunk, coelom

106
Q

The ___ is shaped like an acorn, thus the common name. It is muscular and used for burrowing & moving within their burrow. The ___ is where the mouth is. The ___ contains the digestive system & gonads. The pharynx opens to the ___ of the body as a series of paired gill slits.

A

proboscis, collar, trunk, outside

107
Q

What is the stomochord used for?

A

probably to support the surrounding tissue

108
Q

Most of the digestion and absorption of class Enteropneusta happens where?

A

in the intestine

109
Q

Class Enteropneusta may be _____ or ____ feeders.

A

suspension or deposit

110
Q

Class _____ has no brain, but have some nerve cords, have a well-developed open circulatory system with blood vessels, sinuses, and a heart vesicle (not a true heart).

A

Class Enteropneusta (the acorn worms)

111
Q

Note: Class Enteropneusta (the acorn worms)

A

The beating of the heart vesicle squeezes a sinus that forces blood through the vessels. The blood vessels pulsate to move blood along. Blood moves into a structure called the glomerulus where metabolic wastes are removed.

112
Q

Acorn worms have separate sexes meaning they are ____. Fertilization is ___. The fertilized egg develops into a “___” larvae and lives as a plankton for several weeks until it ___ and sinks to the ocean floor.

A

gonochoristic, external, tornaria, metamorphoses into an adult

113
Q

Class ____ forms colonies by asexual budding & the individuals of a colony are called ___. They are interconnected by stolons.

A

Pterobranchia, zooids

114
Q

secretes the collagenous burrow in those species that live in one. It is used for locomotion, like a snail’s foot, for moving inside and outside the burrow.

A

proboscis

115
Q

Class Pterobranchia’s ___ is modified into ciliated tentacles; they secrete mucus which is driven, along with trapped food, into the mouth by the beating of the cilia.

A

collar

116
Q

Class Pterobranchia’s ___ is short and sac-like, and the digestive tract is U-shaped. The animal’s anus is on the back side about opposite of the mouth. It ends in a contractile stalk and the animals can instantly withdraw into their tubes if a bit nervous.

A

trunk

117
Q

We are members of this phylum.

A

Phylum Chordata

118
Q

All invertebrate Chordates are ____.

A

marine

119
Q

The non-vertebrate Chordates are divided into 2 subphyla. 90% of the invertebrate species are in the _____ subphylum
only about 23 species are in the ____ subphylum.

A

Urochordata (the tunicates) and Cephalochordata (the lancelets or amphioxus)

120
Q

These are defining characteristics of what phylum? At some time during life cycle individuals have: flexible, supporting notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve cord; pharyngeal (gill) slits; muscular postanal tail; and endostyle (thyroid gland).

A

Chordates

121
Q

Chordates: a dorsal, longitudinal rod of large cells; it is firm but flexible – provides support

A

Notochord

122
Q

The chordate ___ differs from those of most other animals because it is dorsal rather than ventral, hollow rather than solid, and single rather than double.

A

Nerve cord

123
Q

Chordates: allows for water to enter the mouth and then exit through the gill slits – involved with feeding & respiration

A

Pharyngeal slits

124
Q

Chordates: an elongated gland that secretes an iodine-containing mucus and functions as a net that traps food particles in the sea water passing through the pharynx

A

Endostyle / the thryroid gland

125
Q

Subphylum Urochordata (=Tunicata) includes what classes?

A

Class Ascidiacea, Class Larvacea, and Class Thaliacea

126
Q

Tunicates are what kind of feeders? Larvae are what? Most adults are what?

A

suspension, free-living, sedentary

127
Q

Adult tunicates produce a protective covering that is made of protein and a polysaccaride. What is the covering called?

A

a tunic

128
Q

Tunicate’s digestion is ___ and nutrients are absorbed in the ___; undigested wastes pass out the ___.

A

extracellular, intestine, anus

129
Q

Some species of tunicates form large colonies in which members share tunics and a common excurrent siphon. Colonial species often reproduce by ____, so a colony would all share the same genotype. Sexually reproducing tunicates are usually ___.

A

asexual budding, hermaphroditic

130
Q

The tail of a larvacea is much longer than the ____ which contains all the systems (reproductive, digestive, respiratory).

A

head

131
Q

members of the class Thaliacea are mostly (free-living/sedentary) as adults.

A

free living

132
Q

Subphylum ___ are the lancelets. They are small, segmented, fishlike animals.

A

Cephalochordata

133
Q

DNA work indicates that these our closest nonvertebrate relative

A

Subphylum Cephalochordata

134
Q

Lancelets use ___ on their pharynx to draw a current of water into their mouth and then strain out microscopic organisms; food particles are trapped in mucus in the pharynx and are then carried back to the intestine. The water passes through the pharyngeal slits into the atrium and then leaves through the ___.

A

cilia, atriopore

135
Q

Lancelets have a ___ system for excretion. They have a circulatory system unlike other invertebrates. The blood flows ___ in the ventral vessel and ___ in the dorsal vessel.

A

nephridial, anteriorly, posteriorly

136
Q

Lancelets are almost always (gonochoristic/hermaphroditic). Eggs are fertilized ___& develop into ____ larvae and after a couple of weeks metamorphose into the adults.

A

gonochoristic, externally, free swimming

137
Q

The muscles of lancelets are arranged in a longitudinal row of about 60 segments called what?

A

myomeres

138
Q

Has the most human parasites

A

Platyhelminthes

139
Q

Most acute image-forming vision

A

Cephalopods

140
Q

Most ecological niches

A

insects

141
Q

most intelligent

A

Cephalopods

142
Q

largest number of described species

A

insects

143
Q

most social

A

insects

144
Q

best fliers

A

insects

145
Q

most valuable to jewelers

A

bivalves

146
Q

first group to have a notochord

A

invertebrate chordates

147
Q

first deuterostome group

A

echinoderms

148
Q

first group to have tissues

A

Platyhelminthes

149
Q

first multicellular group

A

poriferans

150
Q

first radially symmetrical group

A

cnidarians

151
Q

first segmented group

A

annelids