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Invertabrate Zoology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 major environments

A

Marine, Estuaries, Freshwater, Terrestrial

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2
Q

In which environment did life originate?

A

Marine

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3
Q

Where is most animal life found today?

A

Marine

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4
Q

Estuaries are ____ ____ coastal, interaction of ____ and ____ environments, brackish, ____ influence, and ____ rich.

A

low lying, fresh, marine, tidal, nutrient

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5
Q

Running freshwater is known as ____.

A

lotic

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6
Q

Standing freshwater is known as _____.

A

lentic

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7
Q

Body size of freshwater fluctuates due to these 4 reasons.

A

temperature, dissolved gasses, pH, and salinity

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8
Q

Terrestrial environments are most _____ due to ____ ____ and ____.

A

severe, temperature extremes, moisture

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9
Q

Respiration: aquatic vs. terrestrial

A
  • internal/external gills, body surface

- lungs, tracheal system (internalization)

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10
Q

Excretion: terrestrial vs. aquatic (What do they excrete?)

A
  • urea

- ammonia

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11
Q

Fertilization: aquatic vs. terrestrial

A

external

internal

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12
Q

Development: terrestrial vs. aquatic

A

often internal, can be external

external

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13
Q

Characteristics of animals (8)

A

lack of cell wall, multicellular eukaryotes, membrane bound organelles, heterotrophic, motility, diploid, specialization of cells, most capable of locomotion at some point in life

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14
Q

Define invertebrate

A

an animal without a backbone

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15
Q

What does protozoa mean?

A

the very first animals

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16
Q

Why are animals referred to as metazoans?

A

the animals that came after the first animals

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17
Q

What are protozoa invertebrates?

A

Some consider them unicellular invertebrates but they are not true animals.

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18
Q

Define taxonomy

A

a branch of systematics that deals with naming, describing, and classifying organisms

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19
Q

Define systematics

A

the study of diversity and evolutionary relationships

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20
Q

To determine evolutionary relationship we depend on (3)

A

fossils, similarities in body plan, and patterns of development

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21
Q

The earliest known animal fossils are called _____.

A

Ediacaran

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22
Q

The relatively sudden appearance of most of the existing phyla of animals has been named the ____ ____.

A

Cambrian Explosion

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23
Q

Define classification

A

assigning organisms into groups based on similarities

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24
Q

What is the goal of systematics?

A

to reconstruct phylogeny

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25
Q

Define phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor.

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26
Q

Define symmetry

A

arrangement of body structures in relation to the body axis

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27
Q

In radial symmetry, many planes can be drawn through the _____ axis; each divides the animal into ___ ___ images.

A

central, two mirror

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28
Q

_____ is the concentration of nervous and sensory tissues and organs at one end of an animal; evolved with bilateral symmetry.

A

Cephalization

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29
Q

_____ and _____ are closely related because they share radial symmetry. Most other animals show bilateral symmetry.

A

Cnidarians and ctenophores

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30
Q

In cephalization, the head of the animal is its ____ end, and the opposite end is its ___ end. The animal has _____ and _____ halves that are mirror images of each other.

A

anterior, posterior, right/left

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31
Q

A diploblasitc has only the _____ and _____ germ layers.

A

ectoderm and endoderm

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32
Q

A triploblastic has ____, _____, and ____. Most of the invertebrate phyla are classified here.

A

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

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33
Q

The ectoderm is the ____ layer. What is its function?

A

outer, to give rise to the body covering, nervous system

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34
Q

The _____ is the inner layer. It lines the gut and other digestive organs.

A

endoderm

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35
Q

The middle layer is called the ____. What is its function?

A

mesoderm, it gives rise to most other body structures

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36
Q

Acoelomate = ____ body cavity. An example of this are _____.

A

no, flatworms

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37
Q

______ = a body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm. An example of this would be _____.

A

Pseudocoelomate, roundworms

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38
Q

An animal with a true body coelom is known as a _____. Examples of this include ____, ____, ____, and ____.

A

coelomate; molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and beagles

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39
Q

A ____ is a fluid filled space between the body wall and the digestive tube.

A

coelum

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40
Q

Protostomes form their _____ before their ____; which is why they are also known as “_____ ____.”

A

mouths, anus, first mouth

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41
Q

_____ form their anus before they form their mouths. Therefore, they are called “ _____ _____.”

A

Deuterostomes, second mouth

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42
Q

Examples of protostomes include ____, ____, and ____.

A

molluscs, annelids, arthopods

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43
Q

An example of a deuterostome is a ____.

A

human

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44
Q

A _____ is an opening from the embryonic gut to the outside.

A

blastopore

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45
Q

In protostomes, the blastopore usually develops into the _____.

A

mouth

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46
Q

In _____, the blastopore may become the anus and the mouth will form somewhere else.

A

deuterostomes

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47
Q

Protostomes undergo _____ cleavage while deuterostomes undergo _____ cleavage.

A

spiral, radial

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48
Q

Deuterostomes have early cell divisions either _____ or at ___ ____ to the polar axis while protostomes have early cell divisions _____ to the polar axis.

A

parallel, right angles, diagonal

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49
Q

In deuterostomes, cells lie _____________________.

A

directly above or below one another

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50
Q

Protostomes undergo ______ cleavage while deuterostomes undergo ______ cleavage.

A

determinate, indeterminate

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51
Q

In _____ cleavage, the fate of each embryonic cell is fixed very early.

A

determinate

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52
Q

In _____ cleavage, the fate of each embryonic cells is more flexible.

A

indeterminate

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53
Q

_______ _______ confirmed much of the animal phylogeny based on structure and developmental characteristics.

A

Molecular systematics

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54
Q

Molecular systematics tell us that not all animal body plans evolved from ____ to _____.

A

simple, complex

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55
Q

Molecular Systematics cant do three things. What are they?

A

reveal exact steps as one group gave arise to another, tell selective pressures that caused changes, and tell us what ancestral animals looked like.

56
Q

Lophotrochoza are ____/____ animals.

A

crest/wheel

57
Q

Ecdysozoa are animals _____ _____.

A

that molt

58
Q

The _____ is a ciliated organ around the mouth used for collecting food and gas exchange.

A

lophophore

59
Q

_____ _____ allow biologist with different languages to communicate about organisms.

A

Scientific names

60
Q

_____ _____ came up with the hierarchical system of classification in 1758.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

61
Q

What is the order of classification that Carolus came up with?

A

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

62
Q

Members of a species share a ____ ____.

A

gene pool

63
Q

Each species name has two parts. What are they?

A

Genus name and specific epithet

64
Q

Species: Psilotreata rossi Wallace, 1970 and Psilotreata indecisa (Walker, 1852)
Why is Walker in () and Wallace not? What are the years for?

A

Walker’s species has been moved to a different genus since he named it. When they named it.

65
Q

_____ insist that taxa be monophyletic.

A

Cladistics

66
Q

_____ are shared derived characters.

A

Synapomorphies

67
Q

Cladistics use _______ to determine relationships.

A

Synapomophies

68
Q

____ consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants.

A

Clades

69
Q

_____ are used to show which taxa shared a common ancestor and how recently they shared it.

A

Cladograms

70
Q

Nodes show ___________

A

divergence of groups from a common ancestor.

71
Q

The most recent common ancestor of each _____ _____ is found at the node.

A

monophyletic group

72
Q

________ ___________ determines which characters in a given group of taxa are ancestral and which are derived.

A

Outgroup analysis

73
Q

_____ are taxon that represents ancestral condition. They diverged earlier than other taxa investigated.

A

Outgroups

74
Q

What is monophyletic?

A

1 phyla

75
Q

Which is considered to be good: monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

A

Polyphyletic

76
Q

In searching for the origins of animal life, what lines of evidence have been used?

A

fossils

77
Q

What systems/abilities do sponges lack? (6)

A

muscles, limbs, brain, definitive shapes, movement (for the most part), and a nervous system

78
Q

What abilities do sponges have? (5)

A

cologen, sucking in water and filtering out food particles, “hearts,” central cavity, and sperm/eggs

79
Q

What materials are used to give sponges their rigidity and form?

A

Spicules and cologen

80
Q

How old are the ancient sponge fossils found in China?

A

550 million years old

81
Q

What evidence has been used to conclude that sponges are at the base of the animal tree?

A

Fossils and genetic sequences

82
Q

The Poriferan classification incudes 4 classes. What are they?

A

Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Homoscleromorpha

83
Q

Class Calcarea have skeletons of _____ ________.

A

calcium carbonate

84
Q

Class Demospongiae have skeletons of _______ _____, _____, and/or _____.

A

spongin protein, chitin, silica

85
Q

Class Hexactinellida have skeletons of ____ and _____.

A

silica and chitin

86
Q

Class Homoscleromorpha mostly lack ____ but, if present, are made of _____.

A

spicules, silica

87
Q

In what way are cindarians more complex than sponges? What characteristics did they add? (7)

A

movement, sensitive tentacles, predatory, mouth, muscles, stomach, and nerves

88
Q

What do these additions allow cnidarians to do?

A

capture food, digestion, compete

89
Q

Name and describe the two different versions of the cnidarian body plan.

A

Medusa - bell shaped

Stalk like with trailing tails

90
Q

What are nematocysts? What do they do?

A

explosive cells found on the tail of jelly fish, capture and kill prey

91
Q

If the pulsing of a jellyfish isn’t only for locomotion, what else does it do?

A

help capture prey

92
Q

How do animals without brains perform and control their activities?

A

nerve network - receive and respond to stimuli

93
Q

What kind of skeleton does an anemone have, and how does it work? How is it different from the human skeleton?

A

Hydrostatic
Movements - circular, long
Put together, push against water to move
Human - skeletal frame, muscles pull to move

94
Q

______ sponges filter water to feed so, they are thought to be good indicators of pollution.

A

Freshwater

95
Q

______ contain cells from which new sponges grow. This is a type of _____ reproduction.

A

Gemmules, asexual

96
Q

Most sponges are _________. This means there is not a distinct male and female.

A

hermaohrodites

97
Q

Some sponges are ________ to form sperm, others eggs but, these are usually made at different times so they cross-fertilize with other sponges.

A

archaeocytes

98
Q

Where does fertilization and early development of a sponge take place?

A

mesohyl

99
Q

Bacteria sometimes make up __% of a sponges volume.

A

40

100
Q

What are microbes doing for sponges?

A

Some microbes house blue-green algae which probably provides sugar to the sponge. Some microbes may help defend the sponges from disease causing bacteria.

101
Q

What are sponges doing for microbes?

A

Some sponges pass on microbes, like blue green algae, to offspring via sperm and eggs.

102
Q

One species of Phylum _____ has been described?

A

Placozoa.

103
Q

Placozoans are structurally _____ but genetically ____.

A

simple, complex

104
Q

Where are plazoans placed on the phylogenetic tree?

A

between the sponges and cnidarians

105
Q

Cnidarians are characterized by: (5)

A

radial symmetry, two tissue layers, tentacles around mouth, one opening for digestive system, cnidoblasts

106
Q

What is a cidoblast?

A

a cell containing nematocysts

107
Q

What is a cnidocyte?

A

a fully developed cnidoblast

108
Q

What are the two body shapes of cnidarians?

A

polyp form and medusa form

109
Q

The polyp form of cnidarians have a ____ body, ____ mouth, and are usually _____.

A

tubular, dorsal, stationary

110
Q

The medusa form of cnidarians look like an _____ ____, they have a ____ mouth which means it is on the lower surface, and they usually _____.

A

upside-down cup, ventral, swim

111
Q

Cnidarians are _____, meaning they have two definite tissue layers.

A

diploblastic

112
Q

Amoebocytes are found in the ______. They are in things like _____, _____ and ____ _____, and ____ ____.

A

mesoglea, digestion, storing, moving nutrients, repairing wounds

113
Q

____ were the first active predators.

A

Cnidarians

114
Q

Cnidarians have two types of “muscle” cells. What are they? Why are they not true muscle cells?

A

epithelia and nutritive muscle, they are not from the mesoderm

115
Q

Nutritive muscle can ____ ____ and are anchored in the ____.

A

capture food, mesoglea

116
Q

Cnidarians get their name from specialized cells called _______. These contain stinging organelles called ____.

A

cnidoblasts, cnidae

117
Q

What stimuli can trigger cnidoblasts? Modified cilia on the tigger, called _____, receive these stimuli.

A

chemical and physical, cnidocil

118
Q

______ _______ is the force that causes a nematocyst to shoot a coiled, hollow thread to kill/capture prey.

A

Osmotic pressure

119
Q

Class _____ are known as “true jellyfish.”

A

Scyphozoa

120
Q

Class Hydrozoa are considered to be _____ ____.

A

“other” jellyfish

121
Q

Corals and sea anemones fall in to Class _____, while sea wasps fall into Class ______.

A

Anthozoa, Cubozoa

122
Q

There are around _____ species in Phylum Cnidaria.

A

11,000

123
Q

____% of all cnidarians are anthozoans and _____% are marine.

A

70, 99.8

124
Q

Two additional Classes to Phylum Cnidaria are ______and _____.

A

Myxozoa & Staurozoa

125
Q

Class Myxozoa has been added to Phylum Cnidaria fairly recently. This class has _____ species of parasites (mostly fish).

A

~2,000

126
Q

Class Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) has _____ species and ____ % are marine, usually in _____ water.

A

a few hundred, 100, coastal

127
Q

_____ is the dominate body form of Class Scyphozoa and Cubozoa.

A

Medusa

128
Q

Class Cubozoa is known as the _____ jellyfish because it is ____ shaped.

A

box, square

129
Q

Molecular data indicates that Class _____ is probably the most advanced of all cnidarians.

A

Cubozoa

130
Q

Class Hydrozoa is mostly ____ but has some ____ species.

A

marine, freshwater

131
Q

Most species of Class _____ alternate between the polyp and medusa stages but some species have only one or the other. The ____ form is most often the dominate stage.

A

Hydrozoa, polyp

132
Q

There are _______ species of Class Hydrozoa.

A

less than 3,000

133
Q

Class Anthozoa has no _____ stage and they are all _____.

A

medusa, marine

134
Q

In Class Anthozoa, the ____ form produces the eggs and sperm. A fertilized egg develops into a ______ which attaches to form a new polyp.

A

polyp, planula

135
Q

In Class Anthozoa, ______ _____ divide the g-v cavity which increases surface area for digestion.

A

vertical partitions

Invertabrate Zoology (6 decks)

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