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BIO210 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

list the types of cellular communication in order of fastest to slowest

A

direct, synaptic, paracrine/autocrine, endocrine

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2
Q

direct cellular communication

A
  • chemical signals: ions, small solutes, lipid-soluble materials
  • exchange between adjacent cells through gap junction
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3
Q

synaptic cellular communication

A
  • chemical signals: neurotransmitters
  • exchange across synapse
  • found in specific areas, target cell must have appropriate receptors
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4
Q

paracrine cell communication

A
  • chemical signals: paracrine factors

- exchange through ECF (extracellular fluid) to cells that have specific receptors

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5
Q

autocrine cell communication

A
  • similar to paracrine but factors are sent back to the receptors on the same cell
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6
Q

endocrine cell communication

A
  • chemical signals: hormones

- exchange between distant tissues/organs via the bloodstream (circulatory system)

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7
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin (circadian rhythms and reproduction)

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8
Q

adrenal glands

A

secretes hormones for stress, mineral balance, metabolic control

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9
Q

thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormone, metabolism

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10
Q

Water soluble hormones are associated with ___. Activation of ___ can … ?

A
  • receptors associated with G proteins the regulate secondary messengers
  • activation of G protein can either:
    1) increase cAMP production, activating enzymes
    2) increase cAMP breakdown, inhibiting enzymes
    3) release stored Ca2+/open Ca2+ channels, activating enzymes
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11
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • lipid soluble

- hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, altering rate of transcription, translation of proteins

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12
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  • lipid soluble
  • bind to mitochondria
  • alter gene activity
  • can increase ATP production, affects metabolism
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13
Q

Different functions of the regulatory, neural and autonomic centres of the hypothalamus

A
  • regulatory hormones released to anterior pituitary through hypophyseal portal system
  • neural: secrete ADH and OXT through posterior pituitary
  • autonomic: direct neural control over adrenal gland, release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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14
Q

TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone

- targets thyroid gland

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15
Q

ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone

- targets adrenal gland

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16
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone

- targets ovaries

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17
Q

LH

A
  • luteinizing hormone

- targets testes

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18
Q

GH

A
  • growth hormone

- targets musculo-skeletal system

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19
Q

PRL

A
  • prolactin

- targets mammary gland

20
Q

MSH

A
  • melanocyte stimulating hormone
21
Q

list the components of whole blood

A
  • plasma (plasma proteins, other solutes, water)

- formed elements (platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells)

22
Q

RBC formation

A
  • Day 1: proerythroblast
  • Day 2: basophilic erythroblast
  • Day 3: polychromatophilic erythroblast
  • Day 4: normoblast (nucleus ejected)
  • reticulocyte (matures after 24 hrs into RBC)
23
Q

Where are macrophages found and what do they do ?

A
  • found in bone marrow, spleen, liver

- recycle Fe2+ and Heme

24
Q

Which surface antigens and antibodies are present in each blood type (A, B, AB, O) ?

A
  • Type A: surface antigen A, anti-B antibodies
  • Type B: surface antigen B, anti-A antibodies
  • Type AB: both A and B surface antigens, no antibodies (universal acceptor)
  • Type O: no surface antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor)
25
Q

pulmonary vs systemic circuit

A
  • pulmonary circuit: carries blood to and from gas exchange areas of the lungs
  • systemic circuit: transports blood to and from the rest of the body
26
Q

describe the pathway that blood takes starting from systemic circuit (systemic veins)

A
  • systemic circuit (veins)
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary circuit (pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, pulmonary veins)
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • systemic circuit (systemic arteries, capillaries of body, systemic veins)
27
Q

Why do arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins ?

A
  • since arteries carry blood directly from the heart, it must withstand higher pressures
28
Q

capillaries lack a ___ ___ and a ___ ___

A

they lack a tunica externa and tunica media

29
Q

continuous vs fenestrated capillaries

A
  • continuous capillaries: endothelium is complete lining

- fenestrated capillaries: endothelium is also complete lining but has pores for larger solutes

30
Q

challenges of the venous system and how they are compensated

A
  • large volume of blood needs to be supported and transported against gravity
  • compensated by thicker compliant tunica externa and vasoconstriction
31
Q

What happens to the venous valves when muscles contract ?

A
  • valves superior to the contracting muscle open

- valves inferior to the contracting muscle close

32
Q

How is vessel length related to friction ?

A
  • 2x length = 2x resistance = 1/2x flow
33
Q

How is vessel diameter related to friction ?

A
  • 1/2x diameter = 16x resistance
34
Q

velocity of blood flow from highest to lowest of the different vessel types

A
  • highest: aorta
  • elastic arteries/venae cavae
  • muscular artery/veins
  • arterioles/venules
  • lowest: capillaries
35
Q

blood pressure is written as:

A

peak systolic pressure / peak diastolic pressure

36
Q

tricuspid valve

A

from RA to RV

37
Q

pulmonary arteries are ___ and pulmonary veins are ___

A
  • pulmonary arteries are deoxygenated

- pulmonary veins are oxygenated

38
Q

bicuspid valve

A

from LA to LV

39
Q

list the 8 steps of the cardiac cycle

A

1) all chambers relaxes and ventricles partially filled
2) atrial systole: atria contract, AV valves open and fill ventricles with blood
3) atrial diastole
4) ventricular systole (1st phase): isovolumetric contraction (AV valves are closed)
5) ventricular systole (2nd phase): semilunar valves open and blood forced out of ventricles (ventricular ejection)
6) ventricular diastole (early): SL valves close
7) isovolumetric relaxation: blood flow into relaxed atria but AV valves still closed
8) ventricular diastole (late): all chambers relaxed

40
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A
  • amount of blood pumped out of ventricles in a single heartbeat
  • SV = EDV – ESV
41
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A
  • amount of blood pumped by left ventricle to aorta each minute
  • CO = HR x SV
42
Q

What do the following centres of the medulla oblongata do ?

respiratory, cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory, vasomotor

A
  • respiratory centre: increase respiratory rate
  • cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory: increase cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure (BP)
  • vasomotor: vasoconstriction (= increase CO and BP)
  • all these together increase pH and O2, decreasing CO2
43
Q

What do epinephrine and thyroxine do ?

A

increase heart rate

44
Q

central regulation (neural and endocrine)

A
  • endocrine mechanisms: long term increases in BV and BP
  • neural mechanisms: activation of cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata to cause short term increase in BP by stimulation of heart and vasoconstriction
45
Q

erythropoiesis

A

process that produces red blood cells

46
Q

transferrin

A

plasma protein that binds and transports Fe2+

BIO210 (11 decks)

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