22B/23A: Female and Male Reproductive System

Question 1

infundibulum

Answer 1

most distal section of uterine tube ending in fimbriae

Question 2

vestibular glands

Answer 2

secretions for moisture

Question 3

uterine tube sections

Answer 3

• isthmus
• ampulla
• infundibulum
  [ends in fimbriae]

Question 4

suspensory/broad/ovarian ligaments

Answer 4

stabilize structures and blood vessels

Question 5

outline the process of meiosis and oogenesis

Answer 5

• oogenesis: formation and development of the oocyte
• during fetal development, oogonium (stem cell) undergoes mitosis to produce primary oocytes (2n)
• during 3rd-7th months of fetal development, primary oocytes undergo meiosis (only until prophase of meiosis I; resumes at puberty)
• at puberty, FSH increases and primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to produce first polar body and secondary oocyte (n)
• during ovulation (beginning of ovarian cycle), secondary oocytes are released in metaphase of meiosis II

Question 6

ovarian follicles

Answer 6

site of oocyte growth and meiosis I

Question 7

At ovulation, the ___ follicle releases a ___ oocyte and ___ ___.

Answer 7

tertiary follicle
secondary oocyte
corona radiata

Question 8

Describe the events/phases of the uterine cycle.

Answer 8

1. menstrual phase: degeneration and shedding of the endometrial functional layer; constriction and rupture of spiral arteries
2. proliferative phase: uterine glands multiply and spread across epithelial surface to restore functional layer; thickness increases; estrogen predominates
3. secretory phase: uterine glands enlarge and increase secretion; arteries elongate and spiral through; progesterone and estrogen ; ends when corpus luteum stops secreting hormones

Question 9

FSH

Answer 9

stimulates growth and development of tertiary ovarian follicles

Question 10

LH

Answer 10

surge in LH triggers release of secondary oocyte (ovulation)

Question 11

progesterone

Answer 11

• secreted by corpus luteum for endometrial development
• dominant during luteal phase of ovarian cycle and secretory phase of uterine cycle
• inhibits GnRH

Question 12

inhibin

Answer 12

inhibits FSH and LH

Question 13

testes

Answer 13

sperm and hormone production

Question 14

ductus deferens

Answer 14

sperm conduction

Question 15

seminal gland

Answer 15

secretes fluids for semen

Question 16

bulbo-urethral gland

Answer 16

secretes fluids for lubrication of penis tip

Question 17

prostate gland

Answer 17

semen and antibiotic proteins

Question 18

epididymis

Answer 18

sperm maturation

Question 19

Explain meiosis and spermiogenesis

Answer 19

• spermiogenesis: differentiation of immature gametes to mature sperm
• mitosis of spermatogonium (stem cell) to produce diploid primary spermatocyte [16 days]
• meiosis I of primary spermatocyte produces secondary spermatocytes (diploid) [24 days]
• meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes produces haploid spermatids [few hours]
• spermiogenesis of spermatids leads to haploid sperm [24 days]

Question 20

GnRH stimulates release of __ and __. __ stimulates __ cells to release testosterone, which stimulates __ cells and inhibits __. These cells are also stimulated by __. Stimulation of __ cells releases __, which inhibits FSH.

Answer 20

GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH. LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone, which stimulates nurse cells and inhibits GnRH. These cells are also stimulated by FSH. Stimulates of nurse cells releases inhibin, which inhibits FSH.

Question 21

Describe the role of testosterone in male reproductive function.

Answer 21

• CNS: libido and related behaviours
• bone and muscle growth
• development of male secondary sex characteristics
• stimulates nurse cells; facilitates spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
• increasing androgen levels stimulate maturation of spermatids