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BIO210 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

appositional growth

A

outer surface growth that increases diameter of the bone; adding layers of circumferential lamellae

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2
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that divide and differentiate into osteoblasts

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3
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce new bone matrix through OSTEOGENESIS; help convert osteoid to bone

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4
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix; each one occupies a pocket called a LACUNA

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5
Q

lamellae

A

thin layers of matrix

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6
Q

canaliculi

A

narrow passageways that interconnect lacunae and provide a route for nutrient diffusion (the thin strands that radiate from the center of the osteon in compact bone, and small pores in trabeculae in spongy bone)

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7
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • remove bone matrix through OSTEOLYSIS (regulates calcium phosphate levels)
  • have 50 or more nuclei
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8
Q

hydroxyapapite

A
  • hard, brittle crystals found in the bone matrix that can withstand compression but not twisting/bending
  • when calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide
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9
Q

bone matrix

A
  • contains inorganic salts (hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate), collagen fibres
  • important for compressive and tensile strength of bones
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10
Q

collagen fibres

A

strong and flexible (tensile forces)

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11
Q

concentric lamellae

A

lamellae of each osteon; resembles a target

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12
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

make up outer ring (covered by periosteum) and inner ring (covered by endosteum) in compact bone

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13
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

fill spaces in between osteons in compact bone

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14
Q

What is endochronal ossification?

A

cartilage that makes up the embryo’s skeletal system is gradually replaced by bone

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15
Q

bone formation begins at approximately __ weeks after fertilization

A

6

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16
Q

steps of endochronal ossification

A

1) chondrocytes enlarge and die
2) osteoblasts form and cartilage ensheathed by superficial layer of bone
3) blood vessels penetrate centre; PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTRE: fibroblasts from blood differentiate into osteoblasts producing spongy bone
4) remodelling/growth; medullary cavity forms; bone gets thicker; metaphysis
5) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTRE: capillaries and osteoblasts enter epiphysis
6) epiphysis filled with spongy bone
7) chondrocytes produce cartilage at epiphyseal side and die at diaphyseal side; osteoblasts replace area with bone and move toward epiphysis
8) puberty; osteoblasts produce bone faster than chondrocytes produce cartilage, epiphyseal cartilage disappears (epiphyseal closure)

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17
Q

interstitial growth

A

when bone grows in length

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18
Q

In endochondrial growth, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

A

inner layer of periosteum

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19
Q

epiphyseal cartilage/epiphyseal plate

A

plate of hyaline cartilage present at each metaphysis, separates epiphysis and diaphysis

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20
Q

epiphyseal line

A

formed after epiphyseal plate stops producing bone (adult stage)

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21
Q

What roles do osteoclasts and osteoblasts play in calcium maintenance?

A
  • osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood
  • osteoblasts (if bound to PTH) can release a hormone that matures osteocytes
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22
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A
  • binds to osteoblasts leading to osteoclast maturation (encouraging breakdown of bone matrix and release of calcium into blood)
  • enhance calcium absorption in intestines
  • increase production of calcitriol in kidneys (stimulates calcium absorption in small intestine)
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23
Q

cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

A
  • synthesized by a steroid compound when deep epidermal cells are exposed to UV radiation
  • also obtained through diet
  • converted into calcitriol by the liver (stimulating calcium absorption)
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24
Q

How is blood calcium level decreased? (increased bone calcium level)

A
  • C cells in thyroid gland release CALCITONIN
  • osteoclast activity reduced
  • reduced PTH/calcitriol = less absorption
  • inhibits absorption of calcium ion in kidney
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25
Q

Long bones grow ____ while flat bones grow ____.

A

long bones grow endochrondrally, flat bones grow intramembranously

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26
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, thorax, vertebral column

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27
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

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28
Q

nutrient foramen

A

“window” through the bone that allows blood vessels and nutrients to enter

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29
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow shaft in the diaphysis that contains bone marrow, lipid deposits, blood vessels and nutrient deposits

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30
Q

osteoid

A

matrix that surrounds cells (osteoblasts)

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31
Q

What structures are present in compact bone but not spongy bone?

A

central canals and osteons

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32
Q

Organization of lamellae in compact vs. spongy bone

A
  • compact bone: concentric lamellae arranged in osteons

- spongy bone: forms struts and plates known as trabeculae

33
Q

Where is bone marrow found?

A

in the medullary cavity and spongy bone

34
Q

hair matrix

A

basal cells that divide to produce hair; contain melanocytes

35
Q

hair papilla

A

small peg of connective tissue filled with blood vessels and nerves

36
Q

hair medulla

A

centre of hair matrix; cells not dividing here; soft keratin

37
Q

arrector pili muscles

A

smooth muscles attached to the hair follicle that causes the hair to stand upright when contracting

38
Q

Describe the phases of hair growth

A

1) active phase: hair grows (2-5 years)
2) regression: moving into resting phase (1-2 weeks)
3) resting phase: hair loses attachment to the follicle (5-6 weeks
4) reactivation: club hair is shed, replacement begins to be produced

39
Q

dermal papillae

A
  • project into epidermis (epidermal ridges)

- increase surface area for attachment of epidermis to dermis

40
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • secrete oil (sebum) into the hair follicle

- holocrine secretion: cells become packed with secretion and burst, releasing contents

41
Q

sebum

A
  • mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, electrolytes and proteins
  • lubricates hair, moisturizes skin, inhibits bacteria growth
42
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • produce sticky, cloudy, potentially smelly secretion
  • found in armpits, groin, nipples (limited areas)
  • may be a part of olfactory communication
  • merocrine secretion: contents released by exocytosis
43
Q

myoepithelial cells

A
  • squeeze sweat glands to discharge secretion
44
Q

eccrine/merocrine sweat glands

A
  • produce a watery secretion containing electrolytes
  • most areas of the skin
  • thermoregulation, excretion, antibacterial
  • merocrine secretion: contents released by exocytosis
45
Q

Why do fingers wrinkle in water?

A
  • in water, electrolytes are diluted
  • blood vessels constrict around glomus bodies (components of the dermis involved in thermoregulation) to control electrolyte amounts
  • glomus bodies are found in the dermis and when they contract, it pulls the epidermis towards the dermis causing wrinkles
46
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

consists of the epidermis and dermis

47
Q

subcutaneous layer

A
  • aka hypodermis
  • contains fatty tissue (adipose tissue)
  • where vaccines go
  • not part of the integument but separates it from deeper structures
48
Q

papillary layer

A
  • layer of the dermis
  • highly vascularized (blood vessels) areolar (connective) tissue
  • capillaries, lymphatic vessels, sensory nerve fibres
49
Q

reticular layer

A
  • dense mesh of irregular connective tissue
  • collagen and elastic fibres
  • contains accessory organs (like hair follicles and sweat glands)
50
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A
  • protection
  • production of melanin and keratin
  • excretion
  • thermoregulation
  • synthesis of vitamin D3
  • lipid storage
  • sensory reception
51
Q

arrector pili muscle

A
  • attached to hair follicle
  • raises hair when contracting
  • involuntary
  • raising hair traps heat in animals with a lot of hair (response to cold), makes the animal look larger (response to danger)
52
Q

thin skin vs. thick skin

A 
thin skin:
- 4 strata 
- approx. 0.08 mm thick
- covers most of the body
thick skin:
- 5 strata (lucidum)
- palms and soles of the feet
- approx. 0.5 mm thick
53
Q

name and briefly describe the layers of the epidermis

A
  • stratum corneum: densely packed dead keratinized cells connected by desmosomes; takes 7-10 days to go from basale to corneum and can remain for 2 weeks until shed
  • stratum lucidum: “clear layer” that separates stratum corneum from deeper layer in THICK SKIN ONLY; flattened cells filled with proteins keratin and keratohyalin
  • stratum granulosum: “grainy layer” that has 3-5 layers of keratinocytes (make keratin); darker in colour; no cell division
  • stratum spinosum: “spiny layer” with 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes; contains dendritic cells that act in immune response
  • stratum basale: deepest layer of the epidermis; contains basal cells that divide; have melanin, sensation cells; more organized
54
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

differentiate into osteoblasts

55
Q

How is skin colour determined?

A

by HOW MUCH melanin is produced to protect keratinocytes (not by the number of melanocytes)

56
Q

melanin

A

brown/yellow-brown/black pigment produced by melanocytes

57
Q

albinism

A

when cells lack the enzyme needed to produce melanin

58
Q

carotene

A

orange-yellow pigment found in epidermal cells (mostly in stratum corneum of light skin people)

59
Q

melanosomes

A
  • carry melanin
  • travel from melanocytes to keratinocytes, transferring melanin which temporarily colours keratinocyte until melanosomes are destroyed by fusion with lysosomes
60
Q

How does melanin transfer differ in lighter skin vs. darker skin

A
  • lighter skin: transfer occurs in stratum basale and spinosum so the more superficial layers lose pigmentation
  • darker skin: transfer also occurs deeper in stratum granulosum, melanocytes are more active, pigmentation is darker and more persistent
61
Q

melanocyte

A
  • located in stratum basale

- manufacture melanin from the amino acid tyrosine

62
Q

What protects the skin (keratinocytes) from UV radiation?

A

melanin

63
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • most common form of skin cancer
  • caused by overexposure to UV (sunlight)
  • metastasis is highly unlikely
64
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly

- metastasize through entire lymphatic system (very bad!!)

65
Q

subpapillary plexus

A

network of blood vessels that supply blood to capillaries in the epidermis and dermis

66
Q

free nerve endings

A
  • found in epidermis

- touch, pressure

67
Q

tactile discs

A
  • found in deepest layer of epidermis

- texture, steady pressure

68
Q

tactile corpuscles

A
  • found in papillary layer of the dermis

- fine touch, pressure and vibrations

69
Q

lamellar corpuscles

A
  • found in the dermal and subcutaneous layers

- deep pressure, vibrations

70
Q

bulbous corpuscles

A
  • found in the reticular layer of the dermis

- pressure, stretching

71
Q

proximal vs. distal

A
  • proximal: toward the centre of body/point of attachment

- distal: away from centre of body/point of attachment

72
Q

lateral vs. medial

A
  • lateral: away from midline

- medial: toward midline

73
Q

superior vs. inferior

A
  • superior: at high level; above

- inferior: at lower level; below

74
Q

superficial vs. deep

A
  • superficial: near the surface

- deep: toward internal, away from the surface

75
Q

posterior/dorsal vs. anterior/ventral

A
  • posterior/dorsal: back

- anterior/ventral: front, belly surface

76
Q

cranial/cephalic vs. caudal

A
  • cranial/cephalic: towards the head

- caudal: toward the tail

77
Q

frontal plane

A
  • parallel to long axis

- separates anterior and posterior

78
Q

sagittal plane

A
  • parallel to long axis
  • separates left and right
  • midsagittal: separates body into equal left and right
  • parasagittal: unequal sections
79
Q

transverse plane

A
  • perpendicular to long axis
  • separates superior and inferior portions of the body
  • aka cross section

BIO210 (11 decks)

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