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Lifespan Development > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

secure babies turn into

A

secure adults

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2
Q

avoidant babies turn into

A

dismissive adults

no emotions

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3
Q

ambivalent babies turn into

A

entangled/preoccupied adults

no consoling and inconsistency in caregiving

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4
Q

disorganized babies turn into

A

unresolved adults

no strategy, neglect/abuse, and frightened/frightening caregiving

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5
Q

skills for relationship success

A
  • give emotional care and be supportive
  • receive emotional care from another person
  • negotiate needs in a compromising type of way
  • autonomy- being okay with own identity
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6
Q

macy main

A

came up with the adult attachment interview

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7
Q

who developed the theory of adult attachment?

A

Bolby

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8
Q

Ainsworth developed what

A

strange situation

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9
Q

grice’s maxiums

A

what makes a good conversation

  1. quality- be truthful and have evidence
  2. quantity- be succinct, yet complete
  3. relation-be relevant, presenting what has to be said so it is clearly understood
  4. manner- be clear and orderly
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10
Q

AAI for secure/autonomous

A
  • coherent, collaborative discourse (not violating Grice’s Maxims)
  • valuing of attachment
  • ease with topic
  • lively personality, humor
  • ease with own imperfections
  • effects of experience
  • consistent descriptions
  • balanced, forgiving, compassion
  • autonomous, flexible, and collaborative
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11
Q

AAI for earned secure

A
  • worked hard to move towards security
  • had a rough history
  • same as regular
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12
Q

traits of secure/free autonomous

A
  • speaks comfortably about AF
  • maintains verbal communication, valuing and forgiving
  • explore all aspects of the attachment relationship
  • metacognitive processes are rich and well developed
  • overall sense of enjoyment, connection, and respect
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13
Q

outcomes of secure

A
  • give care
  • receive care
  • negotiate needs
  • be autonomous
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14
Q

dismissing AAI

A
  • not coherent (violate quality and quantity), focus on surface level
  • idealization
  • degrades attachment
  • lack of memory
  • normalizing
  • generalized representations of history
  • tend to be excessively brief
  • little articulation of hurt, distress, or feelings
  • endorses negative aspects of parent’s behavior
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15
Q

traits of dismissing

A
  • avoids conversation about AF
  • materialism is primary and relationships are secondary and impoverished
  • claims strength from hardships and rarely acknowledges emotional needs
  • brief/incomplete little memory, idealization, normalizing
  • overall sense of disconnection
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16
Q

outcomes of dismissing

A

-emotionally closed off
-not inclined towards physical affection
(likes things more than people)

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17
Q

AAI for preoccupied/entangled

A
  • not coherent
  • preoccupied with or by attachment-related experiences and relationships
  • passivity
  • anger
  • self-tied to parent
  • unbalanced
  • present invades past
  • parent/self slips
  • grammatically entangled or filled with vague usage
  • tend to be excessively long
  • address parents as if present
  • psychobabble or jargon
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18
Q

traits of entangled

A
  • seeks conversation about AF but gives push/pull descriptions
  • appears angry and may use psychobabble
  • preoccupation with relationship
  • conversations about AF go on and on with highly charged stories and descriptions
  • overall sense of anger, frustration, and ambivalence
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19
Q

precursors of entangled

A

parent emotional need inconsistently, confusions, anxiety/uncertainty in caregiving

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20
Q

outcomes of entangled

A

may have anger/resentment toward parents
identity is closely tied to parents
may be intrusive in caregiving and relationships

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21
Q

AAI for unresolved/disorganized

A
  • during discussions of loss or abuse, individual shows striking lapse in monitoring of reasoning and discourse
  • may lapse into prolonged silence or eulogistic speech during discussion on loss
  • may refer to dead person as if they are still alive
  • also given a classification of DS, E, or F
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22
Q

traits of unresolved

A
  • disorganized conversation about AF and history
  • contradictory strategies in conversation
  • unfinished, confused, or strange thoughts
  • freezing during conversation
  • loss of coherence during portions of the interview
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23
Q

precursors of unresolved

A

frightening or frightened caregiving
trauma
loss of loved one

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24
Q

outcomes of unresolved

A

mental checking out
unable to be present in moment with child
not limited to childhood

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25
Q

ageism

A

judging people on basis of chronological age

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26
Q

a prediction that comes true because people believe it

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

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27
Q

in 2015 in the US, the average life expectancy was ____ years for men and _____ years for women

A

77:82

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28
Q

aging may be caused by the loss of the ability of _____ to duplicate perfectly

A

cells

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29
Q

example of selective optimization with compensation

A

driving slowly

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30
Q

brain senescence

A

neurotransmitter production decreases

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31
Q

the irreversible changes that occur naturally with time

A

primary aging

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32
Q

white matter lesions

A
  • may result from tiny impairments in blood flow
  • increase the time it takes to think
  • they may disrupt transmission from parts of the cortex and cerebellum
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33
Q

older adults have ____ vocabs but _____ fluency

A

extensive

limited

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34
Q

control processes

A

the part of the info processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information

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35
Q

a marked decrease in brain processing and memory in some older adults may be attributed to

A

inadequate control processes

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36
Q

ecological validity

A

the idea that cognition should be measured in terms of everyday tasks and circumstances

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37
Q

ageist term

A

senility

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38
Q

alzheimers under age 60 lasts

A

3-5 years

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39
Q

change in personality

A

frontotemporal NCD

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40
Q

major cause of parkinsons disease

A

the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons

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41
Q

a challenge faced by researchers who want to know if wisdom increases with age

A

the definition of wisdom varies by culture

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42
Q

T/F calorie restriction has been shown to reverse neurocognitive disorder

A

false

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43
Q

universal design

A

can be used by everyone

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44
Q

genetic clock

A

a mechanism in the dna of cells that regulates life, growth, and aging

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45
Q

sensory threshold

A

info needs to pass through it to register in memory

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46
Q

george remembers that he needs to take his meds after dinner. He is using _______

A

prospective memory

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47
Q

most common form of frontotemporal NCD

A

pick disease

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48
Q

why elderspeak is bad

A

it treats the elderly as if they were children. It also reduces communication because higher frequencies are harder to hear, speaking slowly impairs comprehension, and talking loudly can increase anxiety. It can also reduce cognition

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49
Q

demographic shift

A 
ratio of people under 15 to over 65 has moved from 20:1 to 3:1. 
reasons:
1. lower birth rate
2. improved ability to survive illness
3. advances in public health
By 2075, the ratio will be 1:1
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50
Q

3 theories of aging

A
  1. wear and tear (body wears out from use)
  2. genetic adaptation (a genetically programmed time to begin aging that differs for each person)
  3. cellular aging (cells stop replacing themselves)
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51
Q

affect of new brain cells in elderly brain

A

new neurons form and dendrites grow throughout adulthood. The olfactory area and hippocampus are most affected. Old neurons can develop new dendrites. Helps them resist depression and anxiety. New neurons less robust and not sufficient to restore the aging brain to its earlier state

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52
Q

polypharmacy

A

when multiple prescription meds
confusion or loss of memory
present a list of all their drugs for them

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53
Q

stratification theories

A

claim that social forces limit individual choice and direct life

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54
Q

Age, gender, ethnicity, and income are the four major forms of ______; as such, they can limit choice at every stage of life.

A

stratification

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55
Q

The idea that opportunities and roles are determined based on age

A

age stratification

56
Q

_____ percent of adults over the age of 65 volunteer

A

23%

57
Q

Which state has the highest proportion of people over the age of 65?

A

florida

58
Q

In what way are older Americans the LEAST politically active?

A

volunteering on political campaigns

59
Q

Beanpole family

A

a family of many generations but with only a few members of each generation

60
Q

When is comes to intergenerational relationships, conflict is more likely in ________ relationships than distant ones

A

emotionally close

61
Q

In parent and adult child relationships, _____ feel stronger affection toward their parents

A

daughters

62
Q

The style of grandparenting that is the most common in developed nations is the _______

A

companionate

63
Q

In developed nations, which of the following is one of the IADLs?

A

preparing income tax forms

64
Q

In the US, the trend has been toward ______ nursing home residents

A

fewer

65
Q

T/F stratification theories maintain that social forces promote individual choice

A

false

66
Q

filial responsibility

A

adult children who care for their elderly parents out of a sense of obligation

67
Q

T/F today in the US, public agencies rarely provide support or assistance to caregivers unless an emergency situation arises

A

true

68
Q

Theories that focus on the ways in which people are organized by society according to their particular characteristics and circumstances

A

stratification theories

69
Q

gender stratification

A

the way adult children may handle issues differently with widowed mothers than fathers

70
Q

income stratification

A

the most harmful effect of stratification

poverty and magnified by gender and ethnicity

71
Q

disengagement theory

A

aging makes a person’s social sphere grow increasingly narrow, resulting in relinquishment of roles, withdrawal, and passivity

72
Q

one in _____ adults over 65 volunteer

A

four

73
Q

frail elderly

A

people over 65 who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled

74
Q

in the US, the number of nursing home residents has

A

decreased

75
Q

3 benefits of religion for elderly

A
  1. religious prohibitions positively impact health
  2. faith communities promote caring relationships
  3. give meaning to life
76
Q

2 good factors for intergenerational relationships

2 bad

A

good- living near, history of mutual love and respect

bad-distance, history of conflict and lack of respect

77
Q

4 approaches to grandparenting

A
  1. remote- respected but not involved because of distance
  2. companionate- entertaining but no discipline
  3. involved- there for daily life
  4. surrogate- raise grandchildren in place of parents
78
Q

3 factors to consider when caring for elderly

A
  1. whether there is a family member available to care
  2. house appropriate
  3. whether there are home health aids available
79
Q

progression of elder abuse

A

begins with small acts and turns into big physical abuse
-spending elder’s assets
-over medicating
-using restraints
-inadequate feeding
prevent by realizing when home care is unwise
and provide more safety nets

80
Q

A century ago, the average life span worldwide was less than age _____. Today it is about age ______

A

40;70

81
Q

In Korea, how did religious practice change with regard to autopsies?

A

a religious service was developed for people whose bodies have been donated for autopsy

82
Q

terror management theory

A

adolescents and emerging adults engage in high-risk behaviors to cope with their fear of death

83
Q

Poet Dylan Thomas didnt want his father to die or to go easily into death. Why do adults express this kind of sentiment about other people’s death?

A

It helps them to defend against the fear of aging and untimely death

84
Q

Across cultures, a result of near-death experiences is _____

A

a sense of hopefulness

85
Q

What is a stage of dying based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

safety

86
Q

6th stage to Maslow’s heirarchy that emphasizes the acceptance of death by dying people

A

self-transcendence

87
Q

When can patients be admitted into hospice

A

if death is likely within 6 months

88
Q

Nilda has just been evaluated by medical professionals. She cannot move any part of her body, except for her eyes, but brain waves are still apparent. The dr explains that she is not dead but ______

A

has locked in syndrome

89
Q

After a meta-analysis of studies on end-of-life brain functioning, researchers confirmed 2 indicators of death are ______

A

no spontaneous breathing and eyes not responding to pain

90
Q

vegetative state

A

deep unconsciousness and still breathing with no cognitive function. Sometimes eyes open and makes sounds

91
Q

Natalia’s father just died. She was very close to him and simply cannot face the reality of his death. To those around her, it appears that Natalia is not grieving at all. Natalia is experiencing _____ grief.

A

absent

92
Q

The type of grief in which people are not allowed to mourn publicly because of cultural customs or social restrictions

A

disenfranchised grief

93
Q

important function of the mourning process

A

allow expression of grief publicly

94
Q

T/F fear of death tends to subside in middle age

A

false

95
Q

T/F an advance directive is an individual’s instructions regarding end-of-life medical care

A

false

96
Q

T/F a large number of people–about 30%— experience complicated grief

A

false

97
Q

In her stages of dying, Kübler-Ross was identifying the ____ experienced by dying people and their loved ones

A

emotions

98
Q

In a hospice environment, dying individuals receive medications, massages, and other pain-relieving measures but no _____ interventions

A

life-prolonging

99
Q

coma

A

state of deep unconsciousness from which the person cannot be aroused

100
Q

some people believe that allowing physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia will lead to a _____, in which more and more extensive practices of eliminating the elderly, the disabled, or the poor will occur.

A

slippery slope

101
Q

the fact that the grief stricken are vulnerable not only to irrational thoughts but also to self-destructive acts explains why _____ is beneficial

A

mourning

102
Q

a longitudinal study found that almost all widows and widowers _____ their past marriages, a tendency that has been correlated with psychological health

A

idealize

103
Q

central issues for terminally ill people at any point in their lifespans

A

children-fear being abandoned
teens-need to be listened to because self-expression needed in search for identity
young adults-take risks
adults-dont want to leave anything undone
late adults- increase in hope and decrease in anxiety

104
Q

good death

A

end of long life in presence of loved ones, in familiar place, peaceful, quick and without pain, confusion, or discomfort

105
Q

goal of hospice care

A

spend last days in comfort outside of a hospital and to support the close friends and family of the dying individual
-serves dying people by respecting their wishes and providing a level of pain management that meets their needs. It serves loved ones by providing counseling and guidance
-barriers-expensive and not available everywhere
both patient and patient’s loved ones must accept death to accept hospice

106
Q

2 controversial practices in which a dying person is helped to end his or her own life

A

active euthenasia- someone answers a dying person’s request for assistance to end life
physician-assisted suicide- when doctor provides means for a patient to end his/her own life

107
Q

“blaming and seeking meaning” to a tragic death. What actions did the mourners take after the event?

A

one nation will blame another. Protest after deaths. Seek to change laws and raise awareness. Create memorials. Find connection with others who have been through a similar tragedy

108
Q

stages of alzheimers

A
  1. forget things that happened in recent memory
  2. general confusion and fear, speech repetition, exaggerated personality traits
  3. memory loss becomes dangerous, causing accidents
  4. need full time care, unclear communication, cant recognize loved ones, much harder on family
  5. unresponsive, identity and personality gone, recognize no one
109
Q

frontal lobe disorders

A

deterioration of amygdala and frontal lobe
15% of neurocognitive disorders
complete personality change

110
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

chronic, progressive disorder
muscle tremor and rigidity
reduction of dopamine

111
Q

lewy body

A

visual hallucinations, fainting, falling
lose inhabition
-filter and self regulation gone

112
Q

huntington disease

A

genetic

113
Q

MS

A

leads to dementia

114
Q

positivity effect

A

tendency to focus on the good things in life more than the bad

115
Q

phases of dying

A
  1. agonal phase-gasps and muscle spasms during first moments in which regular heartbeat disintegrates
  2. clinical death-interval in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing, brain functioning stop, but resuscitation still possible
  3. mortality-permanent death
116
Q

brain death

A

irreversible cessation of all activity in brain and brain stem
standard for death in most industrialized nations

117
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity

brain stem remains active

118
Q

developmental concepts of death

A
  1. permanence- once something dies, its not coming back
  2. inevitability/universality- everything dies-it will happen
  3. cessation-cease to have function after death
  4. applicability- only things that are living can die
  5. causation-biological cause for death. Doesn’t happen spontaneously
119
Q

Kubler-ross’s 5 stages of death

A
  1. denial (shock)
  2. anger (emotion)
  3. bargaining
  4. depression
  5. acceptance (more self-reliance)
120
Q

hospice approach

A
  • family cared for
  • interdisciplinary care
  • palliative care
  • home or home-like setting
  • bereavement services
  • labor-intensive and expensive
121
Q

living will

A

document that indicates what medical intervention an individual prefers

122
Q

health care proxy

A

person chosen by another person to make medical decisions if the second person becomes unable to do so

123
Q

criticism for kubler ross

A
  • stages not fixed sequence not universal
  • does not allow for context
  • may lead to caregiver insensitivity
  • best seen as coping strategies
124
Q

passive euthanasia

A

death brought about by omission

125
Q

active euthanasia

A

death is brought about by an act

126
Q

voluntary euthanasia

A

at request of patient

127
Q

non-voluntary euthanasia

A

occurs when person is unconscious or otherwise unable

128
Q

involuntary euthanasia

A

occurs when the person who dies chooses life and is killed anyways

129
Q

bereavement

A

the complicated and multifaceted reactions to the feelings of loss following a death

130
Q

grief

A

deep sorrow that people feel at the death of another

personal and unpredictable

131
Q

mourning

A

ceremonies and behaviors that religion/culture prescribes for people in expressing bereavement
more public

132
Q

stages of grief

A
  1. avoidance (numb)
  2. confrontation (most intense)
  3. restoration
    - dual process model of coping with loss
    - alternate between dealing with emotions and with life changes
    - area that needs most support
133
Q

complicated grief

A

type of grief that impedes a person’s life

134
Q

absent grief

A

do not grieve bc theyre not allowed to

135
Q

disenfranchised grief

A

prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restrictios

136
Q

incomplete grief

A

circumstances interfere with process of grieving

Lifespan Development (4 decks)

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