test 4 Flashcards
secure babies turn into
secure adults
avoidant babies turn into
dismissive adults
no emotions
ambivalent babies turn into
entangled/preoccupied adults
no consoling and inconsistency in caregiving
disorganized babies turn into
unresolved adults
no strategy, neglect/abuse, and frightened/frightening caregiving
skills for relationship success
- give emotional care and be supportive
- receive emotional care from another person
- negotiate needs in a compromising type of way
- autonomy- being okay with own identity
macy main
came up with the adult attachment interview
who developed the theory of adult attachment?
Bolby
Ainsworth developed what
strange situation
grice’s maxiums
what makes a good conversation
- quality- be truthful and have evidence
- quantity- be succinct, yet complete
- relation-be relevant, presenting what has to be said so it is clearly understood
- manner- be clear and orderly
AAI for secure/autonomous
- coherent, collaborative discourse (not violating Grice’s Maxims)
- valuing of attachment
- ease with topic
- lively personality, humor
- ease with own imperfections
- effects of experience
- consistent descriptions
- balanced, forgiving, compassion
- autonomous, flexible, and collaborative
AAI for earned secure
- worked hard to move towards security
- had a rough history
- same as regular
traits of secure/free autonomous
- speaks comfortably about AF
- maintains verbal communication, valuing and forgiving
- explore all aspects of the attachment relationship
- metacognitive processes are rich and well developed
- overall sense of enjoyment, connection, and respect
outcomes of secure
- give care
- receive care
- negotiate needs
- be autonomous
dismissing AAI
- not coherent (violate quality and quantity), focus on surface level
- idealization
- degrades attachment
- lack of memory
- normalizing
- generalized representations of history
- tend to be excessively brief
- little articulation of hurt, distress, or feelings
- endorses negative aspects of parent’s behavior
traits of dismissing
- avoids conversation about AF
- materialism is primary and relationships are secondary and impoverished
- claims strength from hardships and rarely acknowledges emotional needs
- brief/incomplete little memory, idealization, normalizing
- overall sense of disconnection
outcomes of dismissing
-emotionally closed off
-not inclined towards physical affection
(likes things more than people)
AAI for preoccupied/entangled
- not coherent
- preoccupied with or by attachment-related experiences and relationships
- passivity
- anger
- self-tied to parent
- unbalanced
- present invades past
- parent/self slips
- grammatically entangled or filled with vague usage
- tend to be excessively long
- address parents as if present
- psychobabble or jargon
traits of entangled
- seeks conversation about AF but gives push/pull descriptions
- appears angry and may use psychobabble
- preoccupation with relationship
- conversations about AF go on and on with highly charged stories and descriptions
- overall sense of anger, frustration, and ambivalence
precursors of entangled
parent emotional need inconsistently, confusions, anxiety/uncertainty in caregiving
outcomes of entangled
may have anger/resentment toward parents
identity is closely tied to parents
may be intrusive in caregiving and relationships
AAI for unresolved/disorganized
- during discussions of loss or abuse, individual shows striking lapse in monitoring of reasoning and discourse
- may lapse into prolonged silence or eulogistic speech during discussion on loss
- may refer to dead person as if they are still alive
- also given a classification of DS, E, or F
traits of unresolved
- disorganized conversation about AF and history
- contradictory strategies in conversation
- unfinished, confused, or strange thoughts
- freezing during conversation
- loss of coherence during portions of the interview
precursors of unresolved
frightening or frightened caregiving
trauma
loss of loved one
outcomes of unresolved
mental checking out
unable to be present in moment with child
not limited to childhood
ageism
judging people on basis of chronological age
a prediction that comes true because people believe it
self-fulfilling prophecy
in 2015 in the US, the average life expectancy was ____ years for men and _____ years for women
77:82
aging may be caused by the loss of the ability of _____ to duplicate perfectly
cells
example of selective optimization with compensation
driving slowly
brain senescence
neurotransmitter production decreases
the irreversible changes that occur naturally with time
primary aging
white matter lesions
- may result from tiny impairments in blood flow
- increase the time it takes to think
- they may disrupt transmission from parts of the cortex and cerebellum
older adults have ____ vocabs but _____ fluency
extensive
limited
control processes
the part of the info processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information
a marked decrease in brain processing and memory in some older adults may be attributed to
inadequate control processes
ecological validity
the idea that cognition should be measured in terms of everyday tasks and circumstances
ageist term
senility
alzheimers under age 60 lasts
3-5 years
change in personality
frontotemporal NCD
major cause of parkinsons disease
the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons
a challenge faced by researchers who want to know if wisdom increases with age
the definition of wisdom varies by culture
T/F calorie restriction has been shown to reverse neurocognitive disorder
false
universal design
can be used by everyone
genetic clock
a mechanism in the dna of cells that regulates life, growth, and aging
sensory threshold
info needs to pass through it to register in memory
george remembers that he needs to take his meds after dinner. He is using _______
prospective memory
most common form of frontotemporal NCD
pick disease
why elderspeak is bad
it treats the elderly as if they were children. It also reduces communication because higher frequencies are harder to hear, speaking slowly impairs comprehension, and talking loudly can increase anxiety. It can also reduce cognition
demographic shift
ratio of people under 15 to over 65 has moved from 20:1 to 3:1. reasons: 1. lower birth rate 2. improved ability to survive illness 3. advances in public health By 2075, the ratio will be 1:1
3 theories of aging
- wear and tear (body wears out from use)
- genetic adaptation (a genetically programmed time to begin aging that differs for each person)
- cellular aging (cells stop replacing themselves)
affect of new brain cells in elderly brain
new neurons form and dendrites grow throughout adulthood. The olfactory area and hippocampus are most affected. Old neurons can develop new dendrites. Helps them resist depression and anxiety. New neurons less robust and not sufficient to restore the aging brain to its earlier state
polypharmacy
when multiple prescription meds
confusion or loss of memory
present a list of all their drugs for them
stratification theories
claim that social forces limit individual choice and direct life
Age, gender, ethnicity, and income are the four major forms of ______; as such, they can limit choice at every stage of life.
stratification
The idea that opportunities and roles are determined based on age
age stratification
_____ percent of adults over the age of 65 volunteer
23%
Which state has the highest proportion of people over the age of 65?
florida
In what way are older Americans the LEAST politically active?
volunteering on political campaigns
Beanpole family
a family of many generations but with only a few members of each generation
When is comes to intergenerational relationships, conflict is more likely in ________ relationships than distant ones
emotionally close
In parent and adult child relationships, _____ feel stronger affection toward their parents
daughters
The style of grandparenting that is the most common in developed nations is the _______
companionate
In developed nations, which of the following is one of the IADLs?
preparing income tax forms
In the US, the trend has been toward ______ nursing home residents
fewer
T/F stratification theories maintain that social forces promote individual choice
false
filial responsibility
adult children who care for their elderly parents out of a sense of obligation
T/F today in the US, public agencies rarely provide support or assistance to caregivers unless an emergency situation arises
true
Theories that focus on the ways in which people are organized by society according to their particular characteristics and circumstances
stratification theories
gender stratification
the way adult children may handle issues differently with widowed mothers than fathers
income stratification
the most harmful effect of stratification
poverty and magnified by gender and ethnicity
disengagement theory
aging makes a person’s social sphere grow increasingly narrow, resulting in relinquishment of roles, withdrawal, and passivity
one in _____ adults over 65 volunteer
four
frail elderly
people over 65 who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled
in the US, the number of nursing home residents has
decreased
3 benefits of religion for elderly
- religious prohibitions positively impact health
- faith communities promote caring relationships
- give meaning to life
2 good factors for intergenerational relationships
2 bad
good- living near, history of mutual love and respect
bad-distance, history of conflict and lack of respect
4 approaches to grandparenting
- remote- respected but not involved because of distance
- companionate- entertaining but no discipline
- involved- there for daily life
- surrogate- raise grandchildren in place of parents
3 factors to consider when caring for elderly
- whether there is a family member available to care
- house appropriate
- whether there are home health aids available
progression of elder abuse
begins with small acts and turns into big physical abuse
-spending elder’s assets
-over medicating
-using restraints
-inadequate feeding
prevent by realizing when home care is unwise
and provide more safety nets
A century ago, the average life span worldwide was less than age _____. Today it is about age ______
40;70
In Korea, how did religious practice change with regard to autopsies?
a religious service was developed for people whose bodies have been donated for autopsy
terror management theory
adolescents and emerging adults engage in high-risk behaviors to cope with their fear of death
Poet Dylan Thomas didnt want his father to die or to go easily into death. Why do adults express this kind of sentiment about other people’s death?
It helps them to defend against the fear of aging and untimely death
Across cultures, a result of near-death experiences is _____
a sense of hopefulness
What is a stage of dying based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
safety
6th stage to Maslow’s heirarchy that emphasizes the acceptance of death by dying people
self-transcendence
When can patients be admitted into hospice
if death is likely within 6 months
Nilda has just been evaluated by medical professionals. She cannot move any part of her body, except for her eyes, but brain waves are still apparent. The dr explains that she is not dead but ______
has locked in syndrome
After a meta-analysis of studies on end-of-life brain functioning, researchers confirmed 2 indicators of death are ______
no spontaneous breathing and eyes not responding to pain
vegetative state
deep unconsciousness and still breathing with no cognitive function. Sometimes eyes open and makes sounds
Natalia’s father just died. She was very close to him and simply cannot face the reality of his death. To those around her, it appears that Natalia is not grieving at all. Natalia is experiencing _____ grief.
absent
The type of grief in which people are not allowed to mourn publicly because of cultural customs or social restrictions
disenfranchised grief
important function of the mourning process
allow expression of grief publicly
T/F fear of death tends to subside in middle age
false
T/F an advance directive is an individual’s instructions regarding end-of-life medical care
false
T/F a large number of people–about 30%— experience complicated grief
false
In her stages of dying, Kübler-Ross was identifying the ____ experienced by dying people and their loved ones
emotions
In a hospice environment, dying individuals receive medications, massages, and other pain-relieving measures but no _____ interventions
life-prolonging
coma
state of deep unconsciousness from which the person cannot be aroused
some people believe that allowing physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia will lead to a _____, in which more and more extensive practices of eliminating the elderly, the disabled, or the poor will occur.
slippery slope
the fact that the grief stricken are vulnerable not only to irrational thoughts but also to self-destructive acts explains why _____ is beneficial
mourning
a longitudinal study found that almost all widows and widowers _____ their past marriages, a tendency that has been correlated with psychological health
idealize
central issues for terminally ill people at any point in their lifespans
children-fear being abandoned
teens-need to be listened to because self-expression needed in search for identity
young adults-take risks
adults-dont want to leave anything undone
late adults- increase in hope and decrease in anxiety
good death
end of long life in presence of loved ones, in familiar place, peaceful, quick and without pain, confusion, or discomfort
goal of hospice care
spend last days in comfort outside of a hospital and to support the close friends and family of the dying individual
-serves dying people by respecting their wishes and providing a level of pain management that meets their needs. It serves loved ones by providing counseling and guidance
-barriers-expensive and not available everywhere
both patient and patient’s loved ones must accept death to accept hospice
2 controversial practices in which a dying person is helped to end his or her own life
active euthenasia- someone answers a dying person’s request for assistance to end life
physician-assisted suicide- when doctor provides means for a patient to end his/her own life
“blaming and seeking meaning” to a tragic death. What actions did the mourners take after the event?
one nation will blame another. Protest after deaths. Seek to change laws and raise awareness. Create memorials. Find connection with others who have been through a similar tragedy
stages of alzheimers
- forget things that happened in recent memory
- general confusion and fear, speech repetition, exaggerated personality traits
- memory loss becomes dangerous, causing accidents
- need full time care, unclear communication, cant recognize loved ones, much harder on family
- unresponsive, identity and personality gone, recognize no one
frontal lobe disorders
deterioration of amygdala and frontal lobe
15% of neurocognitive disorders
complete personality change
parkinson’s disease
chronic, progressive disorder
muscle tremor and rigidity
reduction of dopamine
lewy body
visual hallucinations, fainting, falling
lose inhabition
-filter and self regulation gone
huntington disease
genetic
MS
leads to dementia
positivity effect
tendency to focus on the good things in life more than the bad
phases of dying
- agonal phase-gasps and muscle spasms during first moments in which regular heartbeat disintegrates
- clinical death-interval in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing, brain functioning stop, but resuscitation still possible
- mortality-permanent death
brain death
irreversible cessation of all activity in brain and brain stem
standard for death in most industrialized nations
persistent vegetative state
cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity
brain stem remains active
developmental concepts of death
- permanence- once something dies, its not coming back
- inevitability/universality- everything dies-it will happen
- cessation-cease to have function after death
- applicability- only things that are living can die
- causation-biological cause for death. Doesn’t happen spontaneously
Kubler-ross’s 5 stages of death
- denial (shock)
- anger (emotion)
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance (more self-reliance)
hospice approach
- family cared for
- interdisciplinary care
- palliative care
- home or home-like setting
- bereavement services
- labor-intensive and expensive
living will
document that indicates what medical intervention an individual prefers
health care proxy
person chosen by another person to make medical decisions if the second person becomes unable to do so
criticism for kubler ross
- stages not fixed sequence not universal
- does not allow for context
- may lead to caregiver insensitivity
- best seen as coping strategies
passive euthanasia
death brought about by omission
active euthanasia
death is brought about by an act
voluntary euthanasia
at request of patient
non-voluntary euthanasia
occurs when person is unconscious or otherwise unable
involuntary euthanasia
occurs when the person who dies chooses life and is killed anyways
bereavement
the complicated and multifaceted reactions to the feelings of loss following a death
grief
deep sorrow that people feel at the death of another
personal and unpredictable
mourning
ceremonies and behaviors that religion/culture prescribes for people in expressing bereavement
more public
stages of grief
- avoidance (numb)
- confrontation (most intense)
- restoration
- dual process model of coping with loss
- alternate between dealing with emotions and with life changes
- area that needs most support
complicated grief
type of grief that impedes a person’s life
absent grief
do not grieve bc theyre not allowed to
disenfranchised grief
prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restrictios
incomplete grief
circumstances interfere with process of grieving
