Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
steps of scientific method
A
- curiousity
- hypothesis
- test hypothesis
- draw conclusions
- report results
- replication
2
Q
multi-directional
A
multiple changes, in every direction, characterize the life span
3
Q
cohort
A
people born within the same historical period
experience historical events, technologies, and cultural shifts
4
Q
3 behavioral learning processes
A
- classical conditioning-response becomes triggered by a formerly neutral stimulus
- operant conditioning (instrumental)- a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted
- social learning theory- emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior
5
Q
Piaget’s periods of cognitive development
A
- sensorimotor-birth- 2 yrs- infants use sense to understand world. learning is active. Gain object permanence and think through mental actions
- Preoperational-2-6 yrs- kids think magically using language to understand world. egocentric-see from own perspective. imagination flourishes and language becomes a significant means of self expression
- concrete operational- 6-11 yrs- children apply logic and interpret objectively, thinking limited to personal experience. Learns concepts of conservation, number, and scientific ideas
- Formal Operational- 12-adult- think about hypothetical concepts and reason analytically. can be logical about things they’ve never experienced. Learn ethics, politics, and moral issues
6
Q
Who was all about studying observable behavior?
A
watson
7
Q
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
physiological safety love & belonging esteem self-actualization
8
Q
epigenetics
A
the study of how environmental factors affect the expression of genes
9
Q
the theorist who emphasized relationships to family and culture at each stage of his psychosocial theory
A
erikson
10
Q
compare and contrast freud and erikson’s theories
A
both- have stage theories based on belief that adult problems echoed childhood conflicts.
erikson has 8 stages, freud has 4
freud ends in adolescence
erikson goes thru entire life with conflicts at each stage
erikson emphasizes family and culture
freud emphasizes unconscious sexual urges
11
Q
cognitive theory
A
helps scientists to understand how intellectual processes and thinking affect people’s actions
12
Q
behavioral theory
A
shown the effect that immediate responses and associations have on human learning
13
Q
sociocultural theory
A
show how one’s culture, social interaction, and environment impact one’s behaviors
14
Q
psychoanalytic theory
A
made scientists aware of importance of social and emotional experiences during early childhood
15
Q
universal theories
A
stress those things that all humans share despite their culture, location, or era
16
Q
microsystems
A
family, classroom, religious class, peer group
17
Q
exosystems
A
community, mass media, medical institutions, school
18
Q
macrosystems
A
cultural values, social conditions, economic patterns
19
Q
chronosystem
A
how things change across time
20
Q
mesosystems
A
how they systems interact
21
Q
which developmentalist was the first to describe the interaction between culture and education
A
Lev Vygotsky
22
Q
a correlation is considered to be negative if
A
one variable increases while the other variable decreases
23
Q
a gene carried on the x chromosome
A
x linked
24
Q
3 main periods of prenatal development from conception to birth
A
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
25
the average length of active labor
about 12 hours
26
one in every ____ infants is born with only one sex chromosome or with three or more, which creates a chromosomal abnormality
500
27
genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs
copy number variations
28
huntington disease
a fatal central nervous system disorder caused by a copy number variation-more than 35 repetitions of a particular set of three base pairs
29
babies born under 1000 grams (2 pounds 3 oz)
extremely low birthweight
30
babies less than 5.5 pounds
low birthweight
31
babies less than 3 pounds 5 ounces
very low birthweight
32
the heritability for human traits, such as nearsightedness, _____
can differ between cultures
33
T/F: almost every trait is polygenetic, which means it is affected by many genes
true
34
T/F: the fetus gains about 2 pounds in the third trimester
false
35
T/F: between 8-15% of all women experience postpartum depression in the days and weeks after giving birth
true
36
threshold effect
some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, at which point they become damaging
37
T/F: a small gestational age baby means the same as an underweight preterm
false
38
gamete
a sperm or an ovum that can produce a new individual when combined with another from the other sex
39
polygenetic
multiple genes make up people
40
multifactoral
a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype
41
additive
when the effects of genes add up to influence the phenotype
42
rate of c sections in the USA
34%
43
a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, with three rather than 2 chromosomes at the 21st postion
downs syndrome
44
difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
- monozygotic: identical- one ovum fertilized by 1 sperm and zygote splits
- dizygotic: fraternal- 2 ova fertilized by two sperm
45
describe 3 of the 4 surprises revealed upon the completion of the Human Genome Project
1. humans have far fewer than 100,000 genes, the number often cited in the 20th century. The total number of human genes is about 20,000 to 23,000.
2. 99.5% of all our genes are the same as each other
3. 90? of our genes are the same as other mammals and 98% are the same as chimps
46
Differentiation
beings at 8 cell stage of zygote
| cells specialize, taking different forms and reproducing at various rates, depending on location
47
embryonic period
- 3rd- 8th week of development
- begins when a thin line (primitive streak) appears down the middle of the cell mass and it becomes the neural tube eventually becoming the nervous system
- differentiation leads to the formation and development of all major internal and external body systems
- by end- all body systems are present and functioning with the exception of sex organs
48
Jordan's weight is in the 50th percentile. this mean that ____
50 percent of children weigh less than he does
49
alma brought her 6 month old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. the doctor says that her son's weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this mean?
he is small compared with other 6 month olds
50
from birth until age 2, dendrites in the cortex increase
fivefold
51
seeing a flower-stages
sensation, perception, cognition
52
binocular vision appears between ____ months of age
2 and 4
53
babinski reflex
when newborn's feet are stroked, the toes fan upward
54
herd immunity
when children are immunized they contribute to the protection of others
55
stages of sensorimotor
1. Primary Circular Reactions- reflexes become deliberate
2. adapt reflexes
3. secondary circular reactions -Infants respond to other people, to toys, and any other object they can touch or move. 4-12m
4. object permanence: The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard
5. Tertiary circular reactions:
Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.
12-24m “little scientist” experiments
6. deferred imitation
56
the behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as
deliberate
57
babbling
infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about 6 or 7 months
58
holophrase
the infants use of one word to express a whole thought
59
grammar
the use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech
60
_____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention
noam chomsky
61
which theorist said that children learn language as a result of reinforcements given by parents and caregivers?
skinner
62
universal grammar
chomsky's term for observation that all young children master basic grammar according to a schedule
63
T/F: it has been proven that infants feel as much pain as adults
false
64
T/F: new methods of measuring infant brain activity have provided excellent support for piaget's theories about the timing of infant cognitive skill acquistion
false
65
T/F: baby talk refers to the sounds made by babes and imitated by parents in the first few weeks after birth
false
66
percentiles
used to interpret variations in the norms of children's growth
67
newborns spend quite a lot of time in REM sleep and its associated with
dreaming
68
transitional sleep
half dozing, half awkae
69
binocular
the ability to use both eyes to focus on an object
70
effective pain reliever for newborns
sugar
71
gross motor skills emerge directly from reflexes and proceed in a cephalocaudal and _______ direction
proximodistal
72
what is the reason for the particuluar practice of parent-child sleeping in each culture?
US middle class- infants slept in crubs and in their own rooms (more private)
Asia, Africa, and Latin-sleep with parents (separating infants from parents is cruel and crying signals distress)
Poor western families-create separate baby rooms
Wealthy japanese-co-sleep
73
5 stages of spoken language
newborn: reflexive-cries, movements, facial expressions
2 mos: meaningful noises-cooing, fussing, crying, laughing
3-6 mos: new sounds
6-10 mos: babbling
10-12 mos: comprehension of simple words; speechlike intonations; specific vocalizations
74
explain the changes that occur in the infant brain during the first 2 years of life. Discuss the importance of pruning
brain growth is rapid during infancy
brain triples in first 2 years, largely due to dendrite growth during transient exuberance
dendrites expand or are pruned based on early experiences; pruning of dendrites actually increases brainpower
75
explain the views of Skinner and Chomosky and how they differ in their explanations of infant language acquisition
skinner believed that parents responses reinforce the development of speech in their babies. Skinner believed parents and other caregivers are teachers of language.
Chomsky believed that infants are born with innate language acquisition device that equips them to learn language on their own. Language learning is the result of neurological maturity
76
Lin is a 3 month old infant. Which of the following is he likely to have just recently begun displaying?
laughter
77
How do people become fixated in a freudian stage?
their normal development urges are frustrated
78
according to eriksons theory, what holds true for most toddlers?
they want to gain a sense of control over their own bodies
79
T/F: The difficulty in distinguishing distinct emotions in early infancy is probably the result of brain immaturity
true
80
The three dimensions of temperment are effortful control, _____, and exuberant
negative mood
81
attachment begins to form in early life, usually solidifying by the age of
one year
82
research on the developmental progression of adopted romanian infants reveals that early _____, not genetics, was the most likely cause of their later problems
deprivation
83
psychologists from the ______ school of thought believe that a child's personality is created or largely determined by his or her parents
behavioralist
84
theorists in the behaviorist tradition, such as Albert Bandura, include the role of _____ learning in explaining how personality traits form
social
85
according to cognitive theory, the set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences is called a ______ model
working
86
briefly discuss 3 predictors of secure attachment in infants
1. parent's sensitivity and responses to needs
2. high level of infant- caregiver synchrony
3. easy temperament
4. low household stress
87
4 conditions that can result in an insecure attachment between infants and caregivers. what might be done to improve the level of attachment?
1. high stress of parents
2. mistreating the child
3. mother suffering from mental illness
4. behaving in a intrusive and controlling way
Attachment may be improved through parental support and education, as well as a change in the stressful conditions
88
why does a child use social referencing?
when a child is unfamiliar with a situation, they learn from caregivers what to do
89
compare the behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives on early childhood personality development
- behaviorism- emotions and personality molded as parents reinforce child. Personality influenced by social learning
- Psychoanalytic- connects biological and spiritual growth. two distinct stages
90
describe the five characteristics of high-quality day care
1. adequate attention to infant
2. encouragement of language and sensorimotor development
3. attention to health and safety
4. professional care
5. warm and responsible caregivers
