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Lifespan Development > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _________

A

initiative vs. guilt

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2
Q

“if you draw a pretty picture for me, i will give you a certificate as a reward”, the researcher told Amy. After receiving her reward, Amy was given the opportunity to draw more pictures just for fun. If Amy was like most children, what was she likely to do?

A

stop drawing pictures

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3
Q

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?

A

competition

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4
Q

Who is known for her work on parenting styles?

A

Diana Baumrind

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5
Q

Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks. This is an example of what theory regarding gender development?

A

behaviorist

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6
Q

tertiary prevention

A

actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, after an adverse event

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7
Q

T/F a play face helps to facilitate sociodramatic play

A

false

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8
Q

Freud called the period from the ages of 3 to 6 years the _____ stage

A

phallic

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9
Q

______ believe that virtually all roles, values, and morals are learned

A

behaviorists

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10
Q

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

A

reported maltreatment

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11
Q

a study comparing children who had been maltreated with similar children who had not been maltreated found that years later they were _____% less likely to be employed

A

14%

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12
Q

primary prevention

A

actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse

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13
Q

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic- comes from within a person who does something for the joy of doing it
Extrinsic- comes from outside a person and entices the person to behave in a certain way for reward

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14
Q

How can parents and teachers help kids to be intrinsically motivated?

A

acknowledging their effort when engaged in activities instead of the product or outcome of the effort

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15
Q

describe the three parenting styles identified by Baumrind

A
  1. Authoritarian- lack of warmth, strict, rigid rules; no input from the child, strict often physical discipline. high expectations for maturity
  2. Authoritative- warm and nurturing, uses reinforcement over punishment, understanding that children are not as cognitively developed, encourages communication, realistic expectations
  3. Permissive- warm and loving but does not establish rules and often no consequences. Low expectations for maturity
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16
Q

describe neglectful/uninvolved parenting and compare it to permissive

A

Neglectful parents do not seem to care what or how their children are doing. Permissive parents care about their children’s activities and are involved in their children’s lives; however, they are indulgent. Both styles do not use physical punishment for misbehavior

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17
Q

Outcomes for authoritative

A

popular with teachers and peers. As adults they tend to be successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others

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18
Q

authoritarian outcomes

A

children feel guilty or depressed, internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things dont go well. Rebellion is common. As adults they are conscientious, obedient, and quiet, but not especially happy

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19
Q

permissive outcomes

A

less mature than their peers. Display poorer self-regulation. Continue dependent behaviors into adulthood. As adults, they lack emotional regulation and self-control. This immaturity impedes relationships, which is the main reason for their unhappiness

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20
Q

neglectful/uninvolved outcomes

A

tend to be immature, sad, lonely, and at risk of injury and abuse not only during childhood but throughout their life span

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21
Q

explain difference between sex and gender and three examples of gender schema

A

sex- biological and includes anatomical differences
gender- cultural construct
examples:
1. boys shouldn’t cry
2. girls play with dolls instead of soliders
3. Only boys play football

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22
Q

authoritative characteristics

A

acceptance-high
involvement- high
control-adaptive
autonomy-appropriate

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23
Q

authoritarian

A

acceptance-low
involvement- low
control-high
autonomy-low

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24
Q

permissive

A

acceptance-high
involvement-too low/too high
control-low
autonomy-high

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25
Q

uninvolved

A

acceptance-low
involvement-low
control-low
autonomy-indifferent

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26
Q

at charlie’s recent checkup, her doctor told her she is obese. Charlie’s BMI is most likely in the ______ percentile.

A

97th

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27
Q

What couldn’t a child do in the concrete operational stage of development?

A

figure out what to tell his parents if he broke a lamp

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28
Q

TIMMSS is the international test of

A

science and math

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29
Q

Common Core

A

a set of standards by subject and grade level that was developed by experts and intended for nationwide use in response to doubts about state-level assessments

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30
Q

Joseph’s aggressive behavior could be de to genetic inheritance, exposure to violent media, or living in a violent neighborhood. This reflects the developmental principle of_______

A

equifinality

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31
Q

Problems with diagnosing ADHD

A
  1. has no biological marker
  2. can be comorbid with other biological problems
  3. can be comorbid with other psychological disorders
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32
Q

seven year old Henry has been diagnosed with both adhd and bipolar disorder. Which term applies to henry having both conditions?

A

comorbidity

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33
Q

All children with autism disorder have _______

A

difficulty relating to others

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34
Q

children are overweight if their body mass index is above the ______ percentile on the growth chart

A

85th

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35
Q

what is the process of switching codes limited to?

A

sentence and grammar usage

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36
Q

code switching

A

the process by with children change from informl speech to proper speech when talking with teachers and most adults

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37
Q

National Assessment of Educational Progress

A

a federally sponsored test in the US

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38
Q

the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system is regulated by _____ processes in the brain

A

control

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39
Q

metacognition

A

the ability to evaluate a task to determine what to do in what order and to monitor progress while working on the task

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40
Q

PIRLS

A

the main international test of reading given to students

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41
Q

No Child Left Behind act

A

the federal legislation that mandated standardized tests to measure school achievement

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42
Q

voucher

A

public subsidy for tuition payment at a private school

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43
Q

4 general principles of developmental psychopathology

A
  1. abnormality is normal
  2. disability changes year by year
  3. life may be better or worse in adulthood
  4. diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
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44
Q

a child’s failure to master a particular skill that most people acquire easily may be an indication that the child has a _______

A

specific learning disorder

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45
Q

dyscalculia

A

a specific learning disorder in the area of math

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46
Q

two reasons for active play

A
  1. better overall health
  2. better academic achievement
    improves physical, emotional, and mental health
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47
Q

explain three causes of increased childhood obesity

A
  1. screens
  2. sedentary lifestyle
  3. parents cave to pester power
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48
Q

selective attention

A

ability to focus on some stimuli while ignoring others

ex: ignoring the buzzing of a light while doing something else

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49
Q

automatization

A

process by which thoughts and actions are repeated in sequence until they become routine
ex: reading

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50
Q

define the four types of school

A

public- free to all children, funded by taxes
charter- public school with own set of standards, funded by state and has control over admissions and expulsions
private-funded by tuition, endowments, and church sponsors
homeschool-children taught at home

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51
Q

behaviors of adhd

A

more easily distracted and in motion. Looks around, asks questions, fidgets, taps, etc

52
Q

how to help student with adhd

A
  1. training for the family and child
  2. showing teachers how to help him learn
  3. medication
53
Q

children’s steady growth, brain maturation, and intellectual advances make middle childhood a time for more _______

A

independence

54
Q

terrance is asked to list all the people in his family. He is being asked to report his ______

A

family structure

55
Q

which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?

A

harmony and stability

56
Q

the most common type of family for children in the US

A

nuclear family

57
Q

when both parents live with their children and are mutually committed to them

A

parental alliance

58
Q

what method has been effective in stopping bullying in schools?

A

using a whole-school strategy

59
Q

what period is the prime time for moral development?

A

middle childhood

60
Q

who did kohlberg build his theories off of?

A

piaget

61
Q

post conventional morality

A

the careful consideration of all options

62
Q

why has kohlberg’s theory been criticized

A

it does not take into account cultural differences

63
Q

ten year old india caught lyndsey lying to her mom. india will probably _____

A

keep quiet about it

64
Q

restitution as a punishment for a transgression involves

A

restoring what was lost

65
Q

Scientific study shows us that talking about moral values with children ______

A

will not bring about immediate change

66
Q

T/F: in middle childhood, being accepted by the entire group is more important than having a close friend

A

false

67
Q

the ability to do more self-care is an indication of psychosocial _____ between the ages of 6 and 11

A

maturation

68
Q

unrealistically high self-esteem reduces ______, which is one’s ability to deliberately modify impulses and emotions

A

effortful control

69
Q

resilient

A

children who overcome severe problems in childhood

70
Q

the legal and genetic connections among relatives living in the same household

A

family structure

71
Q

5 essential functions of the family

A
  1. providing physical necessities
  2. learning
  3. helping the child to develop self-respect
  4. nurturing peer relationships
  5. harmony and stability
72
Q

George, a divorced father of 2 , and stephanie, a widowed mother of 3 ,got married and created a ____ family of five

A

stepparent

73
Q

family-stress model

A

the crucial question about any risk factor is whether it increases the family member’s stress

74
Q

child culture promotes ____ from adults

A

independence

75
Q

Name and define Erikson’s psychosocial crisis during middle childhood

A

Industry vs. Inferiority- children attempt to master skills and based on their ability to master these skills, they are either industrious or inferior. Self pride is based on how others view their accomplishments

76
Q

resilience

A

the capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

77
Q

2 factors in a child’s life that can support resilience

A

traits in the child
traits in the family
a child’s interpretation of a family situtaion

78
Q

relationship between family income, conflict, and family function.

A

Income influences how well the family’s needs are met. Two factors that negatively affect stress are low income and high conflict. Adults reaction to poverty is crucial

79
Q

ways to halt bullying

A
  1. everyone in school must change
  2. intervention is more effective in earlier grades
  3. evalutation is critical: programs that seem good might be harmful
80
Q

effects of bullying

A

children anxious, depressed, and underachieving

low self esteem and painful memories

81
Q

2 criticisms of kohlberg;s principles

A
  1. not appreciating cultural differences
  2. not appreciating gender differences
    example- loyalty to family overrides any other value in some cultures so some people might avoid postconventional actions that hurt their family
82
Q

a persons’s average body mass index is the lowest at age ______

A

5-6

83
Q

between the ages of 2 and 6, a child’s appetite _____

A

decreases

84
Q

During a long car trip, Lex and Nicole asked “Are we there yet?” so many times that
their father became irritated. His children were exhibiting _____

A

preservation

85
Q

Seeing his third-grade teacher in the grocery store shocks Armand because he is used
to seeing her only in school. This is likely due to Armand’s _____.

A

static reasoning

86
Q

When children assume that the world is unchanging, they are engaging in _____.

A

static reasoning

87
Q

Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens
the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more
Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has _____

A

not mastered the concept of conservation

88
Q

Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while
focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle’s
approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program.

A

montessori

89
Q

T/F myelination is essential for the basic communication of neurons

A

false

90
Q

T/F Impulsiveness and perseveration are opposite behaviors with the same underlying
cause.

A

true

91
Q

The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called

A

animism

92
Q

guided participation

A

The process by which one person learns from another, more experienced mentor as
they share social experiences and explorations

93
Q

Jace designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that enable groups of
children to learn from one another. Her classroom shows the influence of _____,
who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults.

A

vygotsky

94
Q

Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who believed that children can
learn much from other children with the guidance of adults.

A

vygotsky

95
Q

In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also
influenced by _____, who believed that each child is capable of discovering new
ideas.

A

piaget

96
Q

define prefrontal cortex and how it changes in early childhood

A

executive of the brain, essential to planning, reasoning, and anticipating
as the prefrontal cortex matures, the child’s ability to plan increases and impulsiveness decreases

97
Q

define limbic system and how it changes in early childhood

A

controls the expression and regulation of emotions and processes memory
as the limbic system matures, memory improves while nightmares and irrational fears decrease

98
Q

fast mapping

A

children develop categories for words which makes speedy vocabulary acquisition possible

99
Q

logical extension

A

a child applying a newly learned word to another related object

100
Q

preoperational intelligence

A

between ages 2 and 6
includes language and imagination but logical, operational thinking is not possible yet
centration and egocentrism

101
Q

who theorized about guided participation and scaffolding?

A

vygotsky

102
Q

theory of mind

A

a person’s theory of what other people may be thinking

103
Q

telegraphic speech

A

words not crucial to message left out

104
Q

underextension

A

use a word restrictively

105
Q

overextension

A

words used too broadly

106
Q

expansion

A

expanding or adding to a child’s statement

107
Q

recast

A

rendering a child’s incomplete sentence in a more complex grammatical form

108
Q

3 theories of origin of language development

A
  1. learning theory approach- language learned as skill (Skinner)
  2. nativist approach- language learned as innate skill (chomsky)
  3. interactionist perspective- best of both worlds (vygotsky)
109
Q

early childhood erikson crisis

A

initiative vs. guilt- children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed

110
Q

self-concept

A

Identity or set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals
understanding who you are in self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits

111
Q

effortful control

A

inhibit impulses
manage negative emotions
behave in socially acceptable ways

112
Q

instrumental aggression

A

has a goal in mind and benefit to you

113
Q

reactive aggression

A

an impulse retaliation for a hurt that can be physical or verbal

114
Q

relational aggression

A

nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed as harming social connections between victims and others

115
Q

bullying aggression

A

unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victim that is unlikely to defend themselves

116
Q

pragmatics

A

practical use of language- ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context

117
Q

internal locus of control

A

you are in control of your circumstances

118
Q

what defines self esteem

A

internal locus of control
sense of belonging and acceptance
sense of competence

119
Q

erikson’s stage for children ages 6-11

A

industry vs. inferiority

120
Q

primary appraisal

A

figure out if event is good, bad, or neutral

121
Q

secondary appraisal

A

do i have the resources to deal with this?

122
Q

damon’s stages of friendship

A
  1. basing friendship on other’s behavior
  2. basing friendship on trust
  3. basing friendship on psychological closeness
123
Q

4 groups of peers

A
  1. popular
  2. controversial
  3. rejected
  4. neglected
124
Q

kohlberg’s stages of morality

A
  1. preconventional
  2. conventional
  3. postconventional
125
Q

preconventional stage

A

based on consequence
younger children
“If I take that bread for you, I will get in trouble”

126
Q

conventional stage

A

being responsible members of society

“stealing the bread for you would be okay because youre my husband and youre hungry”

127
Q

post conventional

A

universal moral principles
broader than a particular society
“I will steal the bread for you because you are a human who has basic needs/rights”

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