Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Lifespan Development > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _________

A

initiative vs. guilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“if you draw a pretty picture for me, i will give you a certificate as a reward”, the researcher told Amy. After receiving her reward, Amy was given the opportunity to draw more pictures just for fun. If Amy was like most children, what was she likely to do?

A

stop drawing pictures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?

A

competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who is known for her work on parenting styles?

A

Diana Baumrind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks. This is an example of what theory regarding gender development?

A

behaviorist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tertiary prevention

A

actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, after an adverse event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F a play face helps to facilitate sociodramatic play

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Freud called the period from the ages of 3 to 6 years the _____ stage

A

phallic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

______ believe that virtually all roles, values, and morals are learned

A

behaviorists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

A

reported maltreatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a study comparing children who had been maltreated with similar children who had not been maltreated found that years later they were _____% less likely to be employed

A

14%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary prevention

A

actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic- comes from within a person who does something for the joy of doing it
Extrinsic- comes from outside a person and entices the person to behave in a certain way for reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can parents and teachers help kids to be intrinsically motivated?

A

acknowledging their effort when engaged in activities instead of the product or outcome of the effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the three parenting styles identified by Baumrind

A
  1. Authoritarian- lack of warmth, strict, rigid rules; no input from the child, strict often physical discipline. high expectations for maturity
  2. Authoritative- warm and nurturing, uses reinforcement over punishment, understanding that children are not as cognitively developed, encourages communication, realistic expectations
  3. Permissive- warm and loving but does not establish rules and often no consequences. Low expectations for maturity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe neglectful/uninvolved parenting and compare it to permissive

A

Neglectful parents do not seem to care what or how their children are doing. Permissive parents care about their children’s activities and are involved in their children’s lives; however, they are indulgent. Both styles do not use physical punishment for misbehavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Outcomes for authoritative

A

popular with teachers and peers. As adults they tend to be successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

authoritarian outcomes

A

children feel guilty or depressed, internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things dont go well. Rebellion is common. As adults they are conscientious, obedient, and quiet, but not especially happy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

permissive outcomes

A

less mature than their peers. Display poorer self-regulation. Continue dependent behaviors into adulthood. As adults, they lack emotional regulation and self-control. This immaturity impedes relationships, which is the main reason for their unhappiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neglectful/uninvolved outcomes

A

tend to be immature, sad, lonely, and at risk of injury and abuse not only during childhood but throughout their life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain difference between sex and gender and three examples of gender schema

A

sex- biological and includes anatomical differences
gender- cultural construct
examples:
1. boys shouldn’t cry
2. girls play with dolls instead of soliders
3. Only boys play football

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

authoritative characteristics

A

acceptance-high
involvement- high
control-adaptive
autonomy-appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

authoritarian

A

acceptance-low
involvement- low
control-high
autonomy-low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

permissive

A

acceptance-high
involvement-too low/too high
control-low
autonomy-high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
uninvolved
acceptance-low involvement-low control-low autonomy-indifferent
26
at charlie's recent checkup, her doctor told her she is obese. Charlie's BMI is most likely in the ______ percentile.
97th
27
What couldn't a child do in the concrete operational stage of development?
figure out what to tell his parents if he broke a lamp
28
TIMMSS is the international test of
science and math
29
Common Core
a set of standards by subject and grade level that was developed by experts and intended for nationwide use in response to doubts about state-level assessments
30
Joseph's aggressive behavior could be de to genetic inheritance, exposure to violent media, or living in a violent neighborhood. This reflects the developmental principle of_______
equifinality
31
Problems with diagnosing ADHD
1. has no biological marker 2. can be comorbid with other biological problems 3. can be comorbid with other psychological disorders
32
seven year old Henry has been diagnosed with both adhd and bipolar disorder. Which term applies to henry having both conditions?
comorbidity
33
All children with autism disorder have _______
difficulty relating to others
34
children are overweight if their body mass index is above the ______ percentile on the growth chart
85th
35
what is the process of switching codes limited to?
sentence and grammar usage
36
code switching
the process by with children change from informl speech to proper speech when talking with teachers and most adults
37
National Assessment of Educational Progress
a federally sponsored test in the US
38
the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system is regulated by _____ processes in the brain
control
39
metacognition
the ability to evaluate a task to determine what to do in what order and to monitor progress while working on the task
40
PIRLS
the main international test of reading given to students
41
No Child Left Behind act
the federal legislation that mandated standardized tests to measure school achievement
42
voucher
public subsidy for tuition payment at a private school
43
4 general principles of developmental psychopathology
1. abnormality is normal 2. disability changes year by year 3. life may be better or worse in adulthood 4. diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
44
a child's failure to master a particular skill that most people acquire easily may be an indication that the child has a _______
specific learning disorder
45
dyscalculia
a specific learning disorder in the area of math
46
two reasons for active play
1. better overall health 2. better academic achievement improves physical, emotional, and mental health
47
explain three causes of increased childhood obesity
1. screens 2. sedentary lifestyle 3. parents cave to pester power
48
selective attention
ability to focus on some stimuli while ignoring others | ex: ignoring the buzzing of a light while doing something else
49
automatization
process by which thoughts and actions are repeated in sequence until they become routine ex: reading
50
define the four types of school
public- free to all children, funded by taxes charter- public school with own set of standards, funded by state and has control over admissions and expulsions private-funded by tuition, endowments, and church sponsors homeschool-children taught at home
51
behaviors of adhd
more easily distracted and in motion. Looks around, asks questions, fidgets, taps, etc
52
how to help student with adhd
1. training for the family and child 2. showing teachers how to help him learn 3. medication
53
children's steady growth, brain maturation, and intellectual advances make middle childhood a time for more _______
independence
54
terrance is asked to list all the people in his family. He is being asked to report his ______
family structure
55
which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?
harmony and stability
56
the most common type of family for children in the US
nuclear family
57
when both parents live with their children and are mutually committed to them
parental alliance
58
what method has been effective in stopping bullying in schools?
using a whole-school strategy
59
what period is the prime time for moral development?
middle childhood
60
who did kohlberg build his theories off of?
piaget
61
post conventional morality
the careful consideration of all options
62
why has kohlberg's theory been criticized
it does not take into account cultural differences
63
ten year old india caught lyndsey lying to her mom. india will probably _____
keep quiet about it
64
restitution as a punishment for a transgression involves
restoring what was lost
65
Scientific study shows us that talking about moral values with children ______
will not bring about immediate change
66
T/F: in middle childhood, being accepted by the entire group is more important than having a close friend
false
67
the ability to do more self-care is an indication of psychosocial _____ between the ages of 6 and 11
maturation
68
unrealistically high self-esteem reduces ______, which is one's ability to deliberately modify impulses and emotions
effortful control
69
resilient
children who overcome severe problems in childhood
70
the legal and genetic connections among relatives living in the same household
family structure
71
5 essential functions of the family
1. providing physical necessities 2. learning 3. helping the child to develop self-respect 4. nurturing peer relationships 5. harmony and stability
72
George, a divorced father of 2 , and stephanie, a widowed mother of 3 ,got married and created a ____ family of five
stepparent
73
family-stress model
the crucial question about any risk factor is whether it increases the family member's stress
74
child culture promotes ____ from adults
independence
75
Name and define Erikson's psychosocial crisis during middle childhood
Industry vs. Inferiority- children attempt to master skills and based on their ability to master these skills, they are either industrious or inferior. Self pride is based on how others view their accomplishments
76
resilience
the capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
77
2 factors in a child's life that can support resilience
traits in the child traits in the family a child's interpretation of a family situtaion
78
relationship between family income, conflict, and family function.
Income influences how well the family's needs are met. Two factors that negatively affect stress are low income and high conflict. Adults reaction to poverty is crucial
79
ways to halt bullying
1. everyone in school must change 2. intervention is more effective in earlier grades 3. evalutation is critical: programs that seem good might be harmful
80
effects of bullying
children anxious, depressed, and underachieving | low self esteem and painful memories
81
2 criticisms of kohlberg;s principles
1. not appreciating cultural differences 2. not appreciating gender differences example- loyalty to family overrides any other value in some cultures so some people might avoid postconventional actions that hurt their family
82
a persons's average body mass index is the lowest at age ______
5-6
83
between the ages of 2 and 6, a child's appetite _____
decreases
84
During a long car trip, Lex and Nicole asked “Are we there yet?” so many times that their father became irritated. His children were exhibiting _____
preservation
85
Seeing his third-grade teacher in the grocery store shocks Armand because he is used to seeing her only in school. This is likely due to Armand's _____.
static reasoning
86
When children assume that the world is unchanging, they are engaging in _____.
static reasoning
87
Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has _____
not mastered the concept of conservation
88
Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program.
montessori
89
T/F myelination is essential for the basic communication of neurons
false
90
T/F Impulsiveness and perseveration are opposite behaviors with the same underlying cause.
true
91
The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called
animism
92
guided participation
The process by which one person learns from another, more experienced mentor as they share social experiences and explorations
93
Jace designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that enable groups of children to learn from one another. Her classroom shows the influence of _____, who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults.
vygotsky
94
Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who believed that children can learn much from other children with the guidance of adults.
vygotsky
95
In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also influenced by _____, who believed that each child is capable of discovering new ideas.
piaget
96
define prefrontal cortex and how it changes in early childhood
executive of the brain, essential to planning, reasoning, and anticipating as the prefrontal cortex matures, the child's ability to plan increases and impulsiveness decreases
97
define limbic system and how it changes in early childhood
controls the expression and regulation of emotions and processes memory as the limbic system matures, memory improves while nightmares and irrational fears decrease
98
fast mapping
children develop categories for words which makes speedy vocabulary acquisition possible
99
logical extension
a child applying a newly learned word to another related object
100
preoperational intelligence
between ages 2 and 6 includes language and imagination but logical, operational thinking is not possible yet centration and egocentrism
101
who theorized about guided participation and scaffolding?
vygotsky
102
theory of mind
a person's theory of what other people may be thinking
103
telegraphic speech
words not crucial to message left out
104
underextension
use a word restrictively
105
overextension
words used too broadly
106
expansion
expanding or adding to a child's statement
107
recast
rendering a child's incomplete sentence in a more complex grammatical form
108
3 theories of origin of language development
1. learning theory approach- language learned as skill (Skinner) 2. nativist approach- language learned as innate skill (chomsky) 3. interactionist perspective- best of both worlds (vygotsky)
109
early childhood erikson crisis
initiative vs. guilt- children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed
110
self-concept
Identity or set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals understanding who you are in self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits
111
effortful control
inhibit impulses manage negative emotions behave in socially acceptable ways
112
instrumental aggression
has a goal in mind and benefit to you
113
reactive aggression
an impulse retaliation for a hurt that can be physical or verbal
114
relational aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed as harming social connections between victims and others
115
bullying aggression
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victim that is unlikely to defend themselves
116
pragmatics
practical use of language- ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
117
internal locus of control
you are in control of your circumstances
118
what defines self esteem
internal locus of control sense of belonging and acceptance sense of competence
119
erikson's stage for children ages 6-11
industry vs. inferiority
120
primary appraisal
figure out if event is good, bad, or neutral
121
secondary appraisal
do i have the resources to deal with this?
122
damon's stages of friendship
1. basing friendship on other's behavior 2. basing friendship on trust 3. basing friendship on psychological closeness
123
4 groups of peers
1. popular 2. controversial 3. rejected 4. neglected
124
kohlberg's stages of morality
1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. postconventional
125
preconventional stage
based on consequence younger children "If I take that bread for you, I will get in trouble"
126
conventional stage
being responsible members of society | "stealing the bread for you would be okay because youre my husband and youre hungry"
127
post conventional
universal moral principles broader than a particular society "I will steal the bread for you because you are a human who has basic needs/rights"

Lifespan Development (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions