test 2 Flashcards
Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _________
initiative vs. guilt
“if you draw a pretty picture for me, i will give you a certificate as a reward”, the researcher told Amy. After receiving her reward, Amy was given the opportunity to draw more pictures just for fun. If Amy was like most children, what was she likely to do?
stop drawing pictures
What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?
competition
Who is known for her work on parenting styles?
Diana Baumrind
Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks. This is an example of what theory regarding gender development?
behaviorist
tertiary prevention
actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, after an adverse event
T/F a play face helps to facilitate sociodramatic play
false
Freud called the period from the ages of 3 to 6 years the _____ stage
phallic
______ believe that virtually all roles, values, and morals are learned
behaviorists
Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities
reported maltreatment
a study comparing children who had been maltreated with similar children who had not been maltreated found that years later they were _____% less likely to be employed
14%
primary prevention
actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic- comes from within a person who does something for the joy of doing it
Extrinsic- comes from outside a person and entices the person to behave in a certain way for reward
How can parents and teachers help kids to be intrinsically motivated?
acknowledging their effort when engaged in activities instead of the product or outcome of the effort
describe the three parenting styles identified by Baumrind
- Authoritarian- lack of warmth, strict, rigid rules; no input from the child, strict often physical discipline. high expectations for maturity
- Authoritative- warm and nurturing, uses reinforcement over punishment, understanding that children are not as cognitively developed, encourages communication, realistic expectations
- Permissive- warm and loving but does not establish rules and often no consequences. Low expectations for maturity
describe neglectful/uninvolved parenting and compare it to permissive
Neglectful parents do not seem to care what or how their children are doing. Permissive parents care about their children’s activities and are involved in their children’s lives; however, they are indulgent. Both styles do not use physical punishment for misbehavior
Outcomes for authoritative
popular with teachers and peers. As adults they tend to be successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others
authoritarian outcomes
children feel guilty or depressed, internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things dont go well. Rebellion is common. As adults they are conscientious, obedient, and quiet, but not especially happy
permissive outcomes
less mature than their peers. Display poorer self-regulation. Continue dependent behaviors into adulthood. As adults, they lack emotional regulation and self-control. This immaturity impedes relationships, which is the main reason for their unhappiness
neglectful/uninvolved outcomes
tend to be immature, sad, lonely, and at risk of injury and abuse not only during childhood but throughout their life span
explain difference between sex and gender and three examples of gender schema
sex- biological and includes anatomical differences
gender- cultural construct
examples:
1. boys shouldn’t cry
2. girls play with dolls instead of soliders
3. Only boys play football
authoritative characteristics
acceptance-high
involvement- high
control-adaptive
autonomy-appropriate
authoritarian
acceptance-low
involvement- low
control-high
autonomy-low
permissive
acceptance-high
involvement-too low/too high
control-low
autonomy-high
uninvolved
acceptance-low
involvement-low
control-low
autonomy-indifferent
at charlie’s recent checkup, her doctor told her she is obese. Charlie’s BMI is most likely in the ______ percentile.
97th
What couldn’t a child do in the concrete operational stage of development?
figure out what to tell his parents if he broke a lamp
TIMMSS is the international test of
science and math
Common Core
a set of standards by subject and grade level that was developed by experts and intended for nationwide use in response to doubts about state-level assessments
Joseph’s aggressive behavior could be de to genetic inheritance, exposure to violent media, or living in a violent neighborhood. This reflects the developmental principle of_______
equifinality
Problems with diagnosing ADHD
- has no biological marker
- can be comorbid with other biological problems
- can be comorbid with other psychological disorders
seven year old Henry has been diagnosed with both adhd and bipolar disorder. Which term applies to henry having both conditions?
comorbidity
All children with autism disorder have _______
difficulty relating to others
children are overweight if their body mass index is above the ______ percentile on the growth chart
85th
what is the process of switching codes limited to?
sentence and grammar usage
code switching
the process by with children change from informl speech to proper speech when talking with teachers and most adults
National Assessment of Educational Progress
a federally sponsored test in the US
the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system is regulated by _____ processes in the brain
control
metacognition
the ability to evaluate a task to determine what to do in what order and to monitor progress while working on the task
PIRLS
the main international test of reading given to students
No Child Left Behind act
the federal legislation that mandated standardized tests to measure school achievement
voucher
public subsidy for tuition payment at a private school
4 general principles of developmental psychopathology
- abnormality is normal
- disability changes year by year
- life may be better or worse in adulthood
- diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
a child’s failure to master a particular skill that most people acquire easily may be an indication that the child has a _______
specific learning disorder
dyscalculia
a specific learning disorder in the area of math
two reasons for active play
- better overall health
- better academic achievement
improves physical, emotional, and mental health
explain three causes of increased childhood obesity
- screens
- sedentary lifestyle
- parents cave to pester power
selective attention
ability to focus on some stimuli while ignoring others
ex: ignoring the buzzing of a light while doing something else
automatization
process by which thoughts and actions are repeated in sequence until they become routine
ex: reading
define the four types of school
public- free to all children, funded by taxes
charter- public school with own set of standards, funded by state and has control over admissions and expulsions
private-funded by tuition, endowments, and church sponsors
homeschool-children taught at home
behaviors of adhd
more easily distracted and in motion. Looks around, asks questions, fidgets, taps, etc
how to help student with adhd
- training for the family and child
- showing teachers how to help him learn
- medication
children’s steady growth, brain maturation, and intellectual advances make middle childhood a time for more _______
independence
terrance is asked to list all the people in his family. He is being asked to report his ______
family structure
which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?
harmony and stability
the most common type of family for children in the US
nuclear family
when both parents live with their children and are mutually committed to them
parental alliance
what method has been effective in stopping bullying in schools?
using a whole-school strategy
what period is the prime time for moral development?
middle childhood
who did kohlberg build his theories off of?
piaget
post conventional morality
the careful consideration of all options
why has kohlberg’s theory been criticized
it does not take into account cultural differences
ten year old india caught lyndsey lying to her mom. india will probably _____
keep quiet about it
restitution as a punishment for a transgression involves
restoring what was lost
Scientific study shows us that talking about moral values with children ______
will not bring about immediate change
T/F: in middle childhood, being accepted by the entire group is more important than having a close friend
false
the ability to do more self-care is an indication of psychosocial _____ between the ages of 6 and 11
maturation
unrealistically high self-esteem reduces ______, which is one’s ability to deliberately modify impulses and emotions
effortful control
resilient
children who overcome severe problems in childhood
the legal and genetic connections among relatives living in the same household
family structure
5 essential functions of the family
- providing physical necessities
- learning
- helping the child to develop self-respect
- nurturing peer relationships
- harmony and stability
George, a divorced father of 2 , and stephanie, a widowed mother of 3 ,got married and created a ____ family of five
stepparent
family-stress model
the crucial question about any risk factor is whether it increases the family member’s stress
child culture promotes ____ from adults
independence
Name and define Erikson’s psychosocial crisis during middle childhood
Industry vs. Inferiority- children attempt to master skills and based on their ability to master these skills, they are either industrious or inferior. Self pride is based on how others view their accomplishments
resilience
the capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
2 factors in a child’s life that can support resilience
traits in the child
traits in the family
a child’s interpretation of a family situtaion
relationship between family income, conflict, and family function.
Income influences how well the family’s needs are met. Two factors that negatively affect stress are low income and high conflict. Adults reaction to poverty is crucial
ways to halt bullying
- everyone in school must change
- intervention is more effective in earlier grades
- evalutation is critical: programs that seem good might be harmful
effects of bullying
children anxious, depressed, and underachieving
low self esteem and painful memories
2 criticisms of kohlberg;s principles
- not appreciating cultural differences
- not appreciating gender differences
example- loyalty to family overrides any other value in some cultures so some people might avoid postconventional actions that hurt their family
a persons’s average body mass index is the lowest at age ______
5-6
between the ages of 2 and 6, a child’s appetite _____
decreases
During a long car trip, Lex and Nicole asked “Are we there yet?” so many times that
their father became irritated. His children were exhibiting _____
preservation
Seeing his third-grade teacher in the grocery store shocks Armand because he is used
to seeing her only in school. This is likely due to Armand’s _____.
static reasoning
When children assume that the world is unchanging, they are engaging in _____.
static reasoning
Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens
the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more
Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has _____
not mastered the concept of conservation
Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while
focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle’s
approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program.
montessori
T/F myelination is essential for the basic communication of neurons
false
T/F Impulsiveness and perseveration are opposite behaviors with the same underlying
cause.
true
The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called
animism
guided participation
The process by which one person learns from another, more experienced mentor as
they share social experiences and explorations
Jace designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that enable groups of
children to learn from one another. Her classroom shows the influence of _____,
who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults.
vygotsky
Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who believed that children can
learn much from other children with the guidance of adults.
vygotsky
In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also
influenced by _____, who believed that each child is capable of discovering new
ideas.
piaget
define prefrontal cortex and how it changes in early childhood
executive of the brain, essential to planning, reasoning, and anticipating
as the prefrontal cortex matures, the child’s ability to plan increases and impulsiveness decreases
define limbic system and how it changes in early childhood
controls the expression and regulation of emotions and processes memory
as the limbic system matures, memory improves while nightmares and irrational fears decrease
fast mapping
children develop categories for words which makes speedy vocabulary acquisition possible
logical extension
a child applying a newly learned word to another related object
preoperational intelligence
between ages 2 and 6
includes language and imagination but logical, operational thinking is not possible yet
centration and egocentrism
who theorized about guided participation and scaffolding?
vygotsky
theory of mind
a person’s theory of what other people may be thinking
telegraphic speech
words not crucial to message left out
underextension
use a word restrictively
overextension
words used too broadly
expansion
expanding or adding to a child’s statement
recast
rendering a child’s incomplete sentence in a more complex grammatical form
3 theories of origin of language development
- learning theory approach- language learned as skill (Skinner)
- nativist approach- language learned as innate skill (chomsky)
- interactionist perspective- best of both worlds (vygotsky)
early childhood erikson crisis
initiative vs. guilt- children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed
self-concept
Identity or set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals
understanding who you are in self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits
effortful control
inhibit impulses
manage negative emotions
behave in socially acceptable ways
instrumental aggression
has a goal in mind and benefit to you
reactive aggression
an impulse retaliation for a hurt that can be physical or verbal
relational aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed as harming social connections between victims and others
bullying aggression
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victim that is unlikely to defend themselves
pragmatics
practical use of language- ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
internal locus of control
you are in control of your circumstances
what defines self esteem
internal locus of control
sense of belonging and acceptance
sense of competence
erikson’s stage for children ages 6-11
industry vs. inferiority
primary appraisal
figure out if event is good, bad, or neutral
secondary appraisal
do i have the resources to deal with this?
damon’s stages of friendship
- basing friendship on other’s behavior
- basing friendship on trust
- basing friendship on psychological closeness
4 groups of peers
- popular
- controversial
- rejected
- neglected
kohlberg’s stages of morality
- preconventional
- conventional
- postconventional
preconventional stage
based on consequence
younger children
“If I take that bread for you, I will get in trouble”
conventional stage
being responsible members of society
“stealing the bread for you would be okay because youre my husband and youre hungry”
post conventional
universal moral principles
broader than a particular society
“I will steal the bread for you because you are a human who has basic needs/rights”
