test 3 Flashcards by Kimmy Robinson

For both girls and boys, puberty typically begins as young as _____ years of age or as late as _____ years of age

8; 14

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For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is?

nipple growth
growth spurt
menarche

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Gregory, age 11, noticed that he has some pubic hair. According to the usual sequence of puberty, his next pubertal event will be?

penis growth

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what substance causes the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone?

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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what type of correlation between body fat and the onset of puberty in females?

negative

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one of the first signs of the growth spurt is ______

growth of fingers and toes

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During adolescence, the ______ matures before the _____ in the brain

limbic system

2. prefrontal cortex

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deductive reasoning

reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics

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analytic thought

formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget

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incremental

the idea that intelligence can be directly increased by effort

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the first hormones to begin the process of puberty are signaled from the child’s pituitary gland and then produced by the ______

adrenal glands

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gonadotropin-releasing hormone

the substances that cause the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone

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a teen with negative _____ feels insecure about the way he or she looks, which often leads to dieting and poor nutrition

body image

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the _____ system reaches full maturation before the prefrontal cortex, which makes strong, immediate sensations extremely attractive to teens

limbic system

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recognition for academic excellence is especially elusive in _____ because teachers at this level tend to mark more harshly than those at other levels

middle school

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the international test taken by 15 year olds that is designed to measure the problem solving and practical cognition used in daily life

PISA- program for international student assessment

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relationship between stress and the onset of puberty and the evolutionary link of why this might exist

Positive correlation between stress levels and puberty. If one is highly stressed, their puberty begins earlier than their peers.
Evolution- when harsh conditions threatened human survival, it was crucial that adolescents reproduce early. Natural selection hastened puberty to increase birth rate, to ensure that people reproduced before they died.

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5 issues with adolescent nutrition

skip breakfast
binge at midnight
anemia in girls
calcium deficiency because of not drinking enough milk
poor food choices near schools

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digital divide

gap between those who did and did not have computers a decade ago. The divide is shrinking today because of the lowered cost of smart phones. Now the digital dvide is age

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cyberbullying

when a person is bullied via electronic devices
most harmful if the victim believes in an imaginary audience
adolescents most likely to be involved are usually already bullies or victims or both, with bully-victims the most likely to engage in, and suffer from, cyberbullying

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what typically happens to student achievement and behavior during middle school?

academic achievement declines and behavioral problems arise because teachers have hundreds of students which makes them impersonal and distant and many middle schoolers seek acceptance from their peers rather than their teachers

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identity diffusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents

do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role

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17 year old nicholas failed classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, “whatever”

role confusion

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19 year old chad is serving a 2 yr mission for his church. when he returns home, he will decide whether to attend college and will make decisions about career and family

moratorium

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research indicates that adolescents who work more than 20 hours a week during the school year ______

tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school

In typical relationships, one would expect the most bickering between

mothers and daughts

bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to

concern personal habits and dress

Shortly after Louisa turned 18, she developed a newfound appreciation of her parents. what contributed to her change in attitude?

her parents have adjusted to her independence

alisha took an overdose of prescription pills, but before she lost consciousness she called her mom for help. Alisha was rushed to the hospital for medical attention. This behavior is defined as ______

parasuicide

life-course-persistent offenders

may show signs of neurological impairment

______ is an identity status that is considered to be more mature response to identity exploration than foreclosure

moratorium

______ is a contributing cause of depression during adolescence

genetic vulnerability

a lack of commitment to any goals or values

role confusion or identity diffusion

gender identity

a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that a culture associates with the biological categories for male and female

some parents may be overcontrolling. for example, they may not allow their child to use social media, which limits _______

supportive friendships

maria is 14 and performs many chores at home. Her parents are very proud of her. As a result, she is likely to experience an increase in ______

self esteem

parasuicide

deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal

one negative effect of tobacco is that it impairs _____ and nutrition and slows growth

digestion

parental example and social change are influential factors in an adolescent's ______

drug use

3 ways in which young people cope with identity crsis

- role confusion (identity diffusion)- does not know or care what his or her identity is - identity foreclosure- accepts without question the values of his or her parents or the culture around him or her. comfortable but temporary - moratorium- "time out" that includes opportunity for exploration without committing to a particular path (college)

peer facilitation

helps adolescents act in ways they are unlikely to act on their own ex: graffiti or studying

Why is saying you "fell into the wrong crowd" not correct?

innocent teens are not corrupted by deviant friends. They choose their friends and models. They select friends whose values and interests they are.

rumination

act of repeatedly thinking about and talking about past experiences and possibilities

suicidal ideation

serious thoughts about killing oneself; peaks at around 15

parasuicide

any deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal

compare rates of suicide for males and females

rates of parasuicide and suicidal ideation are higher among females but rates of completed suicide are higher in males

factors that decrease adolescent crime

1. fewer high school dropouts 2. wiser judges 3. better policing 4. smaller families 5. better contraception and legal abortion

emerging adults are in a high risk category for

serious injury and violent death

malcolm has just taken a position as an emergency room nurse. he is likely to notice

emerging adults with a variety of injuries

the 6 year graduation rate at public colleges is ____ %

50%

personality traits at age 18 rarely _____

rarely disappear by age 25

emerging adult jaqueline is a heavy social media user. she tends to have _____ face to face friends than do nonusers

when are you most likely to hookup

at beginning of college and when you are lonely

T/F: allostatsis causes pores to constrict and bodies to shiver

false

the characteristsics of _______ thought (--------) are evident as the brain matures

postformal thought | practical, flexible, dialectcal

what is the most important factor in a successful long-term relationship?

faithfulness

ingesting a drug that impairs the user's biological or psychological well-being is

drug abuse

positive and negative aspects of emerging adults ability to take risks

enrolling in college, marriage, moving | more serious accidents

intimacy vs isolation

developing relationships or being lonely after achieving identity

differences between women's friendships and mens friendships

women- more intimate and emotional | men-less touchy

what global trend is evident with regard to alcohol?

low-income nations have more abstainers and abusers than affluent ntaions

currently in the US, _____ of adults are overweight

2/3rds

Tia has a BMI of 40. She would be classified as _____

morbidly obese

first step in changing habit

denial

factors that protect health

money education intelligence

IVF has resulted in _____ million births

intellectual decline prior to age 60 is typically pathological and caused by

poor circulation drug abuse viruses

which individual is most at risk for significant brain loss by age 65?

hank, who drinks 5 beers a day

the flynn effect is most likely due to the result of changes in

education and nutrition

Bruce is a participant in a research study. he needs to decide how figure A relates to figure B. Bruce will need to use _____ to solve this problem

fluid intelligence

cognitive artifacts

ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability

Janyce, a 50 year old women, has several stressors in her life, so she turns to her friends to help her deal with the pressure. Which statement best explains the physiological phenomenon associated with her method of coping?

her body is producing oxytocin, a hormone that encourages caring interactions

which individual is most likely to have a lower IQ as a consequence of weathering?

a 40 year old african american

what has an effect on how quickly skin wrinkles; fat slows down wrinkling

diet

T/F: children born via IVF, regardless of birthweight, tend to develop slower than other children in terms of health, intelligence, and school achievement

false

most people lose about ____ inches of height by age 65

one

______ and high SES produce a longer life span and better health for people in every nation

education

efforts to find specific genes or abilities that comprimise what spearman called _____ have not succeeded

the first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence, which began in 1956 and has been repeated every 7 years, is called the ______

seattle longitudinal study

creative intelligence

the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative

females are likely to "_____"

tend and befriend | seek the company of other people when they are under pressure

expert thought

automatic | complex action and thought required by most people has become routine

the relationship between age and expertise is not straightforward; much depends on the task. the young have an advantage when speed is needed, but they are less adept at ______

vocabulary

5 steps to break a habit

1. denial 2. awareness 3. planning 4. implementation 5. maintenance

possible causes of infertility and 3 treatments for infertile couples

``` age low sperm count and women- anything that impairs physical body treatments: 1. surgery 2. assisted reproductive technology ```

cross sectional vs longitudinal studies of IQ

cross-sectional- younger adults outscore older adults longitudinal- most mental abilities improve during adulthood differences caused by cohort effects more education and better health and communication m

fluid intelligence

basic intelligence that makes new learning of all sorts of quick and thorough and includes abilities such as short -term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking

crystallized intelligence

reflects accumulated learning, such as vocabulary and general information

problem focused coping

a person directly tackles a stressful situation

emotional focused coping

changing your feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself

with increasing age, the trait of neuroticism tends to

be modified

approximately what proportion of divorces terminates an abusive or destructive relationship

1/3

consequential strangers

people who are not in a person's closest convoy but who still have an effect on the person's life by providing information, support, or new ideas

Randy moved across the country to advance his career. Though he moved alone, he soon developed friendships with coworkers and others who became like a family to him. They served as his _____.

social convoy

_____ percent of adults under 65 are providing some care for family over 65

_____ percent of adults are providing partial financial support for their grown children

about ____- percent of the adults under 65 that are providing care for those over 65 are caring for their parents

what is not important to people's job satisfaction

absolute income

_____ had the greatest effect on adult happiness

losing a job

what happens to adults jobs once they are married?

males work more hours than before they are married

micro aggressions may go _____ by the majority

unnoticed

_____ intimacy needs are especially at risk when they divorce

men's

social convoy

a group of people who move through life with an individual, providing protection and encouragement

adults who cant work are _____ percent more likely to die than other people their age

weekend work, especially with mandatory overtime, is difficult for ______ relationships because it interrupts the normal rhythms of family life

father-son

3 aspects of romantic love

1. passion 2. intimacy 3. commitment passion occurs first, then shared confidences creates intimacy, and commitment leads to an enduring relationship.

consummate love

when all 3 aspects of love are present

what is the most crucial aspect of love

commitment

consequential strangers vs friends

consequential strangers- acquaintances that provide info, support, and social integration friends- mutual loyalty and aid, shared values

what happens to parent child relationship when kids move away

grows stronger provide with place to live and finances and emotional support financial subsidies to adult children who are no longer in college correlate with symptoms of depression in adult children

generativity vs stagnation

7th of eriksons psychosocial stages generativity- being productive in a caring way and establishing and guiding the next generation without generativity, adults experience stagnation and personal impoverishment

how do adults establish generativity

parenthood caregiving employment

extrinsic rewards of work

tangible benefits

intrinsic rewards of work

intangible gratifications that come from within oneself as a result of doing a job. Increases with age