test 3 Flashcards
For both girls and boys, puberty typically begins as young as _____ years of age or as late as _____ years of age
8; 14
For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is?
- nipple growth
- growth spurt
- menarche
Gregory, age 11, noticed that he has some pubic hair. According to the usual sequence of puberty, his next pubertal event will be?
penis growth
what substance causes the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
what type of correlation between body fat and the onset of puberty in females?
negative
one of the first signs of the growth spurt is ______
growth of fingers and toes
During adolescence, the ______ matures before the _____ in the brain
- limbic system
2. prefrontal cortex
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics
analytic thought
formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget
incremental
the idea that intelligence can be directly increased by effort
the first hormones to begin the process of puberty are signaled from the child’s pituitary gland and then produced by the ______
adrenal glands
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
the substances that cause the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone
a teen with negative _____ feels insecure about the way he or she looks, which often leads to dieting and poor nutrition
body image
the _____ system reaches full maturation before the prefrontal cortex, which makes strong, immediate sensations extremely attractive to teens
limbic system
recognition for academic excellence is especially elusive in _____ because teachers at this level tend to mark more harshly than those at other levels
middle school
the international test taken by 15 year olds that is designed to measure the problem solving and practical cognition used in daily life
PISA- program for international student assessment
relationship between stress and the onset of puberty and the evolutionary link of why this might exist
Positive correlation between stress levels and puberty. If one is highly stressed, their puberty begins earlier than their peers.
Evolution- when harsh conditions threatened human survival, it was crucial that adolescents reproduce early. Natural selection hastened puberty to increase birth rate, to ensure that people reproduced before they died.
5 issues with adolescent nutrition
- skip breakfast
- binge at midnight
- anemia in girls
- calcium deficiency because of not drinking enough milk
- poor food choices near schools
digital divide
gap between those who did and did not have computers a decade ago. The divide is shrinking today because of the lowered cost of smart phones. Now the digital dvide is age
cyberbullying
when a person is bullied via electronic devices
most harmful if the victim believes in an imaginary audience
adolescents most likely to be involved are usually already bullies or victims or both, with bully-victims the most likely to engage in, and suffer from, cyberbullying
what typically happens to student achievement and behavior during middle school?
academic achievement declines and behavioral problems arise because teachers have hundreds of students which makes them impersonal and distant and many middle schoolers seek acceptance from their peers rather than their teachers
identity diffusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents
do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role
17 year old nicholas failed classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, “whatever”
role confusion
19 year old chad is serving a 2 yr mission for his church. when he returns home, he will decide whether to attend college and will make decisions about career and family
moratorium
research indicates that adolescents who work more than 20 hours a week during the school year ______
tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school
In typical relationships, one would expect the most bickering between
mothers and daughts
bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to
concern personal habits and dress
Shortly after Louisa turned 18, she developed a newfound appreciation of her parents. what contributed to her change in attitude?
her parents have adjusted to her independence
alisha took an overdose of prescription pills, but before she lost consciousness she called her mom for help. Alisha was rushed to the hospital for medical attention. This behavior is defined as ______
parasuicide
life-course-persistent offenders
may show signs of neurological impairment
______ is an identity status that is considered to be more mature response to identity exploration than foreclosure
moratorium
______ is a contributing cause of depression during adolescence
genetic vulnerability
a lack of commitment to any goals or values
role confusion or identity diffusion
gender identity
a person’s acceptance of the roles and behaviors that a culture associates with the biological categories for male and female
some parents may be overcontrolling. for example, they may not allow their child to use social media, which limits _______
supportive friendships
maria is 14 and performs many chores at home. Her parents are very proud of her. As a result, she is likely to experience an increase in ______
self esteem
parasuicide
deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal
one negative effect of tobacco is that it impairs _____ and nutrition and slows growth
digestion
parental example and social change are influential factors in an adolescent’s ______
drug use
3 ways in which young people cope with identity crsis
- role confusion (identity diffusion)- does not know or care what his or her identity is
- identity foreclosure- accepts without question the values of his or her parents or the culture around him or her. comfortable but temporary
- moratorium- “time out” that includes opportunity for exploration without committing to a particular path (college)
peer facilitation
helps adolescents act in ways they are unlikely to act on their own
ex: graffiti or studying
Why is saying you “fell into the wrong crowd” not correct?
innocent teens are not corrupted by deviant friends. They choose their friends and models. They select friends whose values and interests they are.
rumination
act of repeatedly thinking about and talking about past experiences and possibilities
suicidal ideation
serious thoughts about killing oneself; peaks at around 15
parasuicide
any deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal
compare rates of suicide for males and females
rates of parasuicide and suicidal ideation are higher among females but rates of completed suicide are higher in males
factors that decrease adolescent crime
- fewer high school dropouts
- wiser judges
- better policing
- smaller families
- better contraception and legal abortion
emerging adults are in a high risk category for
serious injury and violent death
malcolm has just taken a position as an emergency room nurse. he is likely to notice
emerging adults with a variety of injuries
the 6 year graduation rate at public colleges is ____ %
50%
personality traits at age 18 rarely _____
rarely disappear by age 25
emerging adult jaqueline is a heavy social media user. she tends to have _____ face to face friends than do nonusers
more
when are you most likely to hookup
at beginning of college and when you are lonely
T/F: allostatsis causes pores to constrict and bodies to shiver
false
the characteristsics of _______ thought (——–) are evident as the brain matures
postformal thought
practical, flexible, dialectcal
what is the most important factor in a successful long-term relationship?
faithfulness
ingesting a drug that impairs the user’s biological or psychological well-being is
drug abuse
positive and negative aspects of emerging adults ability to take risks
enrolling in college, marriage, moving
more serious accidents
intimacy vs isolation
developing relationships or being lonely after achieving identity
differences between women’s friendships and mens friendships
women- more intimate and emotional
men-less touchy
what global trend is evident with regard to alcohol?
low-income nations have more abstainers and abusers than affluent ntaions
currently in the US, _____ of adults are overweight
2/3rds
Tia has a BMI of 40. She would be classified as _____
morbidly obese
first step in changing habit
denial
factors that protect health
money
education
intelligence
IVF has resulted in _____ million births
5
intellectual decline prior to age 60 is typically pathological and caused by
poor circulation
drug abuse
viruses
which individual is most at risk for significant brain loss by age 65?
hank, who drinks 5 beers a day
the flynn effect is most likely due to the result of changes in
education and nutrition
Bruce is a participant in a research study. he needs to decide how figure A relates to figure B. Bruce will need to use _____ to solve this problem
fluid intelligence
cognitive artifacts
ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability
Janyce, a 50 year old women, has several stressors in her life, so she turns to her friends to help her deal with the pressure. Which statement best explains the physiological phenomenon associated with her method of coping?
her body is producing oxytocin, a hormone that encourages caring interactions
which individual is most likely to have a lower IQ as a consequence of weathering?
a 40 year old african american
what has an effect on how quickly skin wrinkles; fat slows down wrinkling
diet
T/F: children born via IVF, regardless of birthweight, tend to develop slower than other children in terms of health, intelligence, and school achievement
false
most people lose about ____ inches of height by age 65
one
______ and high SES produce a longer life span and better health for people in every nation
education
efforts to find specific genes or abilities that comprimise what spearman called _____ have not succeeded
g
the first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence, which began in 1956 and has been repeated every 7 years, is called the ______
seattle longitudinal study
creative intelligence
the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative
females are likely to “_____”
tend and befriend
seek the company of other people when they are under pressure
expert thought
automatic
complex action and thought required by most people has become routine
the relationship between age and expertise is not straightforward; much depends on the task. the young have an advantage when speed is needed, but they are less adept at ______
vocabulary
5 steps to break a habit
- denial
- awareness
- planning
- implementation
- maintenance
possible causes of infertility and 3 treatments for infertile couples
age low sperm count and women- anything that impairs physical body treatments: 1. surgery 2. assisted reproductive technology
cross sectional vs longitudinal studies of IQ
cross-sectional- younger adults outscore older adults
longitudinal- most mental abilities improve during adulthood
differences caused by cohort effects
more education and better health and communication m
fluid intelligence
basic intelligence that makes new learning of all sorts of quick and thorough and includes abilities such as short -term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking
crystallized intelligence
reflects accumulated learning, such as vocabulary and general information
problem focused coping
a person directly tackles a stressful situation
emotional focused coping
changing your feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself
with increasing age, the trait of neuroticism tends to
be modified
approximately what proportion of divorces terminates an abusive or destructive relationship
1/3
consequential strangers
people who are not in a person’s closest convoy but who still have an effect on the person’s life by providing information, support, or new ideas
Randy moved across the country to advance his career. Though he moved alone, he soon developed friendships with coworkers and others who became like a family to him. They served as his _____.
social convoy
_____ percent of adults under 65 are providing some care for family over 65
16
_____ percent of adults are providing partial financial support for their grown children
21
about ____- percent of the adults under 65 that are providing care for those over 65 are caring for their parents
42
what is not important to people’s job satisfaction
absolute income
_____ had the greatest effect on adult happiness
losing a job
what happens to adults jobs once they are married?
males work more hours than before they are married
micro aggressions may go _____ by the majority
unnoticed
_____ intimacy needs are especially at risk when they divorce
men’s
social convoy
a group of people who move through life with an individual, providing protection and encouragement
adults who cant work are _____ percent more likely to die than other people their age
60
weekend work, especially with mandatory overtime, is difficult for ______ relationships because it interrupts the normal rhythms of family life
father-son
3 aspects of romantic love
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment
passion occurs first, then shared confidences creates intimacy, and commitment leads to an enduring relationship.
consummate love
when all 3 aspects of love are present
what is the most crucial aspect of love
commitment
consequential strangers vs friends
consequential strangers- acquaintances that provide info, support, and social integration
friends- mutual loyalty and aid, shared values
what happens to parent child relationship when kids move away
grows stronger
provide with place to live and finances and emotional support
financial subsidies to adult children who are no longer in college correlate with symptoms of depression in adult children
generativity vs stagnation
7th of eriksons psychosocial stages
generativity- being productive in a caring way
and establishing and guiding the next generation
without generativity, adults experience stagnation and personal impoverishment
how do adults establish generativity
parenthood
caregiving
employment
extrinsic rewards of work
tangible benefits
intrinsic rewards of work
intangible gratifications that come from within oneself as a result of doing a job. Increases with age
