Test 4 Flashcards
morphospecies
populations that are designated as separate species based on morphological differences (looks)
cryptic species
species that are indistinguishable morphologically, but divergent in songs, calls, odor, or other traits
species that look alike but have different DNA
Evolutionist agree that a species is…
the smallest evolutionary independent unit.
_____ was the “original” species concept and is widely used by people today.
Morpholospecies concept
Why is the Morpholospecies concept not “perfect?”
Cannot be used for extinct species that may be different in color and/or soft tissue.
Monophyly/Monophyletic group
lineages that contain all of the known descendants of a single common ancestor —–<
The main criterion for the Phylogenetic Species Concept is ________.
molophyly
The main problem with Phylogenetic Species Concept is….
application.
The main criterion for the Biological Species Concept is ________.
intrinsic reproductive isolation.
The problems with the Biological Species Concept is…..
asexual reproduction, allopatry, extinct species, and hybridization in plants.
Reproductive isolation
occurs when populations of organisms fail to hybridize regularly in nature, or fail to produce fertile offspring when they do hybridize.
Which concept is used in the US Endangered Species Act?
The Biological Species Concept
Which 3 periods occurred in the Mesozoic?
Eocene, Paleocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Quaternary, Miocene, Triassic, Oligocene, Pliocene
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
Which 6 periods occurred in the Cenozoic?
Eocene, Paleocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Quaternary, Miocene, Triassic, Oligocene, Pliocene
Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Quaternary
Match the event with the correct time period.
Homo sapiens
Quaternary
Match the event with the correct time period.
Land bridge complete between N and S America
Pliocene
Match the event with the correct time period.
First bird
Jurassic
Match the event with the correct time period.
Alps/Himalayas begin their rise
Oligocene
Match the event with the correct time period.
First pollinating insects
Cretaceous
Match the event with the correct time period.
First placental mammals
Cretaceous
Pangaea completely together (intact)
Triassic
What are three major domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota
Name one of the recent theories for the evolution of this basic tree of life leading to the three domains, and briefly explain how well the particular theory is supported by the evidence.
The Ring of Life which is the theory of a bacteria being engulfed by a archaea, which resists digestion. This lead to eukaryotic development. Evidence for this theory is the mitochondria in cells. However, evidence against the theory is the lack of a cytoskeleton in bacteria and archaea, so they cant engulf anything.
Where is the mineral compound Montmorillonite found naturally? What organic compounds has this mineral compound allowed scientists to construct abiotically? Scientists have been able to use Montmorillonite to construct examples of these organic compounds that are how large (long)?
It is found in clay and allowed for nucleic acid development. The nucleic acids can be 50 pairs long.
True/False: RNA by itself can be said to have both a phenotype and genotype, and therefore is adaptable under certain chemical selective pressures.
True
True/False: In the vicariance model of speciation, the initial isolator of the populations is intrinsic (some form of reproductive isolation), followed by extrinsic (geographic) isolation.
False
True/False: Polyploidy leading to a new species is by its very nature a sympatric speciation event.
True
True/False: When radiation events take place on groups of islands, the youngest species should be on neighboring islands in the middle of the archipelago.
False
True/False: It is impossible for speciation events to occur in less than one hundred years.
False
True/False: The British Columbian Burgess Shale fossil beds contain a Cambrian fauna of animals in which all of the major animal lineages (arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms and vertebrates) are all present.
True
At this point, we have no direct evidence of any multicellular animals from before the Cambrian.
False
True/False: Polyploidy apparently never occurs in animals, due to the detrimental effects on the complex genetic developmental program in animals.
False
Catalytic RNA’s are called _____.
ribozymes
The developmental characteristics involving formation of digestive openings that unites the chordates with the echinoderms is that we are both ____.
deuterostomes
______ occurs when hybrids between two species experiencing recent secondary contact are either inviable or reduced in fitness, therefore enhancing the distinctness between the two species.
Reinforcement
______ ______ is the evolutionary idea that suggests that there are periods of stasis followed by periods of relatively rapid radiation.
Punctuated equilibrium
Swapping of genes between prokaryotes is called ____ gene ____.
lateral gene transfer
Which is greater?
- Reproductive isolation provided by premating behavioral differences between the species
- Reproductive isolation provided premating temporal differences between the species
equal
Which is greater?
- Time since first insects appeared.
- Times since first land vertebrates appeared
1.
Which is greater?
- Hybrid zone width if hybrid fitness is significantly lower than parents.
- Hybrid zone width if hybrid fitness is equal to parents.
2.
Which is greater?
- Time since the cenancestor of the flowering plants
- Time since the cenancestor of the vertebrates
2.
Which is greater?
- O2 in the atmosphere now.
- O2 in the atmosphere 3.5 bya
1.
Which is greater?
- O2 in the atmosphere now.
- O2 in the atmosphere in the early Carboniferous
2.
Give an example of two (or more) species that are almost undoubtedly a result of a speciation event from a common ancestor. For your example, indicate what is the apparent event that separated the original populations that become the two (or more) species.
Hawthorne and Apple Flies.
Apple flies likely developed from the Hawthorne fly. We know this because the Hawthorne tree was in the US before apple trees. A mutation occurred in females and they began to prefer to mate near apple trees instead due to a chemical preference.
Name the 9 major phyla in order.
- Porifera, 2. Cnidaria, 3. Platyhelminthes, 4. Nematoda, 5. Annelida, 6. Mollusca, 7. Echindodermata, 8. Arthropoda, 9. Cordata
allopatry
living in different geographic areas
The essence of ______ ______ is that physical isolation creates an effective barrier to gene flow.
allopatric speciation
