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Evolution > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Parasitic trematodes in New Zealand snails select for asexually reproducing individuals, since certain clones are highly resistant to the trematodes and asexual reproduction preserves those clones.

A

False

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2
Q

True or False: Mutualistic behavior, when it occurs, should be selected for in both species.

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: In order for an organism to insure its inclusive fitness, the organism must be able to recognize kin.

A

True

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4
Q

True or False: Oxpeckers and large quadruped mammals have mutualistic relationship.

A

False

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5
Q

True or False: For haplodiploid hymenopterans, queens shouldn’t care about the gender of her offspring, but her daughters should prefer that the queen produce more daughters.

A

True

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6
Q

True or False: Garter snakes choose the largest rocks to rest under, since the temperature fluctuates the least under such rocks.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False: Naked mole rat colonies can have an average r of around 0.8 between inbred individuals in their colonies.

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: Unaltered Red-collared widowbird males have greater fitness and greater longevity than males with artificially shortened tails.

A

False

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9
Q

True or False: Red already fertilized Fuschia flowers are maintained to help attract pollinators to the less obvious green, yet to be fertilized flowers.

A

False

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10
Q

True or False: The brightly colored sex should be the choosy, and not the competitive sex.

A

False

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11
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Size of Stator beetle eggs on Acacia
  2. Size of Stator beetle eggs on Palo Verde
A

2

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12
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Number of offspring in first litter for mainland opossums in Georgia.
  2. Number of offspring in first litter for Sapelo Island opossums Georgia
A

1

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13
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Likelihood of females using bright color to attract males.
  2. Likelihood of females using pheromones to attract males.
A

2

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14
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Number of times female marine iguanas mate in a season.
  2. Number of times female Parnassius butterfly supplied with a sphragis mates.
A

equal

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15
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Number of eggs placed in a single host by trichogrammatid (parasitoid) wasps
  2. Number of eggs that one host COULD support (assuming original host health is good).
A

2

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16
Q

Kin selection (as opposed to selection on you and your own reproduction) is the ____ component of inclusive fitness.

A

indirect

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17
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Sexual dimorphism in monoecious, wind-pollinated plants.
  2. Sexual dimorphism in dioecious, animal pollinated plants
A

2

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18
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Fitness increase in female pipefish that mate multiple times.
  2. Fitness increase in male pipefish that mate multiple times.
A

1

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19
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Toxicity of Drosophila semen when raised competitive situations.
  2. Toxicity of Drosophila semen when raised in isolation or monogamous situations.
A

1

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20
Q

Which is greater 1 or 2?

  1. Number of Drosophila sperm in ejaculate when raised in competitive circumstances with rival males.
  2. Number of Drosophila sperm in ejaculate when raised in isolation or monogamous situations.
A

1

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21
Q

For gray tree frogs, females will search to find males whose calls better exhibits two features in relation to calls of other males. What are these two features?

A

Fast pace and long calls

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22
Q

For gray tree frogs, females will search to find males whose calls are faster paced and longer in relation to calls of other males. There is a third aspect of male frog calls that some female frogs (as in bullfrogs) also use to choose mate. This third quality is…

A

deepness.

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23
Q

Should a helper bird be willing to help her sister if the indirect fitness is greater than 0? Why/Why not)?

A

Yes, her fitness is benefitted by helping rather than having her own offspring.

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24
Q

Should a helper bird be willing to help her sister if the indirect fitness is less than 0? Why/Why not)?

A

No, her fitness would be more if she had her own offspring.

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25
Q

Describe the two characteristics of tephritid fly wings that are necessary for them to mimic jumping spiders and escape predation.

A

Pattern and raising of wings

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26
Q

Male marine iguanas guard territories. In the territory is a resource that the females like and seek out, in turn making them available for mating by the males. What is this resource?

A

Basking sites

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27
Q

What is the unanswered question when it comes to reproduction in Masked Boobies?

A

Why produce 2 offspring if only one survives?

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28
Q

Describe one circumstance in an animal species where the male is typically providing most of the parental care. Should the males be the “choosy” individuals in this case, in terms of mates?

A

Sea horses and pipefish

Yes, the choosy one is the one that is limited by offspring.

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29
Q

The sequence of mRNA to which the ribosomes initially attach.

A

leader

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30
Q

During replication, this strand is made in the direction opposite of the “unzipping.”

A

Lagging strand

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31
Q

This is a piece of a modified mRNA that will ultimately be translated.

A

exon

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32
Q

A sequence on tRNA that allows the appropriate amino acid to be brought to the ribosome.

A

Anticodon

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33
Q

The side of DNA that is transcribed

A

Sense Strand

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34
Q

A sequence of DNA that indicates where RNA polymerase should bind to begin transcription.

A

promoter

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35
Q

A frame shift

A

Insertion and Deletion

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36
Q

Different sequences of this will make translation proceed more or less rapidly.

A

Leader

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37
Q

A(n) _______ occurs when a piece of DNA gets flipped within a chromosome.

A

inversion

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38
Q

When two species are said to be CLOSELY related from an evolutionary standpoint, this means that two species share a ______ ______ ancestor.

A

recent common

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39
Q

A _____ is a shared derived trait between organisms that indicates evolutionary relatedness.

A

synapomorphy

40
Q

The enzyme DNA _____ is used to make new DNA, and the enzyme RNA _____ is used to make the transcript. (same word for both blanks)

A

polymerase

41
Q

A substitution mutation of one purine for another, or one pyrimidine for another is called a ______ mutation.

A

transition

42
Q

Phenotypic ______ is when an organism that develops different phenotypes in different environments.

A

plasticity

43
Q

Unequal crossover is likely the most common mechanism of gene ____.

A

duplication

44
Q

On a phylogenetic tree, a node and all branches coming from it form a ______.

A

clade / taxon / monophyletic group

45
Q

Read DNA/RNA ___&raquo_space; _____

A

5 prime to 3 prime

46
Q

Cs become ___ and As become ___

A

Cs become Gs

As become Ts in DNA and Us in RNA

47
Q

True/False: Soapberry bug beaks are longer on the native balloon vine plants than on the introduced Chinese golden rain trees in the US.

A

True

48
Q

True/False: Pseudogenes are more likely than active genes to accumulate mutations.

A

True

49
Q

True/False: All orthologs and paralogs are by homologs (homologous genes).

A

True

50
Q

True/False: Mutation rates, at least in some cases, are an actual trait that can be selected by the environment (nature).

A

True

51
Q

True/False: In a ring species, extinction of intermediate populations could immediately result in what would be considered two separate species.

A

True

52
Q

True/False: During DNA replication, new pieces of DNA must originally start with a short sequence of RNA, which is later replaced.

A

True

53
Q

True/False: Natural selection works directly on the phenotype of an organism.

A

True

54
Q

Reptiles are paraphyletic group (class) of animals.

A

True

55
Q

True/False: More of the genome is likely affected by gene copy number variation than differences derived from point mutations.

A

True

56
Q

True/False: Kale, broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage are all the same species of plant.

A

True

57
Q

True/False: Drift by itself can fix alleles in small populations.

A

True

58
Q

True/False: It is not possible for a trait to have both high heritability and noticeable environmental influences.

A

False

59
Q

True/False: Gene flow between populations tends to reduce differences between the populations, leading to reduced heterozygosity of traits within the populations.

A

False

60
Q

True/False: Evolution will have little effect on traits whose heritability is very low and are not linked to other strongly selected alleles.

A

True

61
Q

True/False: A founder event could lead immediately to a population experiencing inbreeding depression.

A

True

62
Q

True/False: For Drosophila exhibiting compound chromosomes, approximately 25% of the offspring are viable from two parents exhibiting that same compound chromosome.

A

True

63
Q

A founder event could lead immediately to a population experiencing inbreeding depression.

A

True

64
Q

_______ _______ is the phenomenon which reduces linkage disequilibrium, which explains why sexual reproduction is useful in this situation.

A

Genetic recombination

65
Q

Heterozygote advantage is also called _____.

A

over dominance

66
Q

Codon _____ is the phenomenon exhibited where a specific codon for an amino acid with several possible codons is selected for in highly transcribed genes.

A

bias

67
Q

Which is greater?

  1. Frequency of achromatopsia in Pingelapese people.
  2. Frequency of achromatopsia in the US
A

1

68
Q

Which is greater?

  1. Likelihood that no mutation occurs in a population.
  2. Likelihood that no gene flow occurs between two populations.
A

2

69
Q

Which is greater?

  1. Frequency of the HIV immune CCR5-32 alleles in Europe
  2. Frequency of the HIV immune CCR5-32 alleles in Africa
A

1

70
Q

Which is greater?

  1. Number of pollinator species for Alpine Skypilots above tree line
  2. Number of pollinator species for Alpine Skypilots below tree line
A

2

71
Q

Which is greater?

  1. Typical variability for multilocus traits
  2. Typical variability for single locus traits
A

1

72
Q

Directional, Stabilizing, or Disruptive selection?
Evolution of mimetic admiral (Limenitis) butterflies from a common ancestor, or evolution of female forms of Papilio dardanus from the original morph.

A

Disruptive

73
Q

Directional, Stabilizing, or Disruptive selection?

Selection on beak length in the soapberry bug with introduction of Chinese golden rain tree.

A

Directional

74
Q

Directional, Stabilizing, or Disruptive selection?

Selection on human (or likely most animals) birth weight.

A

Stabilizing

75
Q

Directional, Stabilizing, or Disruptive selection?

Selection of different dog breeds by humans

A

Disruptive

76
Q

Directional, Stabilizing, or Disruptive selection?

Selection on pattern of water snakes on limestone islands in Lake Erie.

A

Directional (toward nonbanded forms)

77
Q

Directional, Stabilizing, or Disruptive selection?

Selection on male mosquito songs by females.

A

Stabilizing

78
Q

Does selection work in opposition to, reinforce, neither, or both?
Drift

A

Both: It works in opposition if the drift decreases variation, but reinforces if drift increases variation.

79
Q

Does selection work in opposition to, reinforce, neither, or both?
Immigration

A

Opposition

80
Q

Does selection work in opposition to, reinforce, neither, or both?
Mutation

A

Both: Opposition if the mutation isn’t beneficial, Reinforces if the mutation is beneficial

81
Q

Does selection work in opposition to, reinforce, neither, or both?
Mate choice

A

Reinforce (Mate choice is selection)

82
Q

Does selection work in opposition to, reinforce, neither, or both?
Neutral variation

A

Neither

83
Q

Look at number 21 on test 2.

A

It is on the final.

84
Q

Explain why non-banded water snakes are found on the islands in Lake Erie. Explain also why there are SOME banded forms found on the same islands in Lake Erie.

A

Non-banded water snakes are better adapted to hide from predators while on the rocks of the islands. Some banded forms are still found, because they are able to migrate into the islands. They are just not very fit when they arrive.

85
Q

What is unusual about Chromosome 4 in some Drosophila, and what does this mean about inheritance of traits on that chromosome?

A

There is no crossing over. Therefore, they all go as a unit.

86
Q

True/False: Polyploidy leading to a new species is by its very nature a sympatric speciation event.

A

True

87
Q

True/False: When radiation events take place on groups of islands, the youngest species should be on neighboring islands in the middle of the archipelago.

A

False

88
Q

True/False: Deuterostomes, such as the chordates (which includes us), are organisms where the anus forms first during development and the mouth forms as a new opening later in development.

A

True

89
Q

True/False: Less than 1% of all plants species have originated by polyploidy.

A

False

90
Q

True/False: Larger C values are tightly correlated with greater complexity in organisms.

A

False

91
Q

True/False: The earliest eukaryotes may have appeared more than 1.5 billions years ago.

A

True

92
Q

True/False: Ribozymes that are self-replicative have yet to be found.

A

True

93
Q

True/False: The Apple Maggot fly speciation even has taken place in the last 300 years.

A

True

94
Q

True/False: Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms are a common mechanism in nature for keeping species’ gene pools separate from one another.

A

False

95
Q

True/False: Introns are likely functional in some respect, since many are highly conserved from one organism to another.

A

True

Evolution (5 decks)

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