Test 4 Flashcards
1
Q
- breaks down food molecules into absorbable units
A
Digestive System
2
Q
Food contains energy and building material for the cells; the energy is locked up in _____ bonds
A
C-H
3
Q
________ involves releasing/storing energy
A
Metabolism
4
Q
_____ involves breaking down energy (energy is released)
A
Catabolism
5
Q
______ involves building up molecules (energy is stored)
A
Anabolism
6
Q
- biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without changing themselves in the process - usually ends with “ase”
A
Enzymes
7
Q
The digestive system requires _______ for catabolism
A
enzymes
8
Q
_______ compounds contain C-H bonds
A
Organic
9
Q
4 Organic compounds :
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
10
Q
- the way food goes through the body - food tube
A
Alimentary Canal
11
Q
- sharp for cutting
A
Incisors
12
Q
- pointed for tearing
A
Canines
13
Q
- blunt for grinding
A
Premolars/Molars
14
Q
- taste buds are located on papilla; mixes the food
A
Tongue
15
Q
______ ____ is the enzyme that breaks down starch
A
Salivary amylase
16
Q
- duct leads to an area between upper cheek and gum
A
Parotid
17
Q
- ducts leads to the floor of the mouth
A
Sublingual/Submandibular
18
Q
- muscle that anchors tongue to the mouth floor
A
Lingual Frenum
19
Q
- chewed up food that is swallowed
A
Bolus
20
Q
Movement in the esophagus is due to ________ - a wave live muscular contraction which pushes bolus into the stomach
A
peristalsis
21
Q
________ junction - at the hiatus (esophagus enters diaphragm and enters to stomach)
A
Gastroesophageal
22
Q
- mixture of food ad gastric juice that is produced by gastric glands of the stomach
A
Chyme
23
Q
- longitudinal folds that allow for distension of the stomach
A
Rugae
24
Q
Gastric glands of the stomach have 3 types of cells:
A
Mucous producing cells
Parietal cells produce HCL
Chief cells produce pepsin
25
- most chemical digestion and absorption occurs here
Duodenum
26
- terminal portion of small intestine
Ileum
27
- finger like projections that increase surface volume of the small intestine for greater absorption
Villus
28
The villus is part of the mucosa. Within the villus are blood capillaries which absorb the water soluble monomers of carbohydrates and proteins. There is also a lacteal that absorbs the chylomicrons that carry water insoluble ______of lipids.
monomers
29
- water is absorbed, solid waste is formed, electrolytes are absorbed
Large intestine
30
Bacteria such as _____ metabolize undigested food and produce vitamins and produce gas like co2
e coli
31
Pancreatic juice is made by _____ cells of the pancreas. It is a alkaline (high pH) to neutralize the acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It also has digestive enzymes for the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
acinar
32
Pancreatic amylase digest ______
starch
33
Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest ______
proteins
34
Pancreatic lipase digest ____
lipids
35
_____ is manufactured in the liver and is an emulsifier to lipids; it acts as a detergent to increase surface area of fats for digestion
Bile
36
Liver is divided into lobules which are composed of ______ (epithelial liver cells)
hepatocytes
37
The _____ _____ system consists of nutrient rich veins leaving the small intestine
hepatic portal
38
____________ are able to metabolize these nutrients; they secrete bile, store glucose as glycogen(animal starch-polysaccharide), assemble amino acids, store fat vitamins, detoxify blood
Hepatocytes
39
_______ is the chef bile pigment
Bilirubin
40
Hepatopancreatic _______ is the site where the bile duct and pancreatic duct meet
ampulla
41
- conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose
Gluconeogenesis
42
- storage of excess glucose
Glycogen synthesis
43
Excessive carbohydrates my provide raw materials for ______
lipogenesis
44
If carbohydrate drop to low levels, ____ will occur which is a low blood pH
ketosis
45
- Removal of nitrogen
Deamination
46
_____ is a nitrogenous waste
Urea
47
- amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree celsius
Kilocalories
48
- iron is absorbed into mucosa but does not enter blood until needed
Iron mucosal barrier
49
The brain and nerve cells require _____ for generation of ATP
glucose
50
Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose in the _______
liver
51
Glucose accounts for 80% of ______ which are absorbed into capillaries of villi
monosaccharides
52
_______ is a link between endocrine system and nervous system
Hypothalamus
53
Sources of glucose during fasting:
Liver glycogen
Glycerol produced in adipose tissue
Muscle glycogen
Tissue protein
54
Basal metabolic rate measured in a _______ state, reclining, relaxed and in a room 20-25C
post-absorptive
55
Methods of heat loss -
radiation, evaporation, convection and conduction
56
______ is the thermostat of the body
Hypothalamus
57
- increased metabolism, skin remains cold and chilling results
Vasoconstriction
58
- blood vessels dilate and heat is lost, results in drop in body temperature
Vasodialation
59
Fever results in chilling; body temperature is ____
rising
60
- indication that body temperature has fallen
Crisis
61
- high humidity, fluid and electrolyte loss results in cramps, dizziness, vomiting, fainting
Heat exhaustion
62
- high temperature and humidity, brain cells affected confusion results
Heat stroke
63
Functions of the lymphatic system:
Carries nourishment and waste
Lipid absorption
Defence against disease
Conservation of plasma proteins
64
- clear watery fluid in lymphatic vessels
Lymph
65
- tiny vessels in intercellular spaces
Lymphatic capillaries
66
- lymphatic capillaries unite to form these
Lymphatic vessels
67
Main lymphatic vessels:
Thoracic duct
| Right lymphatic duct
68
The __________ ____ begins in the abdomen at the upper end of the cisternae chyli. It continues in front of the vertebrae and enters the left subclavian vein at the angle of the left internal jugular
thoracic duct
69
The ________ ______ joins the right subclavian vein at the junction of the right internal jugular. It returns from the right side of head, neck, liver, right lung and right arm
right lymphatic duct
70
- small oval shaped bodies placed in the course of lymphatics; lymph enters channels that are lined with macrophages which act to filter harmful matter before it reaches the bloodstream
Lymph nodes
71
- bean shaped lymph gland situated beneath the diaphragm and behind the stomach
Spleen.
72
Functions of the spleen:
blood filtration, blood destruction, blood storage, immune
73
- three types: palatine, adenoids, lingual; functions are to guard entrance of respiratory tract and to develop immune bodies
Tonsils
74
- located in upper chest cavity along the trachea; Function: development of bodies immune system
Thymus
75
- worm like shoot off the cecum, once thought useless.
Appendix
76
_______ located in small intestine; Functions: destroy bacteria, and generate memory of immunity
Peyer’s Patches
77
- resist invasion by micro- organisms and destroy foreign cells
Immune response
78
- response is mediated by antibodies; effective against bacterial infections
B-cell system
79
- cells specialized for foreign substances; effective against viruses, fungus, bacteria, malignant cells. Thymus produces these
T-cell system
80
- blockage of lymph cells due to ringworm
Elephantiasis
81
- inflammation of lymph vessels
Lymphangitis
82
- lymph node enlargement
Hodgkin's disease
