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anatomy 202 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q
  • breaks down food molecules into absorbable units
A

Digestive System

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2
Q

Food contains energy and building material for the cells; the energy is locked up in _____ bonds

A

C-H

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3
Q

________ involves releasing/storing energy

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

_____ involves breaking down energy (energy is released)

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

______ involves building up molecules (energy is stored)

A

Anabolism

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6
Q
  • biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without changing themselves in the process - usually ends with “ase”
A

Enzymes

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7
Q

The digestive system requires _______ for catabolism

A

enzymes

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8
Q

_______ compounds contain C-H bonds

A

Organic

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9
Q

4 Organic compounds :

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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10
Q
  • the way food goes through the body - food tube
A

Alimentary Canal

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11
Q
  • sharp for cutting
A

Incisors

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12
Q
  • pointed for tearing
A

Canines

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13
Q
  • blunt for grinding
A

Premolars/Molars

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14
Q
  • taste buds are located on papilla; mixes the food
A

Tongue

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15
Q

______ ____ is the enzyme that breaks down starch

A

Salivary amylase

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16
Q
  • duct leads to an area between upper cheek and gum
A

Parotid

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17
Q
  • ducts leads to the floor of the mouth
A

Sublingual/Submandibular

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18
Q
  • muscle that anchors tongue to the mouth floor
A

Lingual Frenum

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19
Q
  • chewed up food that is swallowed
A

Bolus

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20
Q

Movement in the esophagus is due to ________ - a wave live muscular contraction which pushes bolus into the stomach

A

peristalsis

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21
Q

________ junction - at the hiatus (esophagus enters diaphragm and enters to stomach)

A

Gastroesophageal

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22
Q
  • mixture of food ad gastric juice that is produced by gastric glands of the stomach
A

Chyme

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23
Q
  • longitudinal folds that allow for distension of the stomach
A

Rugae

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24
Q

Gastric glands of the stomach have 3 types of cells:

A

Mucous producing cells
Parietal cells produce HCL
Chief cells produce pepsin

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25
Q
  • most chemical digestion and absorption occurs here
A

Duodenum

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26
Q
  • terminal portion of small intestine
A

Ileum

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27
Q
  • finger like projections that increase surface volume of the small intestine for greater absorption
A

Villus

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28
Q

The villus is part of the mucosa. Within the villus are blood capillaries which absorb the water soluble monomers of carbohydrates and proteins. There is also a lacteal that absorbs the chylomicrons that carry water insoluble ______of lipids.

A

monomers

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29
Q
  • water is absorbed, solid waste is formed, electrolytes are absorbed
A

Large intestine

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30
Q

Bacteria such as _____ metabolize undigested food and produce vitamins and produce gas like co2

A

e coli

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31
Q

Pancreatic juice is made by _____ cells of the pancreas. It is a alkaline (high pH) to neutralize the acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It also has digestive enzymes for the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

A

acinar

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32
Q

Pancreatic amylase digest ______

A

starch

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33
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest ______

A

proteins

34
Q

Pancreatic lipase digest ____

A

lipids

35
Q

_____ is manufactured in the liver and is an emulsifier to lipids; it acts as a detergent to increase surface area of fats for digestion

A

Bile

36
Q

Liver is divided into lobules which are composed of ______ (epithelial liver cells)

A

hepatocytes

37
Q

The _____ _____ system consists of nutrient rich veins leaving the small intestine

A

hepatic portal

38
Q

____________ are able to metabolize these nutrients; they secrete bile, store glucose as glycogen(animal starch-polysaccharide), assemble amino acids, store fat vitamins, detoxify blood

A

Hepatocytes

39
Q

_______ is the chef bile pigment

A

Bilirubin

40
Q

Hepatopancreatic _______ is the site where the bile duct and pancreatic duct meet

A

ampulla

41
Q
  • conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose
A

Gluconeogenesis

42
Q
  • storage of excess glucose
A

Glycogen synthesis

43
Q

Excessive carbohydrates my provide raw materials for ______

A

lipogenesis

44
Q

If carbohydrate drop to low levels, ____ will occur which is a low blood pH

A

ketosis

45
Q
  • Removal of nitrogen
A

Deamination

46
Q

_____ is a nitrogenous waste

A

Urea

47
Q
  • amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree celsius
A

Kilocalories

48
Q
  • iron is absorbed into mucosa but does not enter blood until needed
A

Iron mucosal barrier

49
Q

The brain and nerve cells require _____ for generation of ATP

A

glucose

50
Q

Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose in the _______

A

liver

51
Q

Glucose accounts for 80% of ______ which are absorbed into capillaries of villi

A

monosaccharides

52
Q

_______ is a link between endocrine system and nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

Sources of glucose during fasting:

A

Liver glycogen
Glycerol produced in adipose tissue
Muscle glycogen
Tissue protein

54
Q

Basal metabolic rate measured in a _______ state, reclining, relaxed and in a room 20-25C

A

post-absorptive

55
Q

Methods of heat loss -

A

radiation, evaporation, convection and conduction

56
Q

______ is the thermostat of the body

A

Hypothalamus

57
Q
  • increased metabolism, skin remains cold and chilling results
A

Vasoconstriction

58
Q
  • blood vessels dilate and heat is lost, results in drop in body temperature
A

Vasodialation

59
Q

Fever results in chilling; body temperature is ____

A

rising

60
Q
  • indication that body temperature has fallen
A

Crisis

61
Q
  • high humidity, fluid and electrolyte loss results in cramps, dizziness, vomiting, fainting
A

Heat exhaustion

62
Q
  • high temperature and humidity, brain cells affected confusion results
A

Heat stroke

63
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system:

A

Carries nourishment and waste
Lipid absorption
Defence against disease
Conservation of plasma proteins

64
Q
  • clear watery fluid in lymphatic vessels
A

Lymph

65
Q
  • tiny vessels in intercellular spaces
A

Lymphatic capillaries

66
Q
  • lymphatic capillaries unite to form these
A

Lymphatic vessels

67
Q

Main lymphatic vessels:

A

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

68
Q

The __________ ____ begins in the abdomen at the upper end of the cisternae chyli. It continues in front of the vertebrae and enters the left subclavian vein at the angle of the left internal jugular

A

thoracic duct

69
Q

The ________ ______ joins the right subclavian vein at the junction of the right internal jugular. It returns from the right side of head, neck, liver, right lung and right arm

A

right lymphatic duct

70
Q
  • small oval shaped bodies placed in the course of lymphatics; lymph enters channels that are lined with macrophages which act to filter harmful matter before it reaches the bloodstream
A

Lymph nodes

71
Q
  • bean shaped lymph gland situated beneath the diaphragm and behind the stomach
A

Spleen.

72
Q

Functions of the spleen:

A

blood filtration, blood destruction, blood storage, immune

73
Q
  • three types: palatine, adenoids, lingual; functions are to guard entrance of respiratory tract and to develop immune bodies
A

Tonsils

74
Q
  • located in upper chest cavity along the trachea; Function: development of bodies immune system
A

Thymus

75
Q
  • worm like shoot off the cecum, once thought useless.
A

Appendix

76
Q

_______ located in small intestine; Functions: destroy bacteria, and generate memory of immunity

A

Peyer’s Patches

77
Q
  • resist invasion by micro- organisms and destroy foreign cells
A

Immune response

78
Q
  • response is mediated by antibodies; effective against bacterial infections
A

B-cell system

79
Q
  • cells specialized for foreign substances; effective against viruses, fungus, bacteria, malignant cells. Thymus produces these
A

T-cell system

80
Q
  • blockage of lymph cells due to ringworm
A

Elephantiasis

81
Q
  • inflammation of lymph vessels
A

Lymphangitis

82
Q
  • lymph node enlargement
A

Hodgkin’s disease

anatomy 202 (4 decks)

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