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anatomy 202 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • a fluid connective tissue; formed elements are
A

Blood

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2
Q
  • straw colored fluid containing dissolved substances 55%
A

plasma

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3
Q
  • leukocytes and platelets 1%
A

buffy coat

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4
Q 
- red blood cells and hematocrit 45% of bood
they have the following characteristics:
they are biconcave disks 
anucleate (no nucleus)
large surface volume
no mitochondria
mostly hemoglobin 
120 day lifespan
A

erythrocytes

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5
Q

___ are white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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6
Q

_____ are cell fragments required for clotting called thrombocytes

A

platelets

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7
Q

Females have ___L of blood while males have __L of blood

A

4-5, 5-6

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8
Q

Blood functions:

A

Distribution
Oxygen, nutrients, waste and hormones
Regultion
body temperature, pH buffer, fluid volume
Protection
clot formation and prevention of infections

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9
Q
  • blood cell formation
A

Hematopoiesis

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10
Q
  • mitotic stem cell of all formed elements
A

Hemocytoblast

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11
Q
  • red iron containing pigment which binds oxygen
A

heme

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12
Q
  • protein which binds carbon dioxide
A

globin

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13
Q
  • a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production (RBC)
A

erythropoietin

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14
Q

____ destroys worn out red blood cells

A

Spleen

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15
Q

___ is converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile by liver, iron is recycled, globin is hydrolyzed (digested) to amino acids for reuse

A

Heme

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16
Q
  • granular cytoplasm in white blood cells, granular cytoplasm is stained with wright’s stain, nuclei are lobed, end with ‘phil’
A

granulocytes

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17
Q

________ (most abundant white blood cell) polymorphonuclear (many forms of nucleus)
3-6 lobes
active phagocytes of bacteria

A

neutrophils

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18
Q 
- bluish red nucleus
2 lobes
cytoplasmic granules are red
kill parasitic worms 
active during allergic reaction
A

eosinophils

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19
Q

_______ (least abundant white blood cell) purplish black
rare, releases histamine which is an inflammatory chemical that promotes chemotaxis of white blood cells
releases heparin which is an anticoagulant

A

basophils

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20
Q
  • are not granular white blood cells, lack visible granules, nuclei are spherical shaped or kidney shaped, end with “cyte”
A

agranulocytes

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21
Q
  • found in the spleen and lymph nodes
    important in immune response
    large nucleus
    t-lymphocytes act against viruses and tumoral cells
    b-lymphocytes become plasma cells that make antibodies
    antibody Ab, Antigen Ag
A

lymphocytes

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22
Q
  • u shaped nucleus
    differentiate into macrophages in tissue
    involved in the cleanup of debris at the end of infections
A

monocytes

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23
Q

White blood cells use _______ - amoeboid movement and positive chemotaxis to migrate toward damaged tissues

A

diapedesis

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24
Q
  • white blood cells increase due to infection
A

Leukocytosis

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25
Q
  • production of white blood cells, occur in bone marrow

life span of about 10 days if not used in clotting

A

leukopoiesis

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26
Q
  • cytoplasmic fragments used for clotting

bluish color

A

Platelets

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27
Q
  • 90% water and proteins, nutrients, gas
A

Plasma

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28
Q

_____ is a major blood protein which is important in creating osmotic pressure gradients

A

Albumin

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29
Q

_____ functions in immune response

A

immunoglobulin

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30
Q

Red blood cell plasma membranes have highly specific _____ or agglutinogens that cause clumping on the surface of red blood cells

A

antigens

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31
Q

the Rh factor is also called ____

A

Antigen D

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32
Q

85% of americans are Rh _____ (agglutinogen D)

A

positive

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33
Q

___ red blood cells have Rh antigen and no anti Rh antibodies

A

Rh+

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34
Q

____ red blood cells have neither Rh antigens or antibodies until exposed to Rh+ blood

A

Rh -

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35
Q

The immune system produces the _______

A

antibodies

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36
Q

Rh- mother of Rh+ baby (father must be Rh+)
First baby will be healthy but the second baby will die due to Erythroblastosis Fetalis this is called_________ ________ ___________

A

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn

37
Q

______ are antibodies given to the mother which binds with the fetal antigens

A

RhoGam

38
Q

_______ - stoppage of blood flow upon injury to a vessel

A

Hemostasis

39
Q

3 events of hemostasis:

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation - a reaction in which blood is changed to a gel and reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads (network)

40
Q
  • a reaction in which blood is changed to a gel and reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads (network)
A

coagulation

41
Q

______ forms a mesh that is like a scab forming network of insoluble fibers

A

Fibrin

42
Q

Three phases of coagulation:

A

Prothrombin activator is formed
Prothrombin is transformed into Thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh (cascade effect)

43
Q

______ in platelets contract to form a scab

Pulmonary Emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen

A

Actin and Myosin

44
Q
  • a clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel
A

Thrombus

45
Q
  • a freely floating clot (thrombus) in the blood stream
A

Embolus

46
Q

_____ _____can cause strokes

A

Cerebral emboli

47
Q

The left side of the heart pumps _______

A

oxygenated blood

48
Q

The right side of the heart sends blood to the ____

A

lungs

49
Q

_____ ____ sends blood to the muscles, left side

A

Systemic Circuit

50
Q

_____ _____ goes to the lungs, right side

A

Pulmonary Circuit

51
Q

an _____ carries blood away from the heart

A

artery

52
Q

_____ carry blood to the heart

A

Veins

53
Q

The pulmonary ____ is less oxygenated while the pulmonary vein is oxygenated

A

artery

54
Q

The is the largest artery

A

aorta

55
Q

____ is the bottom point of the heart

A

Apex

56
Q

The ____ receive blood, the push blood out

A

atrium; ventricles

57
Q

the left _____ has a thicker wall (myocardium)

A

ventricle

58
Q

the heart is enclosed in a sac called the _____ a double walled sac (serosa)

A

pericardium

59
Q

the visceral serosa is known as the ________

A

epicardium

60
Q

_____separates the visceral serosa from the parietal serous; it acts as a lubricant.

A

serous fluid

61
Q

_______ is the wall of the heart

A

Myocardium

62
Q
  • Chordae tendineae which prevents prolapse
A

Heart strings

63
Q

_____ are small blood vessels that deliver oxygen and remove waste, they are thin as one red blood cell

A

Capillaries

64
Q

Systole-

A

contraction

65
Q

Diastole -

A

relaxation

66
Q

____ contracts first then the ventricle

A

Atria

67
Q

Intercalated disks connect cardiac tissue. They have gap junctions that allow muscle ____ _____ (impulses) to spread between fibers

A

action potentials

68
Q

Action potential is like a wave of ________

A

depolarization

69
Q

_____are cells that can depolarize by themselves, they generate action potentials

A

Nodal cells

70
Q

The conduction originates in the ________. They depolarize faster than other cardiac cells

A

sinoatrial cells

71
Q

_____ bpm is average

A

75

72
Q

_____ is the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

73
Q

_____ is a method of measuring polarization within the heart

A

EKG

74
Q
  • atrial depolarization
A

P-wave

75
Q
  • ventricular depolarization; Atrial repolarization is covered by this process
A

QRS complex

76
Q
  • ventricular repolarization
A

T-wave

77
Q

____ nerve decreases heart rate

A

Vagus

78
Q
  • amount of blood which moves through left ventricle per minute
A

Cardiac output

79
Q
  • vol/beat of left ventricle
A

Stroke volume

80
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

81
Q

____ prevent the backflow of blood and are most abundant in veins of the limbs

A

Valves

82
Q
  • force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by blood; measured in mmHg
A

Blood pressure

83
Q

_______ is measured by using a sphygmomanometer

A

Blood pressure

84
Q
  • pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries
A

Pulse

85
Q

Myocardial infarction -

A

heart attack

86
Q

_____ artery is the first branch off the ascending aorta

A

Coronary

87
Q
  • high blood pressure; pressure of 140/90 or higher
A

Hypertension

88
Q

Branches of aortic arch:

A

brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian

anatomy 202 (4 decks)

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