Test 4: Flashcards
Cushing syndrome:
excess production of glucocorticoid hormones, generalized bilateral hyperplasia of adrenal cortex or may be a result of a functioning adrenal or even non adrenal tumor.
Adrenal Carcinoma:
Primary malignancy of the adrenal gland, grows rapidly and are usually large necrotic masses.
Pheochromocytoma:
a tumor that most commonly arrises in the adrenal medulla which produces an excess of vasopressor substances which can cause hypertension.
Neuroblastoma:
a highly malignant tumor of the adrenal medulla, second most common malignancy in children.
Hyperpituitarism/acromegaly:
caused by excessive growth hormone by the pituitary gland, results in acromegaly in adults and gigantism in kids.
Hypopituitarism:
diminished hormone secretion by the pituitary gland, causes profound generalized disturbances in bone growth and maturation, in children it results in dwarfism.
Diabetes insipidus:
the inability of the kidneys to conserve water, results from low antidiuretic hormone or when kidney fails to respond to circulating ADH.
Hyperthyroidism & Graves:
Excessive thyroid hormone production.
Graves’ disease when entire gland is affected
Hypothyroidism:
Diminished thyroid hormone production, can result in structural/functional abnormality
What is the master gland?
Pituitary gland. The pituitary hormone secretions are controlled by the hypothalamus,
Sits in sella turcica and is divided into anterior and posterior portions
Hyperparathyroidism:
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, results in generalized disorder of calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism that causes elevated levels of calcium and phosphate
Diabetes melitis:
Beta cells in islets of Langerhans of pancreas fail to secrete insulin, lack of insulin prevents glucose from entering cells, results in hyperglycemia
Endocrine glands:
Biochemial communication network through which several small glands control a broad range of vital body activities Major endocrine glands Pituitary Adrenal Thyroid Parathyroid
Adrenal Gland:
Lies on top of each kidney
Consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla
Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
“fight or flight” hormones secreted in stress situations
Adrenaline stimulates heart activity, raises blood pressure and increases level of blood glucose
Which gland secretes epinephrine?
adrenal
Kaposi sarcoma:
a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8
Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
Enlargement of the prostate gland.
It most often occurs in men over age 60.
Cryptorchidism:
Condition of undescended testis.
It is more common in premature males.
It can cause infertility.
Malignancy is up to 40 times higher in the undescended (intraabdominal) than in the descended testicle.
Testicular Torsion:
Twisting of the gonad on its pedicle, which leads to the compromise of circulation and the sudden onset of severe scrotal pain.
Doppler US and NM studies are used to diagnose.
Dermoid Cyst (Teratoma):
Most common type of germ cell tumor.
It contains skin, hair, teeth, and fatty elements.
It is of no clinical significance unless the cyst grows large enough to press on surrounding structures.
Uterine Fibroid:
Also termed leiomyoma. It is a benign, smooth-muscle tumor. It is very common. Often multiple Vary greatly in size Growth of fibroid tumors is stimulated by estrogen. They develop only during the reproductive years. They shrink after menopause.
Endometriosis:
Presence of normal-appearing endometrium in sites other than the norm - inside the uterus.
Most frequent sites:
Ovaries
Uterine ligaments
Rectovaginal septum
Pelvic peritoneum
It may also affect the GI and urinary tracts.
Breast Cancer:
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women between ages 44 and 50.
It is the highest cause of cancer death in women.
Although there is a 98% survival rate in those diagnosed at Stage I
Ectopic Pregnancy:
a life-threatening condition.
It is responsible for up to 1/4 of maternal deaths.
Diagnosis is often missed by the initial examining physician.
About 95% ectopic pregnancies occur within the fallopian tubes.
It is strongly associated with PID
What is the epidiymitis?
a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.
goiter:
a swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hypoglycemic shock:
Shock produced by extremely low blood sugars (less than 40 mg/dl), usually caused by an injection of an excessive amount of insulin, failure to eat after an insulin injection, or rarely by an insulin-secreting tumor of the pancreas.
What are the 4 types of kaposis sarcoma?
epidemic
classic
endemic
iatrogenic
Describe epidemic kaposi’s sarcoma:
aids related
most common is US and most aggressive
develops in ppl who have HIV
when person who has HIV is affected they are considered to automatically have AIDS
Describe classic kaposi’s sarcoma:
- most common in older mediteranean ppl
- more common in men than women
- typically have slow growing lesions on lower extremities
- infrequent bathing, asthma and allergies have been linked to this type
Describe endemic kaposi’s sarcoma:
- african, usually in ppl under 40, most aggressive type is seen in children before puberty
- things that weaken the immune system may contribute. malaria etc.
Describe iatrogenic kaposi’s sarcoma:
occurs in ppl who have organ transplants and have their immune system suppressed.
Scurvy:
Vitamin C deficiency
Rickets:
Vitamin D deficiency
Hypervitaminosis:
chronic excessive intake of vitamin A produces a syndrome characterzed as bone and joint pain, hair loss, itching, anorexia, dryness.
protein calorie malnutrition:
affects children under 5, causes abnormalities in the GI tract and nervous system, causes wasting away
Muscular Dystrophy:
a group of chronic inherited conditions in which fat replaces muscle, more common in males
What does a vitamin A deficiency cause?
night blindness
What does a vitamin K deficiency cause?
excessive bleeding.
What are the three layers of the uterus?
the inner lining (endometrium); the middle muscular layer (myometrium); and the outer layer (perimetrium).
