Test 4:

Question 1

Cushing syndrome:

Answer 1

excess production of glucocorticoid hormones, generalized bilateral hyperplasia of adrenal cortex or may be a result of a functioning adrenal or even non adrenal tumor.

Question 2

Adrenal Carcinoma:

Answer 2

Primary malignancy of the adrenal gland, grows rapidly and are usually large necrotic masses.

Question 3

Pheochromocytoma:

Answer 3

a tumor that most commonly arrises in the adrenal medulla which produces an excess of vasopressor substances which can cause hypertension.

Question 4

Neuroblastoma:

Answer 4

a highly malignant tumor of the adrenal medulla, second most common malignancy in children.

Question 5

Hyperpituitarism/acromegaly:

Answer 5

caused by excessive growth hormone by the pituitary gland, results in acromegaly in adults and gigantism in kids.

Question 6

Hypopituitarism:

Answer 6

diminished hormone secretion by the pituitary gland, causes profound generalized disturbances in bone growth and maturation, in children it results in dwarfism.

Question 7

Diabetes insipidus:

Answer 7

the inability of the kidneys to conserve water, results from low antidiuretic hormone or when kidney fails to respond to circulating ADH.

Question 8

Hyperthyroidism & Graves:

Answer 8

Excessive thyroid hormone production.

Graves’ disease when entire gland is affected

Question 9

Hypothyroidism:

Answer 9

Diminished thyroid hormone production, can result in structural/functional abnormality

Question 10

What is the master gland?

Answer 10

Pituitary gland. The pituitary hormone secretions are controlled by the hypothalamus,
Sits in sella turcica and is divided into anterior and posterior portions

Question 11

Hyperparathyroidism:

Answer 11

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, results in generalized disorder of calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism that causes elevated levels of calcium and phosphate

Question 12

Diabetes melitis:

Answer 12

Beta cells in islets of Langerhans of pancreas fail to secrete insulin, lack of insulin prevents glucose from entering cells, results in hyperglycemia

Question 13

Endocrine glands:

Answer 13

Biochemial communication network through which several small glands control a broad range of vital body activities
Major endocrine glands
Pituitary
Adrenal
Thyroid
Parathyroid

Question 14

Adrenal Gland:

Answer 14

Lies on top of each kidney
Consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla
Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
“fight or flight” hormones secreted in stress situations
Adrenaline stimulates heart activity, raises blood pressure and increases level of blood glucose

Question 15

Which gland secretes epinephrine?

Answer 15

adrenal

Question 16

Kaposi sarcoma:

Answer 16

a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8

Question 17

Benign prostatic hyperplasia:

Answer 17

Enlargement of the prostate gland.

It most often occurs in men over age 60.

Question 18

Cryptorchidism:

Answer 18

Condition of undescended testis.
It is more common in premature males.
It can cause infertility.
Malignancy is up to 40 times higher in the undescended (intraabdominal) than in the descended testicle.

Question 19

Testicular Torsion:

Answer 19

Twisting of the gonad on its pedicle, which leads to the compromise of circulation and the sudden onset of severe scrotal pain.
Doppler US and NM studies are used to diagnose.

Question 20

Dermoid Cyst (Teratoma):

Answer 20

Most common type of germ cell tumor.
It contains skin, hair, teeth, and fatty elements.
It is of no clinical significance unless the cyst grows large enough to press on surrounding structures.

Question 21

Uterine Fibroid:

Answer 21

Also termed leiomyoma.
It is a benign, smooth-muscle tumor. 
It is very common.
Often multiple 
Vary greatly in size
Growth of fibroid tumors is stimulated by estrogen. 
They develop only during the reproductive years. 
They shrink after menopause.

Question 22

Endometriosis:

Answer 22

Presence of normal-appearing endometrium in sites other than the norm - inside the uterus.
Most frequent sites:
Ovaries
Uterine ligaments
Rectovaginal septum
Pelvic peritoneum
It may also affect the GI and urinary tracts.

Question 23

Breast Cancer:

Answer 23

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women between ages 44 and 50.
It is the highest cause of cancer death in women.
Although there is a 98% survival rate in those diagnosed at Stage I

Question 24

Ectopic Pregnancy:

Answer 24

a life-threatening condition.
It is responsible for up to 1/4 of maternal deaths.
Diagnosis is often missed by the initial examining physician.
About 95% ectopic pregnancies occur within the fallopian tubes.
It is strongly associated with PID

Question 25

What is the epidiymitis?

Answer 25

a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.

Question 26

goiter:

Answer 26

a swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Question 27

Hypoglycemic shock:

Answer 27

Shock produced by extremely low blood sugars (less than 40 mg/dl), usually caused by an injection of an excessive amount of insulin, failure to eat after an insulin injection, or rarely by an insulin-secreting tumor of the pancreas.

Question 28

What are the 4 types of kaposis sarcoma?

Answer 28

epidemic
classic
endemic
iatrogenic

Question 29

Describe epidemic kaposi’s sarcoma:

Answer 29

aids related
most common is US and most aggressive
develops in ppl who have HIV
when person who has HIV is affected they are considered to automatically have AIDS

Question 30

Describe classic kaposi’s sarcoma:

Answer 30

• most common in older mediteranean ppl
• more common in men than women
• typically have slow growing lesions on lower extremities
• infrequent bathing, asthma and allergies have been linked to this type

Question 31

Describe endemic kaposi’s sarcoma:

Answer 31

• african, usually in ppl under 40, most aggressive type is seen in children before puberty
• things that weaken the immune system may contribute. malaria etc.

Question 32

Describe iatrogenic kaposi’s sarcoma:

Answer 32

occurs in ppl who have organ transplants and have their immune system suppressed.

Question 33

Scurvy:

Answer 33

Vitamin C deficiency

Question 34

Rickets:

Answer 34

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 35

Hypervitaminosis:

Answer 35

chronic excessive intake of vitamin A produces a syndrome characterzed as bone and joint pain, hair loss, itching, anorexia, dryness.

Question 36

protein calorie malnutrition:

Answer 36

affects children under 5, causes abnormalities in the GI tract and nervous system, causes wasting away

Question 37

Muscular Dystrophy:

Answer 37

a group of chronic inherited conditions in which fat replaces muscle, more common in males

Question 38

What does a vitamin A deficiency cause?

Answer 38

night blindness

Question 39

What does a vitamin K deficiency cause?

Answer 39

excessive bleeding.

Question 40

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Answer 40

the inner lining (endometrium); the middle muscular layer (myometrium); and the outer layer (perimetrium).