Test 3 Flashcards
Hypertension:
Additive. Greatly increased resistance in blood flow thru the vascular system, heart over works and weakens and eventually wears out.
Myocardial Infarction:
Additive. Total blockage of coronary artery, single most frequent cause of death in the USA.
Embolus:
Additive. Any foreign mass that travels thru the blood stream and occludes a vessel.
Thrombus:
Additive: Formation of blood clots within a vein, commonly in the veins of lower limbs and result from a slowing of blood return to the heart.
Tetralogy of Fallot:
Additive. Consists of 4 tetra abnormalities:
- high ventricular septal defect
- pulmonary stenosis
- overriding of aortic office above ventricular defect
- right ventricular hypertrophy
Coarctation of the Aorta:
Additive. Narrowing or constriction of aorta. Blood flow to abdomen and legs is compromised.
Coronary Artery Disease:
Additive. Narrowing of lumen of one or more coronary arteries. Results in oxygen deprivation of myocardium and ischemic heart disease.
Congestive Heart Failure:
Additive. Inability of heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient to provide adequate supply to tissues.
Pulmonary Edema:
Additive. Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues.
Aneurysm:
Localized dilation of an artery, most commonly involves the aorta.
Atherosclerosis:
Additive. Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity in arterial wall. Narrowing and occlusions of arteries.
Pericardial Effusion:
Additive. Accumulation of fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart.
Meningitis:
Additive. Acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid.
Encephalitis:
Additive. Viral inflammation of the brain and meninges with a wide range of symptoms.
Brain Abscess:
Usually a result of chronic infections of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses or mastoid air cells or of systemic infections.
Subdural Empyema:
A suppurative process in the space between the inner surface of the dura and the outer surface of the arachnoid, most commonly caused by the spread of infection from the frontal or ethmoid sinuses.
Osteomyelitis of the Skull:
Most commonly caused by direct extension of a suppurative process from the paranasal sinuses, mastoid air cells or scalp. Changes don’t develop until 1-2 weeks after symptoms begin.
Acoustic Neuroma:
A slowly growing benign tumor. Most often originates in the internal auditory canal. Arrises from schwann cells in the vestibular portion of the auditory nerve.
Pituitary adenoma:
Usually arises in the anterior lobe.
What are the most common cancers to spread to the brain?
Lung and breast, usually reach the brain by hematogenous spread.
Subdural Hematoma:
Caused by venous bleeding usually in a vein between the dura and the other meninges. shows up on a CT scan as crescent shaped.
Epilepsy:
A condition in which brain impulses are temporarily disturbed with ranging symptoms such as loss of consciousness to violent seizures.
Describe the two types of epilepsy:
Petite Mal: mildest form, commonly in children, generally disappears in young adulthood.
Grand Mal: generalized convulsions with the patient falling to the floor, hyper salivating and loss of control of urine.
Alzheimers Disease:
Diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age than the senile period.
Parkinsons Disease:
A progressive degenerative disease characterized by involuntary tremors , stiffness and slowness, fixed facial expression and stooped posture. Shaking palsy
Multiple Sclerosis:
Involves an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system is directed against the central nervous system
Cholelithiasis:
Stones or calculi in the GB or biliary tree.
Liver Necrosis:
Additive. degenerative disease caused by viral infections and poisons entering the body, such as alcohol.
Cirrhosis of the liver:
Chronic condition where liver parenchyma and architecture are destroyed
Ascites:
Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Jaundice:
a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by obstruction of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells.
Lymphoma:
Neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system aka lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue of parenchymal organs.
Polycythemia:
Increased production of erythrocytes, granulocytes and platelets.
Infectious mononucleosis:
Self limited viral disease of the lymphoreticular system
Hepatitis C:
infection caused by Hepatitis C virus that attacks the liver and leads to inflammation. Chronic carriers run into the risk of developing liver cirrhosis and or liver cancer.
