Test 2 Flashcards
Hiatal hernia:
protrusion of a portion of the stomach into the thoracic cavity above the diaphragms
Esophageal diverticulum:
occurs when mucosal out pouching penetrates through the muscular layer of the esophagus.
2 Types- pulsion/false
traction/true
Pyloric Stenosis:
Additive. Occurs when two muscular layers of the pylorus become hyper plastic and hypertrophic. Causes obstruction, preventing food from entering into the duodenum.
Foreign bodies:
requires two projections 90 degrees apart
Gastritis:
Inflammation of the stomach mucosa. Caused by alcohol, corrosive agents and infection
Peptic ulcer:
inflammatory process caused by a sore or hole in lining of stomach or duodenum from acid secreted by the stomach
Regional Enteritis/Crohn’s:
Additive. An idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder that usually involves the terminal ileum but can affect any part of the GI tract. Stress or emotional upsets can be related to the onset of the disease.
Ulcerative Colitis:
Additive. Chronic, recurrent ulceration and inflammation of colon mucosa of unknown etiology.
Intussusception:
Additive. the telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another bc of peristalsis. Major cause of obstruction in children.
Volvulus:
Additive or destructive. twisting of the bowel on itself that may cause obstruction. Most common sites are the cecum and the sigmoid.
Diverticulosis Vs. Diverticulitis:
Both Additive.
Osis- outpouchings that are acquired herniations of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layersat weak points of the bowel wall.
Itis- a complication of the osis, necrosing inflammation in the diverticula.
Hirschsprung’s disease:
Additive. Lack of nerve cells in the bowel wall preventing relaxation of the colon and normal peristalsis. Congenital megacolon
Esophageal Varices:
extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, commonly due to cirrhosis
Chyme:
partially digested food mixed with gastric juices.
GERD:
Additive. a chronic digestive disease. GERD occurs when stomach acid or, stomach content flow back into your esophagus. The reflux irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD.
Achalasia:
a condition in which the muscles of the lower part of the esophagus fail to relax, preventing food from passing into the stomach.
What are some symptoms of GERD?
heartburn sore throat worsened asthma lump in the throat increased saliva bad breath acidic taste in mouth
What are the five ways to test for GERD?
esophagram endoscopy esophageal manometry pH probe impedance
define bile:
a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
define zenkers diverticulum:
a diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx, just above the cricopharyngeal muscle (i.e. above the upper sphincter of the esophagus).
Define esophageal cancer:
a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. The most common types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
define small bowel obstruction:
Additive if fluid, destructive if air. The small intestine is partially or totally blocked. When this happens, the contents of the intestine cannot properly get out of the body. Stools, fluid, and gas build up inside the intestine.
Define adynamic ileus:
Additive if fluid, destructive if air. The failure of passage of enteric contents through small bowel and colon that is not mechanically obstructed. Essentially it represents the paralysis of intestinal motility.
Define apendicitis:
Additive. A condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and painful.
Define pneumoperitoneum:
abnormal presence of air or other gas in the peritoneal cavity
What does esophageal manometry test?
the strength and pattern of the muscle contractions in the esophagus.
Define nephron:
functional unit of the kidney which filters waste products from the blood, reabsorbs water and nutrients from the tubular fluid, and secretes excess substances in the form of urine.
Define unilateral renal agenesis:
Somewhat destructive. Rare congenital anomaly in which only one kidney forms.
Define supernumerary kidney:
Somewhat destructive. Rare anomaly in which a third kidney forms.
Define hypoplastic kidney:
Destructive. Appears as a miniature replica of a normal kidney with good function.
Define malrotation:
rotation of the longitudinal or horizontal axis. Asymptomatic
Define Ectopic kidney:
Somewhat destructive. Abnormal position of the kidney such as in the pelvis or up high near the diaphragm.
Define crossed ectopia:
Additive. An ectopic kidney lies on the same side as the normal kidney and is very commonly fused.
Define horeshoe fusion:
Additive. Kidneys fuse at the lower poles and is the most common fusion anomaly.
Define ureterocele:
Additive. A cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder. found mostly in infants and children.
Define posterior urethral valves:
Additive. Thin transverse membranes in the urethra which causes bladder outlet obstruction mostly in males.
Glomerulonephritis:
Additive. An antigen-antibody reaction in the glomeruli causing this inflammatory reaction of the renal parenchyma. This occurs after a streptococcal infection of URT or middle ear.
Pyelonephritis:
Additive. Supperative inflammation of the kidneys and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic bacteria. Most common in women and children, causes stagnation of urine.
Papillary necrosis:
Destructive. involves varying amounts of the medullary papillae and the terminal portion of the renal pyramids.
Cystitis:
Additive. Inflammation of the bladder.
polycystic kidney disease:
Additve. An inheritted disorder in which multiple cysts cause enlargement of the kidneys and renal impairment
