Test 2

Question 1

Hiatal hernia:

Answer 1

protrusion of a portion of the stomach into the thoracic cavity above the diaphragms

Question 2

Esophageal diverticulum:

Answer 2

occurs when mucosal out pouching penetrates through the muscular layer of the esophagus.

2 Types- pulsion/false
traction/true

Question 3

Pyloric Stenosis:

Answer 3

Additive. Occurs when two muscular layers of the pylorus become hyper plastic and hypertrophic. Causes obstruction, preventing food from entering into the duodenum.

Question 4

Foreign bodies:

Answer 4

requires two projections 90 degrees apart

Question 5

Gastritis:

Answer 5

Inflammation of the stomach mucosa. Caused by alcohol, corrosive agents and infection

Question 6

Peptic ulcer:

Answer 6

inflammatory process caused by a sore or hole in lining of stomach or duodenum from acid secreted by the stomach

Question 7

Regional Enteritis/Crohn’s:

Answer 7

Additive. An idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder that usually involves the terminal ileum but can affect any part of the GI tract. Stress or emotional upsets can be related to the onset of the disease.

Question 8

Ulcerative Colitis:

Answer 8

Additive. Chronic, recurrent ulceration and inflammation of colon mucosa of unknown etiology.

Question 9

Intussusception:

Answer 9

Additive. the telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another bc of peristalsis. Major cause of obstruction in children.

Question 10

Volvulus:

Answer 10

Additive or destructive. twisting of the bowel on itself that may cause obstruction. Most common sites are the cecum and the sigmoid.

Question 11

Diverticulosis Vs. Diverticulitis:

Answer 11

Both Additive.
Osis- outpouchings that are acquired herniations of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layersat weak points of the bowel wall.

Itis- a complication of the osis, necrosing inflammation in the diverticula.

Question 12

Hirschsprung’s disease:

Answer 12

Additive. Lack of nerve cells in the bowel wall preventing relaxation of the colon and normal peristalsis. Congenital megacolon

Question 13

Esophageal Varices:

Answer 13

extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, commonly due to cirrhosis

Question 14

Chyme:

Answer 14

partially digested food mixed with gastric juices.

Question 15

GERD:

Answer 15

Additive. a chronic digestive disease. GERD occurs when stomach acid or, stomach content flow back into your esophagus. The reflux irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD.

Question 16

Achalasia:

Answer 16

a condition in which the muscles of the lower part of the esophagus fail to relax, preventing food from passing into the stomach.

Question 17

What are some symptoms of GERD?

Answer 17

heartburn
sore throat
worsened asthma 
lump in the throat
increased saliva 
bad breath
acidic taste in mouth

Question 18

What are the five ways to test for GERD?

Answer 18

esophagram
endoscopy
esophageal manometry
pH probe
impedance

Question 19

define bile:

Answer 19

a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Question 20

define zenkers diverticulum:

Answer 20

a diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx, just above the cricopharyngeal muscle (i.e. above the upper sphincter of the esophagus).

Question 21

Define esophageal cancer:

Answer 21

a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. The most common types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

Question 22

define small bowel obstruction:

Answer 22

Additive if fluid, destructive if air. The small intestine is partially or totally blocked. When this happens, the contents of the intestine cannot properly get out of the body. Stools, fluid, and gas build up inside the intestine.

Question 23

Define adynamic ileus:

Answer 23

Additive if fluid, destructive if air. The failure of passage of enteric contents through small bowel and colon that is not mechanically obstructed. Essentially it represents the paralysis of intestinal motility.

Question 24

Define apendicitis:

Answer 24

Additive. A condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and painful.

Question 25

Define pneumoperitoneum:

Answer 25

abnormal presence of air or other gas in the peritoneal cavity

Question 26

What does esophageal manometry test?

Answer 26

the strength and pattern of the muscle contractions in the esophagus.

Question 27

Define nephron:

Answer 27

functional unit of the kidney which filters waste products from the blood, reabsorbs water and nutrients from the tubular fluid, and secretes excess substances in the form of urine.

Question 28

Define unilateral renal agenesis:

Answer 28

Somewhat destructive. Rare congenital anomaly in which only one kidney forms.

Question 29

Define supernumerary kidney:

Answer 29

Somewhat destructive. Rare anomaly in which a third kidney forms.

Question 30

Define hypoplastic kidney:

Answer 30

Destructive. Appears as a miniature replica of a normal kidney with good function.

Question 31

Define malrotation:

Answer 31

rotation of the longitudinal or horizontal axis. Asymptomatic

Question 32

Define Ectopic kidney:

Answer 32

Somewhat destructive. Abnormal position of the kidney such as in the pelvis or up high near the diaphragm.

Question 33

Define crossed ectopia:

Answer 33

Additive. An ectopic kidney lies on the same side as the normal kidney and is very commonly fused.

Question 34

Define horeshoe fusion:

Answer 34

Additive. Kidneys fuse at the lower poles and is the most common fusion anomaly.

Question 35

Define ureterocele:

Answer 35

Additive. A cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder. found mostly in infants and children.

Question 36

Define posterior urethral valves:

Answer 36

Additive. Thin transverse membranes in the urethra which causes bladder outlet obstruction mostly in males.

Question 37

Glomerulonephritis:

Answer 37

Additive. An antigen-antibody reaction in the glomeruli causing this inflammatory reaction of the renal parenchyma. This occurs after a streptococcal infection of URT or middle ear.

Question 38

Pyelonephritis:

Answer 38

Additive. Supperative inflammation of the kidneys and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic bacteria. Most common in women and children, causes stagnation of urine.

Question 39

Papillary necrosis:

Answer 39

Destructive. involves varying amounts of the medullary papillae and the terminal portion of the renal pyramids.

Question 40

Cystitis:

Answer 40

Additive. Inflammation of the bladder.

Question 41

polycystic kidney disease:

Answer 41

Additve. An inheritted disorder in which multiple cysts cause enlargement of the kidneys and renal impairment