Test 4 Flashcards by Emily Vitt

List the special senses

Taste, smell, sight, hearing

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Which senses give us taste?

gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell)

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List the 5 taste bud sensations

Sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami (meaty)

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Which 2 types of papilla house taste buds?

Fungiform and vallate papillae

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List the 3 regions of the ear

Inner, outer, and middle ear

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What is found in the tympanic cavity?

air and ossicles

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List the ossicles

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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Define conjunctiva

The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids; lubricates and protects the eye

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What do lacrimal glands do?

Secrete tears

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What are the types of photoreceptors?

Rod and cone cells

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What are the two types of hormones?

Amino acid-based hormones or steroids

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List hormones from the anterior pituitary

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH, and PRL

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What does ACTH do?

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

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List the hormones from the adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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List the hormones from the pineal gland

Melatonin

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List the non hormonal products of the pancreas

Alpha and beta cells

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Which glands regulate growth?

Growth hormone?

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Which hormones regulate calcium and how do they interact?

Parathyroid hormone acts to oppose the effects of calcitonin which lowers calcium levels

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What does the thymus do?

Develop the T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune system

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List organs that secrete hormones (not just endocrine glands).

pancreas, heart, kidney, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, thymus, ovary, testis, thyroid, and pineal

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What are the 2 main divisions of blood?

Liquid plasma and formed elements

List the formed element of the blood

Erythrocytes (RBC’s), leukocytes (WBC’s), and platelets

List plasma proteins

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

List the 5 main types of WBC

Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

Define anemia

Insufficient RBC's or hemoglobin; creates insufficient oxygen; Causes: blood loss, iron deficiency, B12 or folic acid jdeficiency, abnormal (rapid) destruction of RBC's

Which WBC increases with a parasitic infection?

Eosinophils

What is the job of platelets?

Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

Define hemocytoblast

A type of stem cell that produces blood cells

Why do RBC not use the oxygen they transport?

Because they don't have mitochondria

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

T cells and B cells

What is the pericardium?

Heart covering; protects and anchors the heart; prevents overfilling

The visceral pericardium is also called?

Epicardium

What is the myocardium composed of?

Layer of cardiac muscle

What is the hearts position?

Superior (above) surface of diaphragm; left of the midline, anterior (in front of) to the vertebral column; posterior (behind) to the sternum

Define apex

The point of the heart; left of midline and anterior to rest of the heart

What is the job of the valves in the circulatory system?

Insure unidirectional blood flow through the heart

What supplies blood to the muscles of the heart?

The coronary arteries

Trace a drop of blood through the circulatory system

Superior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic circulation

What is the SA node?

Sinoatrial node that generates impulses about 70-80 times/minute

Define tachycardia

Heart rate over 100 beats/min

Define bradycardia

Heart rate less than 60 beats/min

List the tunica of the blood vessels and how they are related

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

List the arteries by size

Elastic (conducting) arteries > muscular arteries > arterioles

Which arterial tunic will have the greatest amount of smooth muscle

tunica media

Describe a fenestrated capillary

An endothelium riddled with pores; greater permeability than other capillaries

Which capillary type is the most common?

Continuous capillaries

What is the job of the pulmonary circuit?

Arteries which deliver blood to the lungs; capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

List the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta

Celiac, superior messenteric arteries, and inferior messenteric arteries

The abdominal aorta becomes?

The common iliac

What does the vasa vasorum do?

It's the vessels of the blood vessels