TEST #4

Question 1

Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

Answer 1

Deviance.

Question 2

Behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

Answer 2

Crime

Question 3

Refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people.

Answer 3

Juvenile Delinquency

Question 4

Refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules and laws and to discourage deviance.

Answer 4

Social Control

Question 5

The systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

Answer 5

Criminology

Question 6

According to ________ people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

Answer 6

Strain Theory

Question 7

Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

Answer 7

Illegitimate opportunity structures.

Question 8

States that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

Answer 8

Differential association theory.

Question 9

Holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to a society are weakened or broken.

Answer 9

Social bond theory.

Question 10

States that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Answer 10

Labeling theory.

Question 11

Refers to the initial act of rule breaking.

Answer 11

Primary deviance.

Question 12

Occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.

Answer 12

Secondary deviance.

Question 13

Occurs when a person who has been labeled deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

Answer 13

Tertiary deviance.

Question 14

A serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death.

Answer 14

Felony

Question 15

A minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail.

Answer 15

Misdemeanor

Question 16

Consists of actions—murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault—involving force or the threat of force against others.

Answer 16

Violent crime

Question 17

Include burglary (breaking into private property to commit a serious crime) motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft (theft of property worth $50 or more), and arson.

Answer 17

Property Crimes

Question 18

Involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

Answer 18

Victimless crimes.

Question 19

Comprises of illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Answer 19

Occupational (white-collar) crime.

Question 20

Illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.

Answer 20

Corporate crime.

Question 21

A business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

Answer 21

Organized crime.

Question 22

Refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.

Answer 22

Political crime

Question 23

The calculated, unlawful use of physical force of threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

Answer 23

Terrorism

Question 24

The local, state and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals.

Answer 24

Criminal justice system.

Question 25

Any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed.

Answer 25

Punishment.