FINAL

Question 1

The systematic study of human society and social interaction.

Answer 1

Sociology.

Question 2

French sociologist, stressed that people are the productof their social environment and that behavior cannot be understood fully in terms of individual biological and psychological traits.

Answer 2

Emile Durkheim

Question 3

German economist and philosopher, stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces.

Answer 3

Karl Marks

Question 4

German social scientist; was also concerned about the changes brought about by the industrial revolution.

Answer 4

Max Weber.

Question 5

Founded the second department of sociology in the United States at Atlanta University.

Answer 5

W. E. B. Du Bois

Question 6

Perspectives that are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.

Answer 6

Functionalist.

Question 7

According to ______ perspectives, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

Answer 7

Conflict.

Question 8

According to _______ perspectives, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

Answer 8

Symbolic interactionist.

Question 9

According to _____ perspectives, existing theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

Answer 9

Postmodern.

Question 10

The goal is scientific objectivity and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.

Answer 10

Quantitative research.

Question 11

Interpretive descriptions (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

Answer 11

Qualitative research.

Question 12

The process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

Answer 12

Industrialization.

Question 13

The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than rural areas.

Answer 13

Urbanization.

Question 14

A ______ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems instead of looking at important social dynamics in individuals’ lives.

Answer 14

Macrolevel.

Question 15

A _____ analysis focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.

Answer 15

Microlevel.

Question 16

6 step research process:

Answer 16

1. Select and define the research problem.
2. Review previous research
3. Formulate the hypothesis
4. Develop research design.
5. Collect and analyze the data.
6. Draw conclusions and report findings.

Question 17

A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables.

Answer 17

Hypothesis.

Question 18

Any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situation, or society to another.

Answer 18

Variable

Question 19

The extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

Answer 19

Validity

Question 20

The extent to which a study or research instrument yeilds consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or the same individuals over time.

Answer 20

Reliability.

Question 21

A research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.

Answer 21

Secondary analysis.

Question 22

They systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.

Answer 22

Content analysis.

Question 23

A carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects attitudes or behavior.

Answer 23

Experiment.

Question 24

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

Answer 24

Agents of socialization.

Question 25

A set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

Answer 25

Social institution.

Question 26

a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like.

Answer 26

Sample.

Question 27

a technique of field research, used in anthropology and sociology, by which an investigator (participant observer) studies the life of a group by sharing in its activities.

Answer 27

Participant observation.

Question 28

systems that allow interactions between their internal elements and the environment.

Answer 28

open system.

Question 29

Relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women.

Answer 29

pink-collar occupations.

Question 30

The income standard that is based on what the federal government considers to be the minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level.

Answer 30

official poverty line.

Question 31

A level of economic deprivation that exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.

Answer 31

absolute poverty

Question 32

A level of economic deprivation that exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

Answer 32

relative poverty.

Question 33

The trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.

Answer 33

feminization of poverty.

Question 34

A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair, texture, eye shape, and other subjectively selected attributes.

Answer 34

Race.

Question 35

A collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.

Answer 35

Ethnic group.

Question 36

A negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

Answer 36

prejudice.

Question 37

overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

Answer 37

stereotypes.

Question 38

Actions or practices of dominant group members that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group.

Answer 38

discrimination.

Question 39

Behavior consisting of one-on-one acts by membersof the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

Answer 39

Individual discrimination.

Question 40

The day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful effect on members of subordinate groups.

Answer 40

Institutional discrimination.

Question 41

The biological and anatomical differences between males and females

Answer 41

Sex

Question 42

The culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

Answer 42

Gender.

Question 43

The subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

Answer 43

sexism.

Question 44

The belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.

Answer 44

comparable worth (pay equity)