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Intro to Sociology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The systematic study of human society and social interaction.

A

Sociology.

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2
Q

French sociologist, stressed that people are the productof their social environment and that behavior cannot be understood fully in terms of individual biological and psychological traits.

A

Emile Durkheim

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3
Q

German economist and philosopher, stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces.

A

Karl Marks

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4
Q

German social scientist; was also concerned about the changes brought about by the industrial revolution.

A

Max Weber.

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5
Q

Founded the second department of sociology in the United States at Atlanta University.

A

W. E. B. Du Bois

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6
Q

Perspectives that are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.

A

Functionalist.

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7
Q

According to ______ perspectives, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

A

Conflict.

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8
Q

According to _______ perspectives, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

A

Symbolic interactionist.

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9
Q

According to _____ perspectives, existing theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

A

Postmodern.

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10
Q

The goal is scientific objectivity and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.

A

Quantitative research.

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11
Q

Interpretive descriptions (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

A

Qualitative research.

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12
Q

The process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

A

Industrialization.

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13
Q

The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than rural areas.

A

Urbanization.

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14
Q

A ______ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems instead of looking at important social dynamics in individuals’ lives.

A

Macrolevel.

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15
Q

A _____ analysis focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.

A

Microlevel.

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16
Q

6 step research process:

A
  1. Select and define the research problem.
  2. Review previous research
  3. Formulate the hypothesis
  4. Develop research design.
  5. Collect and analyze the data.
  6. Draw conclusions and report findings.
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17
Q

A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables.

A

Hypothesis.

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18
Q

Any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situation, or society to another.

A

Variable

19
Q

The extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

A

Validity

20
Q

The extent to which a study or research instrument yeilds consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or the same individuals over time.

A

Reliability.

21
Q

A research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.

A

Secondary analysis.

22
Q

They systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.

A

Content analysis.

23
Q

A carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects attitudes or behavior.

A

Experiment.

24
Q

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

A

Agents of socialization.

25
Q

A set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

A

Social institution.

26
Q

a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like.

A

Sample.

27
Q

a technique of field research, used in anthropology and sociology, by which an investigator (participant observer) studies the life of a group by sharing in its activities.

A

Participant observation.

28
Q

systems that allow interactions between their internal elements and the environment.

A

open system.

29
Q

Relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women.

A

pink-collar occupations.

30
Q

The income standard that is based on what the federal government considers to be the minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level.

A

official poverty line.

31
Q

A level of economic deprivation that exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.

A

absolute poverty

32
Q

A level of economic deprivation that exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

A

relative poverty.

33
Q

The trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.

A

feminization of poverty.

34
Q

A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair, texture, eye shape, and other subjectively selected attributes.

A

Race.

35
Q

A collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.

A

Ethnic group.

36
Q

A negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

A

prejudice.

37
Q

overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

A

stereotypes.

38
Q

Actions or practices of dominant group members that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group.

A

discrimination.

39
Q

Behavior consisting of one-on-one acts by membersof the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

A

Individual discrimination.

40
Q

The day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful effect on members of subordinate groups.

A

Institutional discrimination.

41
Q

The biological and anatomical differences between males and females

A

Sex

42
Q

The culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with “femininity” and “masculinity.”

A

Gender.

43
Q

The subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

A

sexism.

44
Q

The belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.

A

comparable worth (pay equity)

Intro to Sociology (6 decks)

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