TEST #2 Flashcards
The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.
Culture.
An unlearned, biologically deterined behavior pattern common to all members of a species that predictably occurs whenever certain environmental conditions exist.
Instinct.
An unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some stimuli.
Reflex.
Unlearned, biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satsify needs such as those for sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification.
Drives.
_________ consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society tht influence people’s behavior.
Nonmaterial culture.
_________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.
Material culture.
The mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.
Beliefs.
Customs and practices that occur across all societies.
Cultural Universals.
Anything that meaningfully represents something else.
Symbol.
A set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.
Language.
According to the ________, language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.
Values.
Values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive.
Value contradictions.
Refers to the value and standards of behavior that people in a society profess to hold.
Ideal culture.
Refers to the values and standards of the behavior that people actually follow.
Real culture.
Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.
Norms.
Norms that are written down and and involve specific punishments for violators.
Formal norms.
Rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.
Sanctions.
_____ sanctions include praise, honors, or medals for conformity to specific norms.
Positive.
_______ norms—unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.
Informal.
Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.
Folkways.
Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.
Mores.
Mores so strong that thier violations is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.
Taboos.
_____ are formal standardized norms that have been enacted by the legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.
Laws.
______ deal with disputes among persons or groups.
Civil law.
____ deals with public safety and well-being.
Criminal Law
Refers to the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into usable forms and the knowledge and skills required to use what is developed.
Technology.
A gap between the technical development of a society and it’s moral and legal institutions.
Cultural lag.
Refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations.
Cultural diversity.
A category of people who share distinquishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.
Subculture.
A group that rejects dominant societal values and norms and seek alternative lifestyles.
Counterculture.
The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.
Culture shock.
The practice of judging all other cultures by one’s own culture; based on the assumption that one’s own way of life is superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism.
The belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards.
Cultural relativism.
Consists of classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences.
High culture.
Consists of activites, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.
Popular culture.
The extensive infusion of one nation’s culture into other nations.
Cultural imperialism.
The lifelong process of social interaction thorugh which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental and social skills needed for survival in society.
Socialization.
The systematic study of social behavioor from a biological perspective.
Sociobiology.
The component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.
Id.
The rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.
Ego.
The _____ or conscience, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.
Superego.
The totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.
Self concept.
Four components make up our self-concept:
- The physical self
- The active self
- The social self
- The psychological self
Our perception about what kind of person we are.
Self-identity.
Refers to the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.
Looking-glass self.
The looking-glass self is a self-concept derived from a three-step process:
- We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people.
- We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present.
- We develop a self-concept. If we think the evaluation of other is favorable, our self-concept is enhaced. If we think the evaluation is unfavorable, our self-concept is diminished.
The process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person’sor group’s point of view.
Role taking.
Those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.
Significant others.
Refers to the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture.
Generalized others.
Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.
Agents of socialization.
A group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position and (usually) similar age.
Peer group.
Composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the internet) to communicate with large numbers of people.
Mass media.
The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.
Gender socialization.
The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerting the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status.
Racial socialization.
The process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.
Anticipatory socialization.
Wherein a person or group is considered to have less social value than other persons or groups.
Social devaluation.
Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons.
Ageism.
The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and previous experience.
Resocialization.
A place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.
Total institution.
