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Intro to Sociology > TEST #2 > Flashcards

TEST #2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

A

Culture.

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2
Q

An unlearned, biologically deterined behavior pattern common to all members of a species that predictably occurs whenever certain environmental conditions exist.

A

Instinct.

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3
Q

An unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some stimuli.

A

Reflex.

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4
Q

Unlearned, biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satsify needs such as those for sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification.

A

Drives.

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5
Q

_________ consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society tht influence people’s behavior.

A

Nonmaterial culture.

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6
Q

_________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

A

Material culture.

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7
Q

The mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

A

Beliefs.

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8
Q

Customs and practices that occur across all societies.

A

Cultural Universals.

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9
Q

Anything that meaningfully represents something else.

A

Symbol.

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10
Q

A set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

A

Language.

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11
Q

According to the ________, language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

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12
Q

Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

A

Values.

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13
Q

Values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive.

A

Value contradictions.

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14
Q

Refers to the value and standards of behavior that people in a society profess to hold.

A

Ideal culture.

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15
Q

Refers to the values and standards of the behavior that people actually follow.

A

Real culture.

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16
Q

Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

A

Norms.

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17
Q

Norms that are written down and and involve specific punishments for violators.

A

Formal norms.

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18
Q

Rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

A

Sanctions.

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19
Q

_____ sanctions include praise, honors, or medals for conformity to specific norms.

A

Positive.

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20
Q

_______ norms—unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.

A

Informal.

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21
Q

Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.

A

Folkways.

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22
Q

Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

A

Mores.

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23
Q

Mores so strong that thier violations is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

A

Taboos.

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24
Q

_____ are formal standardized norms that have been enacted by the legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.

A

Laws.

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25
Q

______ deal with disputes among persons or groups.

A

Civil law.

26
Q

____ deals with public safety and well-being.

A

Criminal Law

27
Q

Refers to the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into usable forms and the knowledge and skills required to use what is developed.

A

Technology.

28
Q

A gap between the technical development of a society and it’s moral and legal institutions.

A

Cultural lag.

29
Q

Refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations.

A

Cultural diversity.

30
Q

A category of people who share distinquishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

A

Subculture.

31
Q

A group that rejects dominant societal values and norms and seek alternative lifestyles.

A

Counterculture.

32
Q

The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

A

Culture shock.

33
Q

The practice of judging all other cultures by one’s own culture; based on the assumption that one’s own way of life is superior to all others.

A

Ethnocentrism.

34
Q

The belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards.

A

Cultural relativism.

35
Q

Consists of classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences.

A

High culture.

36
Q

Consists of activites, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.

A

Popular culture.

37
Q

The extensive infusion of one nation’s culture into other nations.

A

Cultural imperialism.

38
Q

The lifelong process of social interaction thorugh which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental and social skills needed for survival in society.

A

Socialization.

39
Q

The systematic study of social behavioor from a biological perspective.

A

Sociobiology.

40
Q

The component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

A

Id.

41
Q

The rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.

A

Ego.

42
Q

The _____ or conscience, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

A

Superego.

43
Q

The totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.

A

Self concept.

44
Q

Four components make up our self-concept:

A
  1. The physical self
  2. The active self
  3. The social self
  4. The psychological self
45
Q

Our perception about what kind of person we are.

A

Self-identity.

46
Q

Refers to the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

A

Looking-glass self.

47
Q

The looking-glass self is a self-concept derived from a three-step process:

A
  1. We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people.
  2. We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present.
  3. We develop a self-concept. If we think the evaluation of other is favorable, our self-concept is enhaced. If we think the evaluation is unfavorable, our self-concept is diminished.
48
Q

The process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person’sor group’s point of view.

A

Role taking.

49
Q

Those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

A

Significant others.

50
Q

Refers to the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture.

A

Generalized others.

51
Q

Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

A

Agents of socialization.

52
Q

A group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position and (usually) similar age.

A

Peer group.

53
Q

Composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the internet) to communicate with large numbers of people.

A

Mass media.

54
Q

The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.

A

Gender socialization.

55
Q

The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerting the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status.

A

Racial socialization.

56
Q

The process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.

A

Anticipatory socialization.

57
Q

Wherein a person or group is considered to have less social value than other persons or groups.

A

Social devaluation.

58
Q

Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons.

A

Ageism.

59
Q

The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and previous experience.

A

Resocialization.

60
Q

A place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.

A

Total institution.

Intro to Sociology (6 decks)

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