TEST #3 Flashcards
The process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.
Social interaction.
The complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people’s behavior.
Social structure.
The state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure.
Social marginality.
Any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person’s social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance.
Stigma.
A socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.
Status.
Comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.
Status set.
A social position conferred at birth or received involuntary later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
Ascribed status.
A social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
Achieved status.
The most important status a person occupies.
Master status.
Are material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status.
Status symbols.
A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
Role.
A group’s or society’s definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played.
Role expectation.
How a person actually plays the role.
Role performance.
Occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a persons occupies.
Role strain.
Occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance.
Role distancing.
Occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
Role exit.
Consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.
Social group.
A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
Primary group.
A larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Secondary group.
Refers to a group’s ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. Social solidarity exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.
Social solidarity.
A series of social relationships that links an individual to others.
Social network.
A highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
Formal organization.
A set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
Social institution
A classification scheme containing two or more mutually exclusive categories that are used to compare different kinds of behavior or types of societies.
Typology.
Refers to how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed.
Division of labor.
Refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
Mechanical solidarity.
Refers to the social cohesion found in industrial (and perhaps postindustrial) societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
Organic solidarity.
Traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
Gemeinschaft.
A large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.
Gesellschaft.
Based on technology that mechanizes production.
Industrial societies.
One in which technology supports a service and information based economy.
Postindustrial society.
The ways in which and individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
Civil inattention.
The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
Social construction of reality.
Meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest and adjest our attitudes and actions accordingly.
Definition of the situation.
A false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.
Self-fulling prophecy.
The study of the common sense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.
Ethnomethodology.
The study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.
Dramaturgical analysis.
Refers to people’s efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.
Impression management.
Refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face.
Face-saving behavior.
The area where a player performs a specific an audience.
Front stage.
The area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience.
Back stage.
The transfer of information between persons without the use of the use of words.
Nonverbal communication
The immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.
Personal space.
A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.
Aggregate.
A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender.
Category.
An ______ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.
Ingroup.
An _____ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.
Outgroup.
A ______ group is a group that strongly influences a person’s behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.
Reference.
A collectively small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.
Small group.
A group composed of two members.
Dyad.
A group composed of three members.
Triad.
Leadership that is goal or task oriented.
Instrumental leadership.
Leadership that provides emotional support for members.
Expressive leadership.
Group leaders that make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.
Authoritarian leaders.
Group leaders that encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.
Democratic leaders.
Group leaders that are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
Laissez-faire leaders.
The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture or other group.
Conformity.
The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately belive is unwise.
Groupthink.
We voluntarily join ______ _______ when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.
Normative organizations.
People do not voluntarily become members of _____ _______—associations that people are forced to join.
Coercive organizations.
We voluntarily join _______ _______ when they can provide us with a material reward that we seek.
Utilitarian organizations.
An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.
Bureaucracy.
The process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.
Rationality.
An abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon.
Ideal type.
Ideal characteristics of Bureaucracy:
Division of labor. Hierarchy of authority. Rules and regulations. Qualification-based employment. Impersonality.
The ______ ____ of bureaucracy is composed of those aspects of participants’ day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.
Informal side.
Occurs when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals.
Goal displacement.
Describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.
Bureaucratic personality.
The tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few.
Law of oligarchy.
