Test 4 Flashcards
Entomology as related to humans,real and precieved
Entomology as related to pets.
Medical entomology
Veterinary entomology
Humans are often hosts.
What are the 3 types of impacts
nuisance
venom+wounds
Disease vectors- transmit causative agent
Describe Nuisances-
High densities, filth feeders, and bites/ stings cause no medical reaction or disease transmission.
Fear of spiders-
Fear of bugs-
Precieved parasoitoid infestation-
Arachnophobia
Entomophobia
Delusory parasitosis
Describe different venoms-
Hymenoptera- hive defense
apis mellifera- barbed sting
Wasps/ants smooth sting
Scorpiones/chilopoda- prey capture/defense
What family causes blisters?
Meloiday and Cantharidin
Skin irritation,
what causes this?
Urtication Moth larvae(hairs/spines w/ venom glands). some spiders
excessive immune response-
what causes these and what can happen-
allergies
dust mite fecal material
cockroaches- saliva, feces, exoskeleton components
venom, urtication- anaphylactic shock.
Name the non vectors-
Pediculosis, Scabies, Hemiptera, demodicidosis (eye lash mites), myiasis
what is myiasis- describe the stages.
infection of fly larva.
adult lays eggs on bloodsucking vector, larva enters host after blood meal, infection stage/diagnostic stage when eggs hatch to larva. larva to pupa in soil.
What family is used for medical maggots-
calliphoridae,
when humans are not needed to complete lifecylce of myiasis
pseudomyiasis
type of cheese that contains larvae-
casu marzu,
requires pathogen, vector and host where the pathogen is in the vector,
Biological transfer
malaria
multiple ways of transfer-
example-
Mechanical transfer
fly lands on poop and then lands on sandwhich
main vectors of biological transfer-
diptera, hemiptera, acari
vector + only one host species-
vector + hosts- multiple possible-
Single Cycle (human only) Secondary Cycle
diseases of single cycle-
diseases of secondary cycle-
malaria
yellow fever, plague,
Non human- animal host-
reservoirs
What are the four human pathogens-
Protista, Arboviruses, Bacteria, Nemata
Malaria-
protista, Culicidae, fly saliva when bit, single cycle. mosquito- human -mosquito, anopheles sp. via Sporozoites infect liver and multiply to merozites re-infect liver cells, infect red blood cells- trophozite
Arthropod born virus-
4 types in the U.S.
Arboviruses
vector-host and vector- vector
Diptera and Acari
yellow fever, west nile virus, Chinkungunya, dengue
from vector to host, how we get them-
from vector to vector via egg to offspring-
vector to vector,male/female -
Biological transfer Transovarian transmission( vertical) venereal transmission(horizontal)
Blood feeders-
Hematophagous
Describe Chinkungunya-
Secondary cycle- primates, birds, rodents
wide spread in us but not strain. vector in us. Caribbean
Describe west nile-
Secondary cycle- bird- mosquito- human no vaccine asymptomatic- flu like 1% neuroinvasive
Describe yellow fever-
Secondary cycle, monkeys = reservoir host
Vaccine available, 1700s-1800s epidemic.
50% mortality rate, no vaccine. cucilidae
Describe Dengue-
Secondary- moneys
animal- human
four serotypes- DENV1-4
80% asymptomatic but if exposed to more than one strain may cause hemorrhagic fever.
Describe Heartland fever-
Acari- ticks Emerging virus missouri and TN all males 50+ and one death Ehrlichiosis-like symptoms
Describe the Plague
Bacteria, secondary cycle in rodents, siphonaptera
rat flea
flea bites-60% mortality rate
still contracted
Describe Lyme Disease-
Secondary cycle ,bacteria
Tick mites, Acari
Describe Ehrlichiosis-
Secondary - other mammals
Tick bites, Found around here.
Describe Trench Fever-
Secondary cycle- mammals
body louse
feces rubbed into wound-ww1
Describe Elephantiasis-
Culicidae bites
Multiple genera
Describe Onchocerciasis-
Simuliidae bites.
Three ways of disease prevention-
keep pathogen out of area
reduce/eliminate vector
Bed nets, physical barrier to vectors.
vaccines-
only work on bacteria infections, doesnt work on viruses
yellow fever has one.
term that describes something that negatively impacts humans but doesnt exist without humans presence
Pests
deleterious effects to host physiology, not necessarily terrible.
Measurable loss to host usefulness
can you have one without the other?
Injury- scarabaeidae on soybean
Damage- tobacco flea beetle, tobacco leaves. lessens usefullness.
you can have injury without damage, but not damage without injury.
Describe measuring pests in relation to crops-
Some crops are very resistant to injury without damage(soybeans)
Some crops injury = damage, fruits.
When does enacting control make sense
when value lost is greater than cost of control
Economic injury level and Economic threshold are measures of what?
Insect densities
Pest density, where value lost to pest is equal to the cost of control, break even point
Describe it,
Economic injury level
different for different pests.
There is a lag time, so acting once this is reached is to late. should start before EIL
Pest density, where you start control measures.
Describe it.
Economic threshold
Always lower than the EIL and helps to keep from reaching the EIL, this factors in lag time. It is predictive on what populations will do over time.
when an insect moves to an area in which it is not native (accidentally or intentionally) and becomes a pest, often in conjunction with a lack of natural enemies to control the population
Range extension
Only a pest when an insect is being a vector, either plant to plant or animal to animal.
Disease vector
When an insect is innocuous on a native host plant but becomes a pest when it begins feeding on an introduced plant that has economic value to humans.( potato beetle)
Host Switch
refers to pests created by how crops are grown/ animals raised, predictable for pest
Monocultures
Continuous cultivation- amplifying numbers, selection of resistant pest strains, over/misuse of pesticides.
Agriculture practices
Used to suppress populations
Chemical Insecticides
name side effects of insecticides-
- Selection for resistance- resistance individuals survive,
- Broad spectrum- kill more than target
- Pest resurgence- some pests come back
- secondary pest outbreak- new pest emerges
- Environmental effects-Contamination
- Human health- exposure
when the concentration of a substance in an organism, exceeds the natural amount of the substance found in the organisms natural diet.
Biomagnification
Modes of insecticide resistance-
Behavioral-Avoidance
Physiological- decreased penetration of the cuticle
Biochemical-detoxification
Tolerance- decreased sensitivity
used to fight resistance, limiting damage to crops, and minimize the effects on non-target organisms.
Describe it-
Integrated pest Management
using chemical controls responsibly with other methods, requires knowledge of populations,Environmental factors, Society/environmental costs.
Ways of using chemical control-
non random spraying-timing to avoid outbreaks and target vunerable stages.minimize use,resistance.
using effective chemicals- must enter insect body, Alter physiology.
Describe the modes of entry-
Contact poisons,-Dermal entry, can be stomach poisons if ingested
Inhalation poisons- tracheal entry,
Systemic insecticides- in plants, ingested by feeding insects.
Nerve function-
Acetylcholine- neuro transmitter, jumps synapse
Acetylcholinesterase- hydrolizes acetylcholine,stops nerve impusle.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition- stops the break down and nerve keeps firing.
Insecticides derived from plants( naturals)
Botanical insecticides, natural analogs
Kinds of botanical Insecticides-
Alkaloids- nicotine
Rotenone-legume roots,
Pyrethrins-flowers
Neem- tree extracts, prevents feeding
Nerve poisons, acetylcholine mimic
Whats it toxic to?
Nicotine
Mammals
Mitochondrial Poisons,
Rotenoids , toxic to fish
Axonic poisons, blocks sodium
Pyrethins , toxic to fish, aquatic insects.
feeding deterrent, and disrupts ecdysone( molting)
Neem
Man made insecticides, not natural, broad spectrum.
Synthetic Insecticides. most nerve poisons.
two synthetic insecticides-
Phenylprazoles- nerve toxins that block chloride ion movement, frontline
Organochlorines- nerve poisons, highly stable, persistant. DDT.
Describe Juvenile growth hormone-
Disrupts the maturation development of an insect. It is relevant to insects because it effects them without effecting humans. It can be used in ecosystems with mosquito larvae to keep them suppressed. only problem is it affects the rest of the ecosystem also. Mosquitos are not pests as immature and do not harm humans.
stage where harm can be caused.
deleterious stage.
Describe Chitin synthesis inhibitors-
prevention of chitin formation leaving insect unsclerotized and defenseless. Insect dies after molt. Chitin synthesis inhibitors do not effect humans and can be put into an ecosystem to use on insects. Only problem is it can effect a large variety of insects in an ecosystem. Insect will die after molt and be stuck in exuvia.
introduction , enhancement , of natural enemies of pest.
biological control, only suppresses pest.
used to control a foreign pest, with a foreign control agent.
Classical biological control
pest introduced from outside the normal range.
introduction with multiple success stories-
introduced pest
importation of natural enemies
Describe the Cottony-cushion scale-
scale introduced from australia, native natural enemies, coccinellidae imported to keep it below the economic threshold. type of classical biological control
what do you do if there are no natural enemies?
use pesticides, not imidacloprid
Describe gypsy moth control and Cactus moth
non successful,some threaten native silk worm caterpillars.
Controls non native cacti, released in the Caribbean, got to flordia and threatens native cati.
native pest with a foreign control agent, controversial.
Describe them.
Neoclassical biocontrol
you want candidates with the ability to use new hosts. the controversy is that there is risk of host jumping.
Describe the ways of enacting bio-control-
Augmentation- supplementing existing agents.
Periodic release- inoculation and inundation
Host specificy is key
Conservation biological control- conserve and enhance natural enemy populations.
Arthropod natural enemies-
Arachnids, insects.
Parasitoids- chalcidoidea, ichneumonoidea, tachinidae
Chalcidoidae-
ichneumonoidae/braconidae-
Hymenoptera, go for hemipterans
host specificity
Ways you can foster natural enemies-
Alter surrounding habitats
flowers- energy from nectar
Structure and stability- habitat after harvest, overwintering location, easier to repopulate crop next season.
using bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi, and nematodes to combat insects-
Microbial control.
can be expensive. and often host specific.
pathogens of instects-
Entomopathogens
Paenisbacillus popillidae-
bacterial infection that is used to control scarabaeidae.
Japanese beetle adult vs. larva-
what bacteria is used against larva?
chew leaf, flower, fruit
turf pests, root feeders.
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)-toxic protein, ingestion= death
applied by dusts, granules, sprays. different strains different pests.
How is Bt used in crops?
it is combined with genetic engineering to be inside crops, so that feeding on plant causes death.
Controversies are possible human allergies
combats herbivory using the plant itself-
when a plant is consumed and it adversley effects herbivore physiology. sub lethal effects
Host plant resistance, accomplished by selective breeding.
Anibiosis
When the plant physically deters feeding by a herbivore
When a plant is consumed but it recovers from injury, plant tolerates injury-
Antixenosis
chemical repellants, pubescence, waxyness.
Tolerance
Using non Gm plants to keep non-resistant populations alive.
describe why-
Refuges
resistance is recessive, if only recessive survive to breed then all offspring will be resistant to the Gm plant. If you keep a patch of non Gm for the dominate to survive then they offspring will be heterozygous and not be resistant to the Gm.
Nonchemical, non-biological, control methods,
2 types-
physical controls
passive- exclusions and traps
active-mechanical, thermal, environmental.
Active-
Passive-
sifting, heating/chilling, altering gas content of environment, packaging.
greenhouses, storage silos, bug zapper.
Cultural controls-
tillage/ burning of soils, crop rotation, timing/ placing plantings, intercroping, Companion planting, removing wild plants.
Detecting the presence and measuring abundance-
Monitoring, targets males.
what do you use against forest pests, that attracts and annihilates?
Pheromone mass trapping
silky traps/ electrocution.
Placing synthetic pheromone in environment to drown out females.
how does it work?
mating distribution( use many so male cannot find female)
lowers number of mating events, which lowers density of next generation. lepidopterian pests.
Protists diseases
chaggas’ disease- hemiptera, feeding/deficating in wound. secondary
African sleeping sickness-secondary, diptera fly bite.
Leishmaniasis- diptera,fly bite, secondary cycle.
Malaria- fly saliva, single cycle mosquito.
arthropod that feeds on blood
hemotophagous
control that when released its offspring continue control-
inoculation
control that when released offspring dont continue control
inundation
Nematodes cause what
elephantiasis , multiple genera
river blindness, bites diptera
Describe the steps of malaria-
Sporozoites, reside in salavary glands of insect vector and are transferred to human host when host feeds on human blood. Sporozites invade the liver, and enter the life stage Merozoites, causing parenchyma cells to burst can reinfect the liver or infect red blood cells.
When red blood cells are infected the trophozoites lifestage is entered which reproduces inside the red blood cells, these can go two paths, back to liver and be merozoites or become gameocytes that are taken into the gut of insect vector from blood meal on human, these the become one by sperm and egg in the gut and become ookinete, which moves along the gut to become oocyst that once again become Sporozoites
