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General Entomology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Entomology as related to humans,real and precieved

Entomology as related to pets.

A

Medical entomology
Veterinary entomology
Humans are often hosts.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of impacts

A

nuisance
venom+wounds
Disease vectors- transmit causative agent

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3
Q

Describe Nuisances-

A

High densities, filth feeders, and bites/ stings cause no medical reaction or disease transmission.

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4
Q

Fear of spiders-
Fear of bugs-
Precieved parasoitoid infestation-

A

Arachnophobia
Entomophobia
Delusory parasitosis

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5
Q

Describe different venoms-

A

Hymenoptera- hive defense
apis mellifera- barbed sting
Wasps/ants smooth sting
Scorpiones/chilopoda- prey capture/defense

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6
Q

What family causes blisters?

A

Meloiday and Cantharidin

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7
Q

Skin irritation,

what causes this?

A 
Urtication
Moth larvae(hairs/spines w/ venom glands).  some spiders
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8
Q

excessive immune response-

what causes these and what can happen-

A

allergies
dust mite fecal material
cockroaches- saliva, feces, exoskeleton components
venom, urtication- anaphylactic shock.

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9
Q

Name the non vectors-

A

Pediculosis, Scabies, Hemiptera, demodicidosis (eye lash mites), myiasis

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10
Q

what is myiasis- describe the stages.

A

infection of fly larva.
adult lays eggs on bloodsucking vector, larva enters host after blood meal, infection stage/diagnostic stage when eggs hatch to larva. larva to pupa in soil.

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11
Q

What family is used for medical maggots-

A

calliphoridae,

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12
Q

when humans are not needed to complete lifecylce of myiasis

A

pseudomyiasis

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13
Q

type of cheese that contains larvae-

A

casu marzu,

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14
Q

requires pathogen, vector and host where the pathogen is in the vector,

A

Biological transfer

malaria

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15
Q

multiple ways of transfer-

example-

A

Mechanical transfer

fly lands on poop and then lands on sandwhich

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16
Q

main vectors of biological transfer-

A

diptera, hemiptera, acari

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17
Q

vector + only one host species-

vector + hosts- multiple possible-

A 
Single Cycle (human only)
Secondary Cycle
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18
Q

diseases of single cycle-

diseases of secondary cycle-

A

malaria

yellow fever, plague,

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19
Q

Non human- animal host-

A

reservoirs

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20
Q

What are the four human pathogens-

A

Protista, Arboviruses, Bacteria, Nemata

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21
Q

Malaria-

A 
protista, Culicidae, fly saliva when bit, single cycle.
mosquito- human -mosquito, 
anopheles sp. via Sporozoites
infect liver and multiply to merozites
re-infect liver cells, 
infect red blood cells- trophozite
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22
Q

Arthropod born virus-

4 types in the U.S.

A

Arboviruses
vector-host and vector- vector
Diptera and Acari
yellow fever, west nile virus, Chinkungunya, dengue

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23
Q

from vector to host, how we get them-
from vector to vector via egg to offspring-
vector to vector,male/female -

A 
Biological transfer
Transovarian transmission( vertical)
venereal transmission(horizontal)
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24
Q

Blood feeders-

A

Hematophagous

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25
Q

Describe Chinkungunya-

A

Secondary cycle- primates, birds, rodents

wide spread in us but not strain. vector in us. Caribbean

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26
Q

Describe west nile-

A 
Secondary cycle- 
bird- mosquito- human
no vaccine
asymptomatic- flu like 
1% neuroinvasive
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27
Q

Describe yellow fever-

A

Secondary cycle, monkeys = reservoir host
Vaccine available, 1700s-1800s epidemic.
50% mortality rate, no vaccine. cucilidae

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28
Q

Describe Dengue-

A

Secondary- moneys
animal- human
four serotypes- DENV1-4
80% asymptomatic but if exposed to more than one strain may cause hemorrhagic fever.

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29
Q

Describe Heartland fever-

A 
Acari- ticks
Emerging virus
missouri and TN
all males 50+ and one death
 Ehrlichiosis-like symptoms
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30
Q

Describe the Plague

A

Bacteria, secondary cycle in rodents, siphonaptera
rat flea
flea bites-60% mortality rate
still contracted

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31
Q

Describe Lyme Disease-

A

Secondary cycle ,bacteria

Tick mites, Acari

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32
Q

Describe Ehrlichiosis-

A

Secondary - other mammals

Tick bites, Found around here.

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33
Q

Describe Trench Fever-

A

Secondary cycle- mammals
body louse
feces rubbed into wound-ww1

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34
Q

Describe Elephantiasis-

A

Culicidae bites

Multiple genera

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35
Q

Describe Onchocerciasis-

A

Simuliidae bites.

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36
Q

Three ways of disease prevention-

A

keep pathogen out of area
reduce/eliminate vector
Bed nets, physical barrier to vectors.

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37
Q

vaccines-

A

only work on bacteria infections, doesnt work on viruses

yellow fever has one.

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38
Q

term that describes something that negatively impacts humans but doesnt exist without humans presence

A

Pests

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39
Q

deleterious effects to host physiology, not necessarily terrible.
Measurable loss to host usefulness
can you have one without the other?

A

Injury- scarabaeidae on soybean

Damage- tobacco flea beetle, tobacco leaves. lessens usefullness.
you can have injury without damage, but not damage without injury.

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40
Q

Describe measuring pests in relation to crops-

A

Some crops are very resistant to injury without damage(soybeans)
Some crops injury = damage, fruits.

41
Q

When does enacting control make sense

A

when value lost is greater than cost of control

42
Q

Economic injury level and Economic threshold are measures of what?

A

Insect densities

43
Q

Pest density, where value lost to pest is equal to the cost of control, break even point
Describe it,

A

Economic injury level
different for different pests.
There is a lag time, so acting once this is reached is to late. should start before EIL

44
Q

Pest density, where you start control measures.

Describe it.

A

Economic threshold
Always lower than the EIL and helps to keep from reaching the EIL, this factors in lag time. It is predictive on what populations will do over time.

45
Q

when an insect moves to an area in which it is not native (accidentally or intentionally) and becomes a pest, often in conjunction with a lack of natural enemies to control the population

A

Range extension

46
Q

Only a pest when an insect is being a vector, either plant to plant or animal to animal.

A

Disease vector

47
Q

When an insect is innocuous on a native host plant but becomes a pest when it begins feeding on an introduced plant that has economic value to humans.( potato beetle)

A

Host Switch

48
Q

refers to pests created by how crops are grown/ animals raised, predictable for pest

A

Monocultures

49
Q

Continuous cultivation- amplifying numbers, selection of resistant pest strains, over/misuse of pesticides.

A

Agriculture practices

50
Q

Used to suppress populations

A

Chemical Insecticides

51
Q

name side effects of insecticides-

A
  1. Selection for resistance- resistance individuals survive,
  2. Broad spectrum- kill more than target
  3. Pest resurgence- some pests come back
  4. secondary pest outbreak- new pest emerges
  5. Environmental effects-Contamination
  6. Human health- exposure
52
Q

when the concentration of a substance in an organism, exceeds the natural amount of the substance found in the organisms natural diet.

A

Biomagnification

53
Q

Modes of insecticide resistance-

A

Behavioral-Avoidance
Physiological- decreased penetration of the cuticle
Biochemical-detoxification
Tolerance- decreased sensitivity

54
Q

used to fight resistance, limiting damage to crops, and minimize the effects on non-target organisms.
Describe it-

A

Integrated pest Management

using chemical controls responsibly with other methods, requires knowledge of populations,Environmental factors, Society/environmental costs.

55
Q

Ways of using chemical control-

A

non random spraying-timing to avoid outbreaks and target vunerable stages.minimize use,resistance.
using effective chemicals- must enter insect body, Alter physiology.

56
Q

Describe the modes of entry-

A

Contact poisons,-Dermal entry, can be stomach poisons if ingested

Inhalation poisons- tracheal entry,

Systemic insecticides- in plants, ingested by feeding insects.

57
Q

Nerve function-

A

Acetylcholine- neuro transmitter, jumps synapse
Acetylcholinesterase- hydrolizes acetylcholine,stops nerve impusle.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition- stops the break down and nerve keeps firing.

58
Q

Insecticides derived from plants( naturals)

A

Botanical insecticides, natural analogs

59
Q

Kinds of botanical Insecticides-

A

Alkaloids- nicotine
Rotenone-legume roots,
Pyrethrins-flowers
Neem- tree extracts, prevents feeding

60
Q

Nerve poisons, acetylcholine mimic

Whats it toxic to?

A

Nicotine

Mammals

61
Q

Mitochondrial Poisons,

A

Rotenoids , toxic to fish

62
Q

Axonic poisons, blocks sodium

A

Pyrethins , toxic to fish, aquatic insects.

63
Q

feeding deterrent, and disrupts ecdysone( molting)

A

Neem

64
Q

Man made insecticides, not natural, broad spectrum.

A

Synthetic Insecticides. most nerve poisons.

65
Q

two synthetic insecticides-

A

Phenylprazoles- nerve toxins that block chloride ion movement, frontline

Organochlorines- nerve poisons, highly stable, persistant. DDT.

66
Q

Describe Juvenile growth hormone-

A

Disrupts the maturation development of an insect. It is relevant to insects because it effects them without effecting humans. It can be used in ecosystems with mosquito larvae to keep them suppressed. only problem is it affects the rest of the ecosystem also. Mosquitos are not pests as immature and do not harm humans.

67
Q

stage where harm can be caused.

A

deleterious stage.

68
Q

Describe Chitin synthesis inhibitors-

A

prevention of chitin formation leaving insect unsclerotized and defenseless. Insect dies after molt. Chitin synthesis inhibitors do not effect humans and can be put into an ecosystem to use on insects. Only problem is it can effect a large variety of insects in an ecosystem. Insect will die after molt and be stuck in exuvia.

69
Q

introduction , enhancement , of natural enemies of pest.

A

biological control, only suppresses pest.

70
Q

used to control a foreign pest, with a foreign control agent.

A

Classical biological control

71
Q

pest introduced from outside the normal range.

introduction with multiple success stories-

A

introduced pest

importation of natural enemies

72
Q

Describe the Cottony-cushion scale-

A

scale introduced from australia, native natural enemies, coccinellidae imported to keep it below the economic threshold. type of classical biological control

73
Q

what do you do if there are no natural enemies?

A

use pesticides, not imidacloprid

74
Q

Describe gypsy moth control and Cactus moth

A

non successful,some threaten native silk worm caterpillars.

Controls non native cacti, released in the Caribbean, got to flordia and threatens native cati.

75
Q

native pest with a foreign control agent, controversial.

Describe them.

A

Neoclassical biocontrol

you want candidates with the ability to use new hosts. the controversy is that there is risk of host jumping.

76
Q

Describe the ways of enacting bio-control-

A

Augmentation- supplementing existing agents.
Periodic release- inoculation and inundation
Host specificy is key
Conservation biological control- conserve and enhance natural enemy populations.

77
Q

Arthropod natural enemies-

A

Arachnids, insects.

Parasitoids- chalcidoidea, ichneumonoidea, tachinidae

78
Q

Chalcidoidae-

ichneumonoidae/braconidae-

A

Hymenoptera, go for hemipterans

host specificity

79
Q

Ways you can foster natural enemies-

A

Alter surrounding habitats

flowers- energy from nectar

Structure and stability- habitat after harvest, overwintering location, easier to repopulate crop next season.

80
Q

using bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi, and nematodes to combat insects-

A

Microbial control.

can be expensive. and often host specific.

81
Q

pathogens of instects-

A

Entomopathogens

82
Q

Paenisbacillus popillidae-

A

bacterial infection that is used to control scarabaeidae.

83
Q

Japanese beetle adult vs. larva-

what bacteria is used against larva?

A

chew leaf, flower, fruit

turf pests, root feeders.
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)-toxic protein, ingestion= death
applied by dusts, granules, sprays. different strains different pests.

84
Q

How is Bt used in crops?

A

it is combined with genetic engineering to be inside crops, so that feeding on plant causes death.
Controversies are possible human allergies

85
Q

combats herbivory using the plant itself-

when a plant is consumed and it adversley effects herbivore physiology. sub lethal effects

A

Host plant resistance, accomplished by selective breeding.

Anibiosis

86
Q

When the plant physically deters feeding by a herbivore

When a plant is consumed but it recovers from injury, plant tolerates injury-

A

Antixenosis
chemical repellants, pubescence, waxyness.

Tolerance

87
Q

Using non Gm plants to keep non-resistant populations alive.

describe why-

A

Refuges

resistance is recessive, if only recessive survive to breed then all offspring will be resistant to the Gm plant. If you keep a patch of non Gm for the dominate to survive then they offspring will be heterozygous and not be resistant to the Gm.

88
Q

Nonchemical, non-biological, control methods,

2 types-

A

physical controls
passive- exclusions and traps
active-mechanical, thermal, environmental.

89
Q

Active-

Passive-

A

sifting, heating/chilling, altering gas content of environment, packaging.
greenhouses, storage silos, bug zapper.

90
Q

Cultural controls-

A

tillage/ burning of soils, crop rotation, timing/ placing plantings, intercroping, Companion planting, removing wild plants.

91
Q

Detecting the presence and measuring abundance-

A

Monitoring, targets males.

92
Q

what do you use against forest pests, that attracts and annihilates?

A

Pheromone mass trapping

silky traps/ electrocution.

93
Q

Placing synthetic pheromone in environment to drown out females.
how does it work?

A

mating distribution( use many so male cannot find female)

lowers number of mating events, which lowers density of next generation. lepidopterian pests.

94
Q

Protists diseases

A

chaggas’ disease- hemiptera, feeding/deficating in wound. secondary

African sleeping sickness-secondary, diptera fly bite.

Leishmaniasis- diptera,fly bite, secondary cycle.

Malaria- fly saliva, single cycle mosquito.

95
Q

arthropod that feeds on blood

A

hemotophagous

96
Q

control that when released its offspring continue control-

A

inoculation

97
Q

control that when released offspring dont continue control

A

inundation

98
Q

Nematodes cause what

A

elephantiasis , multiple genera

river blindness, bites diptera

99
Q

Describe the steps of malaria-

A

Sporozoites, reside in salavary glands of insect vector and are transferred to human host when host feeds on human blood. Sporozites invade the liver, and enter the life stage Merozoites, causing parenchyma cells to burst can reinfect the liver or infect red blood cells.
When red blood cells are infected the trophozoites lifestage is entered which reproduces inside the red blood cells, these can go two paths, back to liver and be merozoites or become gameocytes that are taken into the gut of insect vector from blood meal on human, these the become one by sperm and egg in the gut and become ookinete, which moves along the gut to become oocyst that once again become Sporozoites

General Entomology (8 decks)

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