Test 2 Flashcards
Sense organs, Cuticular modifiacation
Sensilla
What are the 4 types of ways insects can sense.
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Visual
________a tactile mechanoreceptor composed of what 3 three parts
Trichoid Sensilla
trichogen cell, tormagen cell, and sensory neuron
Trichogen cell-
seta
Tormogen cell-
Setal Socket, holds hair
Sensory neuron-
receives stimulious
What are the ways sound is trasmitted?
What are the 2 types of reception?
What Order does cortship depend on sound?
by vibrations through Air.Substrate, Water.
tympanal and non-tympanal
Orthoptera
Tymphanal are made up of what?
Tympanum and Chordotonal organs, have multiple independent evolutionary origins- different species have in different parts of the body.
Membrane over cavity that receives vibrations from distant sources.
Tympanum
Linked to membrane by the sub-cuticular, sense vibration
Chordotonal Organs
Non Tympanal receptors are made up of what?
Near-field sound, Trichoid sensilla, Johnstons organ.
What detects sound from close distances?
Near-field sound
What is deflected by vibration and often on the cerci?
Trichoid Sensilla
What is present on male mosquitoes and midges that detects wing beat frequency of females?
johnstons organs
2 ways sound are produced?
Stridulation and Tymbal Organ
Rubbing body parts together?
how do crickets/katydids do it?
grasshoppers?
Stridulation
wing/wing
leg to wing
Distortion of the cuticle for sound production?
Tymbal Organ, cicada
What are the 3 forms of thermoregulation?
Poikilothermic, Ectothermy, Endothermy
Type of thermoregulation in which a constant temperature cannot be maintained?
Poikilothermic
Thermoregulation that is behavioral and relies on external heat sources.
Ectothermy- basking, hiding
Thermoregulation that is physiological where heat is internally generated.
What produces heat?
Endothermy
Flight Muscles, in/before flight
Form of sensory involving Taste and smell, in many locations, where the molecules interact with a receptor in the sensilla that contain pores?
Chemoreception
What locations are involved in chemoreception?
Antennae, Tarsi, Mouthparts
Describe Sensilla with pores/holes
They allow entry of molecules and can be uniporous and multiporous. The molecules interact with the receptor and cause sensory neuron impulses.
regulate interspecific and intraspecific reactions
Semiochemicals
regulate reactions and are recieved by same species.
Pheromones
Glands ducted to the outside
Exocrine glands
What are the interspecific interactions-
Kariomones- benefit reciever
Allomones- Benefit producer
Synomones- benefit both
Pheromones have 2 functions, what are they?
what are the 5 major Kinds?
Primer- irreversible psychological change
Releaser- triggers a behavior
sex, aggregation, spacing, trail, alarm
What are 2 functions of Sex Pheromones?
Attractant pheromones- attracts at a distance, produced by females because eggs hold more power.
Courtship Pheromones- Behaviors when near, used in pest control.
Type of pheremone that both sexs produce and respond to that calls in other members of the species.
What are advantages to this?
Insects that exhibit this usually show what kind of social system?
Aggregation pheromone
overcomes defenses and shares resources.
Typicaly Eusocial
This pheromone prevents overcrowding and is a dispersal pheromone.
When is it used, what does it do, and what use it?
Spacing pheromones
after aggergation
limits the #of individuals, and keeps resources from being spread to thin.
Used by bark beetles.
Type of pheromone used by Eusocial insects like ants, that is highly volitile and often leads toward food.
Trail Pheromones
Pheromone type used by eusocial insects that trigger responses to predators, threats to colony, defense, stinging, biting, or spraying.
Non-eusocial use them to escape from predator.
Alarm pheromones
What are cells with light sensitive molecules called?
What two are found in insects?
Photoreceptors
Rhabdom and rentinula
Describe dermal detection?
light detection through the exoskeleton without eyes,
What type of larvae lack compound eyes?
homometabolous larvae
What is the name for the larval ocelli and what are the parts?
Stemmata,- mostly light and dark Corneal lens crystalline body- focuses light Rhabdom pigment cells
Describe the functions of the adult ocelli-
what is it made up of?
between 1-3 that form a triangular shape on top of the head. light and dark, involved in circadian rhythem.
A singular corneal lens with a clear cuticle, many rhabdoms(surrounded by pigment cells) and retinula cells.
What are retinula cells?
light sensitive sensory neurons, the axons converge, and synapse with 1 few interneurons
facets of the compound eye that allow near 360 vision.
Ommatidia
What makes up the ommatidium structure.
Corneal lens, a crystalline cone, Retinula cells(6-10), Rhabdom, pigment cells
Describe the parts and functions of the compound eyes.
the corneal lens and crystalline cone focus light to the retinula cells and rhabdom.
The rhabdom and retinula cells converts stimulus to nerve impulses passing impulse to nerves connecting to protocerebrum.
What do the pigment cells do?
they can isolate adjacent ommatidia
Eyes where the pigment cell is fixed, and the ommatidia are isolated, 1 lens +1 cone to one rhabdium.
What are these better suited for?
Apposition eyes
Day time
Eyes where the pigment cells can expand, close off clear zone and the ommatidia are not isolated multiple lenses to crystalline cones to 1 rhabdom.
when are they used most?
Superposition eyes
when there is low light conditions.
Describe the process of light production in insects?
How is flashing controlled?
A complex chemical reaction involving an enzyme, substrate, and energy source. Lucifern is oxidized by luciferase (using oxygen and ATP) producing oxyluciferin , CO2, and Light.
Flashing is controlled by the releasetime of ATP.
What family produces light?
Lampyridae, larvae us to warn predators. cooped in adult mobile male flash, and sedentary female response.
Dispersal, forming large aerial groups.
Whats sex is it mostly made up of?
what does it promote?
Swarming
Males
Outbreeding.
Forms a large substrate-borne group.
What does the male do?
Lekking
males defend their territory.
Describe Courtship-
What are the 4 types?
Close range, precopulatory interaction involved with species recognition and mate assessment.
visual, tactile, auditory, Nuptial gifts
Spermatophore-
Sperm sac given to the female to be consumed during sperm transfer.
Nuptial gift-
2 orders that do this?
Gift given to female for an oppertunity to mate if the female accepts.
Mecoptera- food, better quality longer duration.
Orthoptera- use spermatophores.
Two types of sexual selection-
Intersexual selection- female choice, song ,gift, display
Intrasexual selection- male male competition, apparent sexual dimorphism.
Dimorphism-
Males and female look very different. some beetles have horns.
What are the two types of sperm transfer?
Indirect- Spermatophore in environment, orthoptera
Direct- Male passes to female, can use spermatophore, semen through copulation.
Copulation-
Sexual intercourse, in insects sperm is deposited directly into spermatheca or genital chamber.
Depositing sperm in the genital chamber vs spermatheca.
The genital chamber directly makes eggs, the Spermatheca stores sperm
In what organ do secretions join sperm in males?
What are its functions?
Accessory Glands
Lubrication
energy source
regulate female physiology
Organ in femals involved in sperm storage-
Spermatheca- can store for multiple years, long term is through Spermathecal Gland secretions.
Describe Fertilization-
Ovaries produce eggs, to calyx, lateral oviduct, median oviduct to genital chamber. Spermatheca open as eggs pass duct and contact sperm through micropyles
Canals in egg shells for sperm entry
Micropyles
Sex determination-
most insects are diploid, and the sex is based on the dosage of X chromosomes, XX is female and X- is male. Males created by not being fertilized by sperm.
XY system
Humans have this, XX is homogametic female
and XY is heterogametic male. Fruit flies use this.
ZW system-
Homogametic where males have ZZ and femals are heterogametic and have ZW, Lepidoptera.
Where females are diploid and males are haploid is called what?
Haplodiploidy ex) hymenoptera
Describe Oviparity-
eggs laid on or close to resources, most insects, habitat specific,
egg laying tube-
ovipositor
Hardened egg case
Ootheca mantodea product of the fucking accessory glands.
Egg is retained in female but no nourishment is required.
Ovoviviparity
Egg is retained in female but nourished by female.
Viviparity
Development from ufertilized eggs
Parthogenesis
only females are produced
Thelytoky
only males are produced
Arrhenotoky
Both sexs are produced
Deuterotoky
When the male inseminates female by penetrating the body wall.
Traumatic Insemination- sperms in the hemocoel
1 egg, multiple embryos
polyembryony
Pattern of growth
Ontogeny
allows for an increase in volume but not weight, development of new cuticle.
Molting
Shedding of old exoskeleton
Ecdysis
Change in size at molt
Molt increment
emergence from egg to first molt,
between molt 1 and molt 2
instar 1
instar 2
intermolt period, duration of the instar
Stadium
type of growth where never stop molting
Indeterminate
Type of growth where molting stops at certain instar.
what is this molt called?
Determinate
Imago-
change in form over a lifetime
metamorphosis
No metamorphosis, all apterygote hexapods(wingless)
Ametabody
if the immatures do not undergo metamorphosis and resemble adults what makes them different from the adults? what are their life stages?
they lack reproductive structures.
egg-nymph-adult
immatures are wingless minature adults, incomplete metamorphosis-
What are the stages of growth
hemimetaboly, wings develop
egg-nymph/naiad- adult
gradual
Complete metamorphosis, immatures completely different than adult
what are the stages of growth?
Holometaboly -abrupt
egg-larvae(3 instars)- pupa- adult
groups of adult cells in immatures are called-
imaginal discs
emergence from an egg-
Eclosion
Similarties between a nymph and naiad-
both are hemimetabolous,
nymphs- similar to adult,smaller wingless same biology
Naiads similar to adult, smaller wingless, different biology, has gills-aquatic
Larva-
homometabolous immature, different than adult, different biology
type of larva with thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs
Polypod larva- eruciform
type of larva with thoracic legs only
Oligopod larva- elateriform
no thoracic legs, with/without developed head.
Apod larva vermiform
When there are multiple larval types-
whats it called when they are mobile early-
Hypermetamorphis
Triungulin
molting to pupa
pupation
Fully developed adult still in pupal cuticle
Pharate adult
pupal type where appendages free from the body(looks like body)
Exarate
Larval cuticle pupal type (big sac)
what is used to break out?
Coarctate
ptilinum
pupal type When appendages are glued to the body-(looks like skinny tube)
Obtect
Describe Adult insects-
Reproductive/ disperals stage.
non insect hexapods continue to molt
some reproduce and die.
type of insects that dont molt as adults
Pterygote
Describe the process of molting-
- Begins with apolysis- epidermis seperates from cuticle,
- the epidermis grows by mitotic division
- The apolysial space fills with molting fluid
- new cuticle is produced by epidemal cells to epicuticle to procuticle.
- old endocuticle is reabsorbed
- Ecdysis and exuvia
- Expanding the new cuticle by swallowing are/hemolymph pressure
Ecdysis-
Exuvia-
old cuticle splits down middle by increased hemolymph pressure.
Shedding
Describe PTTH
Prothoracicotropic horomone, targets prothoracic gland to produce ecdysteroids that target epidermal cells.
JH
juvenile hormone
high levels suppress adult features
in low levels hemimetabolous- to adult
homometablous- to pupa(if its absent at pupa -adult)
ETH-
EH
Ecdysis triggering horomone- causes muscle detachment
Eclosion horomone- triggers behaviors of escaping exuvia
Voltinism-
# of generations per year 1-univoltine, 2- bi, 3- multi, over a year-semi varies geographically, used in cropping systems
Period of dormancy, adaptive physiological changes
Diapause
Coleoptera
Neuroptera-
hemiptera-
2-10 Cermabycidae- quality of food
2-5 Corydalidae -water temp dependent
13-17 Cicadidae- major emergencies
required, predictable Diapause
what are some factors:
Obligatory
Same life stage,same cues each year(photoperiod,temp)
responsive, less predictable
factors:
Facultative
not tied to life stage, resource induced,more common.
Factors of Diapause :
what life stage can it occur?
physiological changes
Normal activity ceases-feed,reproduct,growth,
Metabolism decreases-stored energy used
Gas exchange decreases- reduced water loss
any life stage.
Diapause in eggs:
larva:
Adult:
development halts
feeding halts
reproduction/feeding halts
What drives development-
Heat and physiological time
Degree day-
amount of heat over time it takes to develop
formula:
(Max+Min)/2 -Min threshold
used to predict life cycle
