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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Entomology?

A

The study of insects including Non-insect hexapods and other terrestrial arthropods.

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2
Q

Why are insects important(3)

A

Low levels on food chain
Decomposers
Pollination

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3
Q

What is a Key stone species?

A

If the species is lost then there is a collapse of the ecosystem.

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4
Q

How many species are there today?

A

3- 30 million

book says 4-6 million

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5
Q

How many genes do we share with insects(fraction)

A

2/3 of all genes

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6
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Domain, Kindgom, Phylum, Class,Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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7
Q

Each level of hierarchy is referred to as a?

A

Taxon

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8
Q

Standard ending for : Superfamily-
Family-
Subfamily-
Tribe-

A

oidea
idae
inae
ini

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9
Q

What type of classification do we use?

A

Linnean Classification

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10
Q

Arthropod:
Domain-
Kingdom-
Phylum-

A

Eukarya
Animalia
Arthropoda

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11
Q

Arthropods share 13 total characteristics what are 1-5?

A 
segmented body plan
Paired segmented appendages
Bilaterally symmetrical
Chitinous exoskeleton, 
Complete tubular alimentary canal
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12
Q

Arthropods share 13 total characteristics what are 6-10?

A 
Open circulatory system
hemocoel present
Dorsal Brain and ventral nerve cord
Striated skeletal muscles
Excretion via anus
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13
Q

Hemo=

coel=

A

blood

hollow

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14
Q

Arthropods share 13 total characteristics what are 11-13

A

Gills or Treachea+ Spiracles
Lacking cilia and nephridia
Dioecious

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15
Q

Arthropods body plan is______ and has ______

A

segmented ,2-3 tagma

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16
Q

Arthropods common ancestor has how many segments?

A

20

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17
Q

Tagma-

A

Grouped together segments fro specialized body function.

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18
Q

Tagmosis-

A

process of grouping together segments

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19
Q

5 subphylum of Arthropods-

A 
Trilobita
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
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20
Q

Subphylum Trilobita-

A

dominated cambrian and ordovician seas

extinct

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21
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata-

A

no antenna
6 pairs of appendages
2 distinct tagma- prosoma, opisthosoma

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22
Q

Prosoma-

Opisthosoma-

A

infront,body

posteriorly

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23
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata: Class_______

5 focal orders:

A 
Arachnidia
Araneae
Acari
Scorpiones
Pseudoscorpiones
Opiliones
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24
Q

Araneae-

A 
Prosoma (1-8)
All have 6 pairs of appendages
-eyes
First Pair : Chelicera with venom glands
Second pair: pedi
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25
Q

Araneae First Pair :

A

Chelicera with venom glands

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26
Q

Araneae Second Pair:

A

Pedipalps- put out sperm

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27
Q

Delivery method in males Araneae:

A

Embolus

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28
Q

Araneae Pairs 3-6:

A

Walking legs

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29
Q

Opisthosoma:

A

Spinnerets, Silk glands
reproductive, respiratory systems
Usually soft- unsclerotised

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30
Q

Usually soft-

A

Unsclerotised

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31
Q

Uses of silk(6)

A 
line burrows
molting chambers
Wrap egg sacs
Sperm webs
Ballooning
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32
Q

Book lungs-

A

blood filled, alternating layered respiratiory structures that facilitate gas exchange

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33
Q

Oxygen is carried by the ______

A

Hemolymph

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34
Q

What are the two types of medically important venomous Araneae?

A

Latrodectus sp.- black widow

Loxosceles reclusa- brown recluse

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35
Q

Acari-

A 
mites and ticks
-oval body- no differentation between tagma
immature are larva
3 pairs of legs
4th pair on first molt
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36
Q

Mites-

A

varied life history- predators, parasites herbivors, detritivores.
Demodex sp. - eyelash mites
Sarcoptes scabiei- scabies

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37
Q

Ticks-

A

external parasite
lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, Ehrlichiosis
Blood feeders- cement in place

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38
Q

Scorpiones-

A

Opisthosoma divided - metasosmoa and metasoma
Sting- venomus
Pedipalps- moddified into claws
predacious

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39
Q

Pseudoscorpiones-

A

Opisthosoma rounded has no sting
very small
venom gland on pedipalps

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40
Q

Opiliones-

A

Harvestmen - daddy long legs
Prosoma, opisthosoma broadly joined- looks like one tagma
Long legs
Predatory scavengers

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41
Q

Subphylum Crustacea-

A

crustaceans
Two pair of antennae
Mandiable mouth parts
2 tagma and 3 tagma

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42
Q

Subphylum Crustacea two tagma-

three tagma-

A

cephalothorax,abdomen

head, thorax, abdomen

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43
Q

Order Isopoda

A

Terrestrial isopods
-sow bugs, pill bugs, rolly polly
under stones, boards, bark - moist environment
some pests- cultivated pests

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44
Q

Subphylum Myriapoda

A

two tagma- head and trunk, one pair of antennae

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45
Q

Class Diplopoda

A

milipedes
most body rings- diplosegments with 2 pair of legs
on 7th pair on males used for sperm transfer

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46
Q

Body cylindrical or flattened, with legs under body.

A

Gonopods

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47
Q

based stain that stain skin, chemical burns, smells bad

A

Quinone

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48
Q

Class Chilopoda-

A

one pair of legs per body segment-latteral on body
first segment modified for vemon
habitat in soil under rocks in rotten logs
centipedes

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49
Q

little change in form from sexual maturation.

A

Ametaboly

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50
Q

gradual change in form-nypmhs naiads

A

Hemimetaboly

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51
Q

Abrupt change in form-larva ,pupa

A

Holometaboly

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52
Q

Head had how many segments-

A

6

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53
Q

Thorax has how many segments-

A

3

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54
Q

Abdomen has how many segments

A

11

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55
Q

Hypognathous mouth parts

A

under or beneath the jaw, right angle to the body

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56
Q

Opisthognathous: mouth parts

A

mouthparts parallel with the body, facing posteriorly

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57
Q

prognathous mouth parts

A

infront of or parallel with the body

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58
Q

mandible muscles-

A

largest in body
apodemes originate in vertex
reenforced head.

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59
Q

Prothorax

A

-first pair of legs

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60
Q

Meosthorax-

A

2nd pair of legs

first wing pair

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61
Q

Metatorax

A

3rd leg pair

second wing pair

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62
Q

Dorsal sclerites-

A

Tergum

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63
Q

Ventral sclerites-

A

sternum

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64
Q

Lateral sclerites-

A

pleuron

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65
Q

Pronotum-

A

forms shield over head.

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66
Q

Mesonotum-

A

divided into alinotom,postnutom

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67
Q

walking /running leg modifications

A

Gressorial

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68
Q

Jumping leg modifications

A

Saltatorial- enlarged femora, usually hind

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69
Q

Grasping leg modifications

A

raptorials- often spines for holding

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70
Q

Digging leg modifications

A

fossorial- modified femora or tibae

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71
Q

Alinotom-

A

Bears wings, Divided- the scutellum is posterily

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72
Q

Postnotum

A

has a plate like apodeme

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73
Q

The sternum is divided into what? What is it not present on?

A

The Eusternum and the Spinasternum

the Metathorax

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74
Q

Name the parts of the leg in order-(6)

A

Coxa, Trochanter, Femur, Tibia, Tarsus, pretarsus

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75
Q

All leg segments have what?

A

Independent musculation

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76
Q

Tarsus is subdivided into?

A

tarsomeres

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77
Q

Pretarsus has what?(2)

A

Terminal claws and arolium

78
Q

type of leg modification for swimming?

A

Natatorial- flattened, oarlike with rows of setae

79
Q

Major longitudinal veins in order from top to bottom

A

Costa, subcosta, radius, medium, cubitus, anal.

80
Q

What are the Fore wings?

what are the hind wings?

A

Mesathoracic wings.

Metathoracic wings.

81
Q

Leathery forewings-

82
Q

Hardened fore wings, only on coleoptera

83
Q

Hadened base, apex membranous - fore wings

84
Q

Modified hind wings used for stability in flight, that are highly reduced and only in Diptera

85
Q

Wings that shed after nuptial flights, ants and termites

A

Deciduous wings

86
Q

Without wings

87
Q

Ancestors never had wings-

88
Q

Ancestors had wings but were lost through evolution-

89
Q

What are spiracles

A

openings which are used as respiratory system.

90
Q

What segments make up the abdomen?

91
Q

WHat are the major roles of the abdomen?

A

locomotion for immatures

Location of heart and reproductive systems

92
Q

What are sensory appendages that appear the 11th segment. Compair them to primitive insects and advanced insects.

A

Cerci

elongated in primitive and lost in advanced.

93
Q

Structure in abdomen that vibrates to increase the flow of water over for respiratory purposes

A

Tracheal gills

94
Q

grab and hold onto rough surfaces, with sucker like structure to hold onto smooth structure.

95
Q

External reproductive part in males, organ of sperm transfer-

96
Q

Organ in egg transfer for females, modified into sting of hymenoptera,

A

Ovipositor

97
Q

blood filled cavity-

98
Q

blood-

99
Q

no smooth muscles are known as-

A

Striated muscles

100
Q

muscles where one nerve impulse means one contraction same with flight 1 impuse =1 wing beat

A

Synchronous muscles

101
Q

muscles where one nerve contraction means multiple contractions-
what are these used for?

A

Asynchronous muscles

flight muscles

102
Q

muscles have what kind of origin?

A

Mesodermal origin

103
Q

Exoskeleton has what kind of origin?

A

Exodermal origin

104
Q

inward growth structure used for muscle attachment

105
Q

muscles of body wall that move through hydraulic pressure by compressing hemolymph

A

Hydrostatic Skeleton. mostly in larva

106
Q

Have hydrostatic skeleton that move through compression of body wall muscles extends relaxed area.

A

Apodous Larvae

107
Q

Legged, sclerotized adults movement,

A

Appendicular muscles- paired
Alteration of triangles
fore and hind leg of one side and middle of the other.

108
Q

insects that wings move only through up and down movement

A

Plaeopterous insects

Odonota, Ephemeroptera

109
Q

insects that wings move up and down movement but fold back over the body

A

Neopterous

110
Q

which type of muscles attach to the wings-

A

direct flight muscles

111
Q

which type of muscles attach to the thoracic sclerites, deform thorax, and move wings

A

Indirect flight muscles

112
Q

simple eyes used in detecting light vs. dark

113
Q

what type of muscles are only in neoptera?

A

Indirect flight muscles.

114
Q

in indirect flight muscles what muscle riases wing tip by pulling the notum?

A

Tergo-sternal muscle

115
Q

in indirect flight muscles what muscle lowers the wing tip by the notum poping lowering the wing tip.

A

Dorsal-longitudinal muscle.

116
Q

What does direct flight muscles do in neopetra?

in paleoptrera?

A

folds the wings back

power flight

117
Q

How does flight work in Paleoptrera?

A

medial most muscle pulls wing-base down and tip up

and lateral most pullwing tip down and base up

118
Q

Type of nerve that recieves external stimuli and transmit to central nervous system

A

sensory neurons

119
Q

nerve that is between other neurons

A

interneurons

120
Q

nerves that transmit to muscles-

A

motor neurons

121
Q

in the cell body what receives stimulus? what passes the signal?

A

Dendrite

Axon

122
Q

In the nervous system what serves as a junction?

123
Q

paired what are along ganglia? and how many of them are there?

A

ganglia

1 pair per ancestral segment often fused

124
Q

mass of nerve cells-

125
Q

pairs of ganglia 1-6 form?

A

1-3 brain, 4-6 subesophageal ganglion

126
Q

ganglia pair 7-20 form?

A

ventral nerve cord

127
Q

Brain is made of up?

A

Protocerebrum- 1st innervates eyes
Deutrocerebrum-2nd innervates antenna
Tritocerebrum-3rd not fused together innervates labrum,forgut

128
Q

Subesophageal ganglion functions

A

below esausaphgus
circumesophageal nerves connect to brain
mandibles,maxillae, labium

129
Q

The Endocrine system-

A

produces horomones internally and regulates physiological responce
Neurosecretory cells

130
Q

modified neurons, secretes horomones, PTTH

A

Neurosecretory cells

131
Q

Neurograndular bodies, lateral to aorta, posterior to brain

Stores, releases PTTH

A

Corpora cardiaca

132
Q

releases ecdysteroids

A

Prothoracic gland

133
Q

Molting horomone-

134
Q

produces juvenile horomone

A

Corpora allata

135
Q

Functions of the circulatory system(8)

A 
Hydrostatic skeleton
Horomone transfer
Waste transfer
nutrient transfer
moisten cells
immune responce
thermoregulation
internal pressure
136
Q

blood cells-

137
Q

single cell that brings in material-

A

Phagocytosis -

138
Q

multiple cells around a foreign body

A

Encapsulation-

139
Q

wound care

A

coagulation

140
Q

functions of hemocytes-

A 
phagocytosis
encapsulation
coagulation
storage
distribution of nutrients
141
Q

How does the circulatory system work?

A

the heart is closed posteriorly and the aorta is open anteriorly. hydraulic pressure pushes from the heart outward. when the heart relaxes the ostia . muscles contract and move blood anteriorly in DV exists aorta in head. Circulates anterior to posterior

142
Q

small lateral slits in the heart that allow hemocoel into the dorsal vessel. one way openings

143
Q

Cavities housing internal structures

144
Q

Pericardial Sinus

A

dorsal vessel within, above dorsal diaphram, alary muscles support Dorsal vessel

145
Q

Perineural sinus

A

ventral nerve cord within, below ventral diaphram, contractions aid circulation

146
Q

highly branched, reaches all tissue. used in gas exchange.

A

Tracheal system

147
Q

tube like that carry oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

148
Q

trachea =

A

invaginations of ectoderm, lined with cuticle,

149
Q

spiral braces=

150
Q

smallest form of trachea, blind ,fluid filled. site of gas exchange

A

tracheoles

151
Q

Air sacks-

A

extensions of trachia
lack taenidia
multiple functions

152
Q

functions of air sacs-

A 
oxygen resivores
Bellows- air disribution
Low weight- big size- flight
Internal pressure- molt
Occupy space- growth from 40% to 4%
153
Q

Open tracheal system

A

spiracles open to outside air, sometimes gas gills

154
Q

close tracheal system

A

Spiracles absent, cutaneous gas excange, tracheal gills

155
Q

Characteristics of solid feeders-

A

wide,striaght short gut
strong musculature
protection from abrasion

156
Q

characteristics of liquid feeders-

A

Narrow,convoluted,long gut
removes excess water
no protection

157
Q

3 major regions of the gut

A

Stomodeum,Mesenteron, Proctodeum

158
Q

Stomodeum-

A

ingestion, storage, grinding. ectodermal origin

159
Q

ectodermal origin

160
Q

endodermal origin

161
Q

Mesenteron-

A

Ezyematic digestion, absorption, no intima

162
Q

Proctodeum-

A

Water, salt absorption, intima

163
Q

preoral cavity-

A

area between base mouthparts, food manipulated here, saliva added here

164
Q

Pharynx

A

swallowing food

165
Q

Esophagus

A

peristaltic movement, moves food

166
Q

Crop-

A

food storage

167
Q

Proventriculus

A

valve, grinding solids.

168
Q

Stromodeum Structure

169
Q

Mesenteron struction-

170
Q

Ventricles-

A

connects stomoproctodeum

171
Q

Gastric Cerca

A

blind extensions ,surface area

172
Q

Peritrophic membrane

A

Surrounds food bolus,permeable- small molecules

Protective-keeps bacteria isolated.

173
Q

Proctodeum Structure-

A

hindgut, connects to anus

174
Q

Pylorus-

A

valve, malpighian tubules

175
Q

illum ,colon, rectum

A

water, salt absorption

176
Q

living together-

177
Q

Symbiotic bacteria, protozoans produce?

178
Q

feeding off secretions of conspecifics-

A

Trophallaxis oral-oral oral,nal

179
Q

Removal of metabolic wastes, waste in generated cells

180
Q

Metabolic waste and undigested food.

181
Q

solid,dehydrated frass

A

terrestrial

182
Q

water balance,ion balance, malpighian tubules, hindgut

A

osmoregulation

183
Q

Blind extensions of proctodeum, free in hemolymp

A

Malpighian tubules

184
Q

uric acid

A

not water soluble,crystallized form deposited

185
Q

female-

A

makes eggs,coatings; store, transport, release sperm
have paired ovaries
lateral oviducts
common oviduct

186
Q

In female insects what stores sperm?

A

Spermatheca

187
Q

Accessory glands female

A

protect, cement eggs down, venom glands(hymenoptera)

188
Q

Male-

A

produce,store, transport spermatozoa
paired testies
vas deferens

189
Q

vas deferens-

A

tube for transport, expands posteriorly,

190
Q

Accessory glands male

A

produce spermatophore
produce seminal fluid
compounds to female

191
Q

spermatophore-

A

Sack of sperm

192
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

move sperm out gonopore

General Entomology (8 decks)

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