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General Entomology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

insects feeding on plant material

A

Phytophagy-

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2
Q

insects living within specialized plant structures

A

mutualistic cohabitation

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3
Q

reciprocal interactions over evolutionary time-

  • between two species, pressure on each:
  • groups put selective pressure on each other:
A

coevolution
pair-wise coevolution
Guild Co-evolution ex) pollinators and leaf chewers

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4
Q

eating of plants-
lots of species:
a few species:
one:

A

Phytophagy
polyphagous-japanese beetle
oligophagous-monarch caterpillar
monophagous- gall wasp

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5
Q

primary defenses of plants:

A

physical- spines, trichomes, leaf shape

chemical

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6
Q

Chemical effects of plants-
secondary plant compounds:
behavioral effects:
Physiological effects:

A

allelochemicals
repel, inhibit oviposition
poison, reduce nutritional value.

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7
Q

secondary plant defense thats always present and has a metabolic cost-
secondary plant defense that is present only after feeding,responsive, and less investment-

A

constitutive defense

Induced defense

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8
Q

What are the economic impacts of leaf chewers:

major players:

A

ornamentals(aesthetic value), forests(lumber), agriculture(tobacco)
coleoptera, lepidoptera, orthoptera.

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9
Q

loss of leaves/parts of leaves

A

defoliation

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10
Q

-300 known host species-
Defoliates hard woods/ from NE
chews holes in tobacco-

A

Japanese beetle
Gypsy moth larvae
tobacco flea beatle

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11
Q

process of feeding within living plant?

describe-

A

Plant mining/ boring

leaf mining- small flattened larvae, kills photosynthetic cells,leave tunnels skeletonize..

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12
Q

plant boring in stems/ stalks/ wood

what do fruit/nut/seed borers do?

A

stem mining: beneath superficial layers, in deep tissues
stalk borers- in succulents, grasses,
wood borers- woody parts of plants, in deep tissues(not superficial)

interfere with reproduction, reduce crop value.

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13
Q

European corn borer-

Emerald ash borer-

A 
Ostrinia nubilalis
Agrilus planipennis(accidental introduction) larvae= wood borers. aesthetic/ timber damage.
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14
Q

Describe sap sucking insects-

A

causes internal damage,
can vector diseases that are introduced through mouthparts from plant to plant,
mostly hemiptera
honeydew secretions, food for sooty mold

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15
Q

sugar-rich secretions from the butt that cause ____ mold

A

honeydew , sooty mold.

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16
Q

Describe stalk boring-

A

bores into stalk, cutting off water and nutrients, which weakens the stalk and it can fall over. These can also damage Ears.

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17
Q

Abnormal outgrowth of plant tissue-

how does this interact with insects?

A

Gall

insects induce/ live inside- immature develops feeding on gall which provides protection and food. ex)gall wasp

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18
Q

Feed exclusively on seed-
why seeds?
what species does this, and describe it-
next species-

A

seed predators
seeds have a high starch content, not always harmful to the plant.
harvester ants- collect/ store seeds underground to feed on, can increase seed viability for rapid germination in abandoned stores.
Beetles- develop in single seed or multiple seeds of one fruit. serious pests in stored grains because larvae develop in and destroy the seed.

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19
Q

3 ways plants respond against seed predation:

A

Mechanical- thick tough seed coat
Chemical- secondary plant components
Temporal- timing of seed production

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20
Q

Describe how plants reproduce-

what are two types of fertilization-

A

pollen is distributed by wind or animals and the pollen produces sprem.
self-fertilization, cross-pollination

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21
Q

Term for plants pollinated by insects-

what are the advantages?

A

Entomophily
Efficiency- lower waste(less pollen), directed movement
Success without req wind.
Rare plants can persist due to increase in plant diversity

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22
Q

What type of plants have an advantage- specialist vs. generalist
Advantages for insects:

A

specialist, drives speciation

pollen has higher protein content, Nectar has higher sugar content, flower morphology

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23
Q

when an insect attempts to mate with a flower that imitates that insect
flower visiting/feeding insects-

A

Pseudocopulation

Anthophilous

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24
Q 
Anthophilous insects
beetles
true flies
moths 
butterflies 
wasps
ants 
 bees 
what are they important in?
A 
Cantharophily 
Myophily – 
Phalaenophily –  
Psychophily – 
Sphecophily – 
Myrmecophily – 
Melitophily –

fruit and vegetable pollination

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25
Q

Describe Ultraviolet light with insects-

A

plants look different and show insects where to land.

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26
Q

European Honeybee-
hows it important-
what is tied to the disorder?

A

Apis Mellifera
used in bee farming, introduced every where. pollinater
suffer from colony collapse disorder
Neonicotinoid pesticides

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27
Q

bee farming-

A

Apiculture

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28
Q

Plant made structures that house insects with no damage to plant/ mutualistic relationship

feeding/ nesting site for ants, hollow thorns/ swollen petioles, thorns

A

cohabitation(evolution together), both benefit

Domatia(structure)

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29
Q

Describe the relationship ants have with plants-

A

ants gain shelter,
often food- extra floral nectaries, beltian bodies, aphid/scale tending- honeydew
plants gain protection from herbivores

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30
Q

plants that contain water-

what do they do-

A

Phytotelmata
trap and digest most insects(enzymes), some larva live in liquid.
excretes nutrients(nitrogenous)

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31
Q

3 insect social interactions-

A

Eusocial
Subsocial- meets at least 1 of 3 but not all 3
Solitary- no social behavior

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32
Q

Describe 3 levels of cooperation of eusocial insects-

A
  • Reproductive division of labor(caste system)(sterile members aid reproductives.
  • Cooperative brood care(parental care)
  • Overlapping generations- multiple are groups
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33
Q

Division of labor

A

caste system

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34
Q

Describe solitary-

A

most species,limited encounters(random), only planned when mating.

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35
Q

High population density only at one life stage, not by chance.

distasteful with warning coloration-

A

Gregarious- limited to one life stage, caterpillars not moths, nymphs not adults, adults but not larvae.

aposematic

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36
Q

2 types of parental care-

containment structure build for eggs

A

post oviposition- post egg laid,
post-eclosion- post hatching
nest

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37
Q

males with eggs on back-
when nymphs are tended-
what do these have in common?

A

Hemiptera belostomatidae
Reduviidae
with out nest

38
Q

With nests:
Dermaptera-
Coleoptera-
-

A

females tends to eggs and nymphs
dung burried, carrion buried(adults remain)
scarabaidae (dung burried)

39
Q

dirt nests-
spiders burrow-
provies pollen/multiple nest forms-

A

sphecidae
pompilidae
apoidea

40
Q

communial nesting/ broodcare, all females fertile, no overlapping of generations-

same but reproductive division of labor, workers= sister of queen. different in eusociality-

A

Quasisocial

Semisocial

41
Q

Describe eusociality-

A

division of labor( caste system)
kings/queens are reproductives
workers: non reproductive care for brood
soldiers: non reproductive, defensive.

42
Q

Describe primitive eusociality in wasps-

A

little polymorphism,

multiple founding females, polygynous or monogynous

43
Q

looks the same, all have developed ovaries-
multiple fertile queens-
single fertile queen-(describe)

A

little polymorphism
polygynous
monogynous (dominance behavior) others still fertile. replaced from within by fondness of offspring.

44
Q

Describe primitive eusociality in bees(bumble bees)

A

Monogynous- fight to the death

  • queen dominates workers with physical aggression and eats eggs. She produces chemical that modifies behavior, and suppresses ovary development.
  • when queen dies, ovary development in workers and male offspring are produced.
45
Q

How do bees differ from wasps-

A

Wasps eat animal matter,

Bees eat plant matter( pollen,nectar) have branched hairs and a pollen basket on hind tibia

46
Q

pollen basket on hind tibia in bees-

A

Corbicula

47
Q

characteristics of wasps:

A

Vespidae:
queens have enlarged abdomen (lay eggs)
they are monogynous- brood1 workers, other broods also male, late broods female.

48
Q

Wasps(vespidae)
different casts have different jobs-
describe worker ages with jobs-

A

polyethism
young workers remain with nest,(cleaning,fanning, provisioning)
middle age- foragers(pulp, prey, fluids)
old age- defense

49
Q

Apis Mellifera
workers vs queen polymorphism
Divisions of labor-
How are tasks age dependent?

A

males are drones
workers: smaller, wax glands, pollen collection structures, and barber stinger.
Queen: Larger, stinger not barbed and retractable.
males are drones, younger hive bees, older field bees.
younger bees do the safer jobs and older bees do more dangerous jobs,
order of jobs by age- cell cleaning, brood care, food storage, foraging

50
Q

Describe honey bee communication

2 types:

A

Apis Mellifera

  • Round dance: used when near to convey exchange of nectar, happens in tight circles w/ reversals, the vigor of the movement tells the quality. no direction needed.
  • The Waggle dance conveys distance, direction, and quality towards a resource outside of the hive. First there is a straight run with the length telling distance, vigor of the waggle telling quality, and angle relative to vertical of gravity, tells angle with relation to the sun outside of hive. it is a figure 8 shape.
51
Q

Brought on by differences in food-
what are the cell types-
describe larval differences of apis mellifera:

A

trophogenic
during larval diet changes cast system in honey bees
guide:egg laying, provisioning
drones: unfertilized(haplodiploidy), no feeding
workers: fertilized, light feeding-smaller
Queen: upside down, heavy feeding(royal jelly)

52
Q

Describe the splitting of a colony of Apis Mellifera:

Describe the process after scout finds new location:

A

Queen and workers leave, swarming, new queen cups remain. scout finds new location.

Workers produce wax and shape it with mandibles into brood combs, and Honey combs.

53
Q

Describe Ants:

types of workers-

A

Formicidae
eusocial, dimorphic females.(queen and workers)
monomorphic- age polyethism- young brood care, old foraging.
polymorphic- Size polytheism, bigger-defensive, smaller worker roles.
trophogenic cast determination. more protein-reproductive females, less protein- workers

54
Q

winged reproductive ants

A

Alates, males die after mating. queens have deciduous wings.

55
Q

Describe how Ant nests form, and the types of ant nests:

A

Mated Queen establishes nest, no males. 1st brood is fed through Oral trophallaxis and they become the first workers.
the forms of nest are: Excavated,subterranean soil nests, Living plant tissue nests, and Bivouac nests.

56
Q

nest made from bodies of ants-

A

Bivouac

57
Q

Describe termites differences vs. homeopathy:

A

Isoptera
All eggs are fertilized, equal # of males and females
All diploid, Hemimetabolous
Single evolutionary origin

58
Q

Termite cast system:

A

Multiple casts, Workers, soldiers, reproductives

Colonies are formed when males and females swarm and locate the colony site.

59
Q

Describe termite colony formation-

describe queen-

A
  • Termites dig a copularium( mating chamber) and lay eggs
  • Immatures lack gut fauna and get nutrients by trophallaxis.
  • queen is large, swollen with eggs(30,000 per day), lives 10-20 years.
60
Q

when the abdomen swells to accommodate large ovaries in termites-

A

Physogastrous

61
Q

different types of termites:

A

reproductives replaced from within
adultiods- winged reproductive loses wings
Nymphoids- nymphal reproduction remains,(wing buds)
Ergatoids- workers that replaces with a royal

62
Q

Caste differentiation in termites-

lower termites that function as workers but can molt into other castes-

A

Pseudergates

high flexibility when molting with many choices.

63
Q

Types of molts in termites-

A

-Remain in same caste- morphological change/no change
-regressive- reverts to previous form,ex) reproductive back to pseudergate.
-Saltatory- skips to late form( skips intermediate instar)
Change caste-Pseudergate to reproductive.
*presoldier must molt to soldier.

64
Q

Describe colony regulation in termites:

A

pheromones maintain homeostasis with castes

  • plasticity of pseudergates.
  • soldiers can inhibit presoldier formation
  • reproductive regulates the pseudergates by proctodeal trophallaxis.
65
Q

Types of termite nests:

A

Subterranean termites: tunnels, burrows, Soil tubes

Termitaria -massive earthen structure, regulates temp and water loss.

66
Q

non member arthropods living in colonies( house guest)

What are the 2 types-

A

Inquilines,w/ termites, bees, and Ants

  1. Integrated-behavioral modification of host
  2. Nonintegrated- Ecological adaptation of inquiline to nest only.
67
Q

Origins of hymenoptera-

Talk about Kin selection-

A

independently in wasps,bees, and ants, tied to ecology.
Kin selection based on indirect fitness. Natural alleles favoring alleles that increase indirect fitness.
in single mated monogynous colonies all females are more closely related to their sisters than their daughters. so it higher inclusive fitness to raising sisters.(only if 1 father).

68
Q

Kin Selection via Inclusive fitness-

A

Because a single male is haploid, and fertilizes diploid eggs all eggs with have the same genetic material because they underwent meiosis. This means that once hatched the Sisters are 75% identical. When they lay eggs only 50% of their genetic information is passed along. therefor sisters are more closely related to each other than the mother to daughter. So it is make more sense that they will help their sisters increasing their indirect fitness.

69
Q

Origins Isoptera

A

termites ,sex determination- diploid. everything is tied to ecology. The more nutrition poor the diet, the longer the development because immatures lack gut fauna and need trophallaxis. Overlapping of generations is controlled by trophallaxis became matures can control nutrient diet that provides maturity to immatures.

70
Q

Kills, and consumes multiple animals during life-
Lives at the expense of host, kills host-
Lives at the expense of host,doesnt kill-

A 
Predator
Parasitoid(ecto)(endo)
parasite (ecto)(endo)
71
Q

Describe optimal foraging strategy-

A

Maximizing benefit, minimizing cost

72
Q

Describe Sit and Wait

A

maximizes Energy,time intensive.
camouflage can help. agressive foraging mimicry.
Concealment- hiding
traps-structure aiding in prey capture

73
Q

Describe active foraging-

A

Maximizes time, Energy sensitive.
Non-directional foraging- random movements, not using clues from prey.
Directional Foraging- non random, Using clues-chemical, light,sound.

74
Q

Chemical Cues-(3)

A

Kairomones- benefits reciever, eavesdropping on sex pharamones. Used by many parasitoids. wasp picks up june bugs mating pharamones.
Synomones-Benefit both,detecting plant damage. predators locating herbivore prey. cateerpillar chewing on leaf, wasp picks up on plant secondary compounds and locates caterpillar.
CO2 levels- blood feeders, elevated levels around host.

75
Q

Sound Cues-

A

Vertebrate mating calls, parasitic flies to tree frogs.
Invertebrate mating calls, parasitic flies to orthoptera
Wing Beat frequency- predatory flies to midge

76
Q

Light cues-

A

Biolumenesent fly larvae lure prey to sticky threads

Photurus female, mimics 5 species. lures males and eats them.

77
Q

Hitchhiking on larger organism-

A

Phorsey. Rides larger organism to host or a resource the host provides.

78
Q

Morphological adaptations of predators-

A

Raptorial legs- spines hooks and claws for catching prey.
Piercing/sucking mouthparts-pierce prey
Mandibles-
Odonate naiads- highly modified labium

79
Q

Parasitoids/ parasite morphological adaptations-

A

Tubular serrate ovipositor- piercing host
Raptorial hind legs- grasping, holding host
Modified tarsal claws- cling to host.

80
Q

2 Parasitoids-

A

Hymenoptera- egg on its host with antennae/ ovipositor

Diptera- 1st instar larva locates host,

81
Q

Host defenses-

A

Encapsulation- surrounding parasitoid with hemocytes, phagocytosis(engulf) the incompatible parasitoid.

82
Q

5 modes of overcoming host defenses-

A
  1. Avoidance- occupy organs, not hemolymph, ectoparasitoids and egg parasitoids.
  2. Evasion- mimicing host cells, rapid developmet
  3. Destruction- destroying hemocytes, selective feeding
  4. Suppression- introduce viruses to change host physiology
  5. Supversion-use encapsulation as a sheath against host.
83
Q

Endoparasitoids-

Ectoparasitoids-

A
  1. eggs placed inside host, high host specificity(immune system of host)
  2. eggs on/near shirt,in appropriate habitat, lower host specificty
84
Q

Different forms of parasitoids: 1- 3

A
  1. one or multiple per host, depends on size of host, its the same parasitoid and multiple eggs by(polyembryony )
  2. Host discrimination- reject infected host
  3. Superparisitism- host infected more than once by same species,
85
Q

Different forms of parasitoids 4-7

A
  1. Multiparisitism- host infected by multiple parasites.
  2. Hyperparasitism - parasitoid with another parasitoid.
    6 .Faculative hyperparasitism- develops as a primary parasitoid, then becomes a hyperparasitism
  3. obligate hyperparasitism- only develops hyperparasitically.
86
Q

Insect parasites-

Batflies-

A

bee lice,wingless flies debatable

Wingless blood feeders,

87
Q

What do lice not infect-

A

Monotremata, chiroptera, cetacia, Pholidota

88
Q

different shapes when comparing workers vs. queen. also workers and queen have different structures associated with them

A

polymorphism

89
Q

different castes do different things-

A

polytheism

90
Q

a protein rich structure that some plants produce to provide a food source to ants that live in association with them.

A

Beltion Bodies

91
Q

Plant structure that describes a plant structure that produces sugar right secretions as rewards for insects but not part of flower

A

extrafloral nectories.

92
Q

abnormal growth of plant tissue insect lives inside-

A

gall marker

General Entomology (8 decks)

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