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Geology 101 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

what rock type can typically hold and transmit groundwater most efficiently

A

sandstone

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1
Q

How much of the worlds water is freshwater?

A

4%

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2
Q

Hydrologists

A

geologists that study water on and under the Earth’s surface

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3
Q

Hydrologists

A

geologists that study water on and under the earths surface

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4
Q

groundwater is contained in

A

voids
pores in soil
sediment
rocks

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5
Q

Flow Rate depends on:

A

slope of water table or hydraulic gradient
material through which water is flowing
void space in rock: porosity
connection between voids: permeability

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6
Q

Void space in rock

A

porosity

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7
Q

connections between voids

A

permeability

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8
Q

Aquifers

A

layers that stare and transmit groundwater

like a sponge

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9
Q

Good aquifers

A

sandstones, conglomerates and rock layers with connected fractures (limestones)

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10
Q

Bad Aquifers

A

(aquitards)
shale: cant transmit
metamorphic and igneous = bad

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11
Q

aquifer types

A

based on connection to the surface
confined: water can be pressurized
Artesian Wells: water under pressure

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12
Q

Ground Water flow rate determined by:

A

porosity
permeability
hydraulic gradient

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13
Q

Stream Gain Water

A

gaining streams

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14
Q

Stream Loss Water:

A

losing streams

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15
Q

Spring:

A

surface discharge or groundwater

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16
Q

dissolution of limestones

A

forms caves and caverns

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17
Q

Calcite Precipitation in Caves

A

Cave Formations

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18
Q

H2O in Limestones

A

pressure rises

CaCO3 dissolves

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19
Q

Stagmite

A

icicle-like deposit growing from the cave floor

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20
Q

Stalactite

A

icicle-like deposit suspended from a cave ceiling

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21
Q

Column

A

forms when a stalactite and a stalagmite grow together

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22
Q

Lost World Caverns:

A

Lewisburg, WV

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23
Q

Karst Regions:

A

characterized by sinkholes , caverns and disappearing streams

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24
Q

Morgantown Water Sources:

A

Surface

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25
Q

Contamination

A

Surface Water
easily contaminated by surface and underground sources
contaminants quickly move downstream
can be identified and treated quickly

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26
Q

Contamination (Ground Water)

A

Easily contaminated by underground and surface sources
contaminants will spread out as they move
difficult to identify, harder to clean up

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27
Q

Contamination Clean Up

A

Expensive and take a few years or even decades

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28
Q

Overpumping:

A

flow can’t keep up with withdrawl

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29
Q

After Pumping:

A

loss of volumn and land sinks or subsides

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30
Q

Most oil and gas form from the remains of:

A

marine algae and bacteria

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31
Q

Oil and Gas can be trapped underground by:

A

salt domes
faults
folds

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32
Q

Petroleum

A

comes from mostly marine algae and bacteria

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33
Q

Organic material is buried with

A

mud

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34
Q

Aquitards

A

high porosity, low permeability

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35
Q

Petroleum Window:

A

60-200 degrees celsius

2-6 km

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36
Q

Black Shale

A

lithified black, organic rich-mud

37
Q

Source Rock:

A

Enough organics to produce petroleum

38
Q

Migration

A 
movement of petroleum in the subsurface
    going down   gas
                          oil
                          water
migration is low density of petroleum
39
Q

Sandstone:

A

good porosity, permeability

40
Q

Resevoir Rocks

A

like aquifers, store and transmit

41
Q

conventional Drilling:

A

drill into reservoir rocks to recover petroleum

42
Q

Chemical Sediments

A

evaporites

43
Q

Hydraulic Fracturing

A

Once the well is drilled, water - based slurry is pumped into the borehole at high pressure

44
Q

Slurry transmits pressure

A

to the bottom

45
Q

Most fluid stays where?

A

in the ground

70-90%

46
Q

10-30% of the fluids return to the surface

A

can be reused several times
brines from the shales will make them unusable
solids transferred to approved landfills

47
Q

Issue

A

groundwater will be puled by fracking fluids

48
Q

Bakken Shale

A

North Dakota

49
Q

Layers of casing/cement do what?

A

protect shallow aquifers and coal beds

50
Q

Issue:

A

fractures reach shallow depths

51
Q

Glacial and Blue Ice forms in part due to?

A

pressure from overlying snow and ice

52
Q

Most ice in the world is located where?

A

antartica

53
Q

The Hydrologic Cycle

A

Glaciers contain - 3% of the Earths water

54
Q

Glaciers

A

large mass of ice on land
formed by compaction and recrystallization of ice
show evidence of motion
survive from year to year

55
Q

Glacial Ice ranging from least dense to most

A

loose Snow
Granular Ice
Blue Ice

56
Q

Crevasses

A

stress fractures of motion

57
Q

Global Distrubutions of Glaciers

A

high latitudes - poles

low latitudes - high elevations

58
Q

Valley Glacier (Alpine)

A

form in mountain valleys

fill valleys with ice: 100s of meters

59
Q

Valley Glacier (Budget)

A

cold at elevation

warm at sea level

60
Q

Continental Glacier (Ice Sheets)

A

cover large amount of area

61
Q

Present Day ice sheets

A

greenland

62
Q

Largest Present Day Ice Sheets

A

Antartica

63
Q

striations

A

scratches

64
Q

After Glaciers

A

sharp peaks and round valleys

65
Q

Kettle

A

are depressions formed by buried chunks of ice

66
Q

Moraine

A

is a general term for an elongated accumulation of till

67
Q

Cirque

A

bowl at the head of the glacial valley

68
Q

Horn

A

peak formed by glacial scour

69
Q

Hanging Valley

A

elevated valley above main valley

70
Q

Ejord

A

flooded glacial valley

71
Q

Glacial Sediment

A

Till: deposited directly by melting ice orderly

orderly patterned and sorted

72
Q

Glacial Outwash

A

melt water stream sediment, well sorted, rounded

73
Q

Geologists can use the location of what? to reconstruct the presence of ancient ice sheets

A

kettle lakes
moraines
eskers

74
Q

Outwash

A

type of glacial sediment that can be deposited ahead of end moraines

75
Q

Ice age

A

periods when there are ice sheets at one or both places

76
Q

The modern ice age lasted?

A

3 million years

77
Q

What causes ice ages

A

Plate tectonics
continents at poles permit large ice sheets to form
changing ocean circulation patterns
tectonics can add/remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere

78
Q

Cycle stages within Ice ages

A

glacial stage: glaciers expand in an ice age

interglacial stage: glaciers contract in an ice age

79
Q

Cyclicality within ice ages

A

glacial and interglacial cycles are caused by changes in earth surface
changes in orbital patterns - Milan Ko

80
Q

How often does the earth wobble on the axis?

A

23,000 years

81
Q

Tilt of Earth’s axis

A

40,000 years

82
Q

Eccentricity of orbit?

A

100,000 years

83
Q

Last Glacial Maximum?

A

20-30,000 years ago

84
Q

How much has the atmosphere changed between 1900 & 2000

A

CO2 increase by 20%

85
Q

Atmmosphere right now?

A

0.4% increase in atmospheric CO2 per year

86
Q

Varieties of sources to find temperature

A

tree rings
glacial rings
glaciers
thermometer

87
Q

Sunlight that is absorbed can also be….

A

reflected

88
Q

Sunlight that is absorbed:

A

some absorbed heat returns to space

green house gases trap this heat

89
Q

Human Induced Warming

A

carbon released from fossil fuels has a distinctive isotopic fingerprint
much of the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere has that distinctive finger print
global warming patterns match computer models of the greenhouse-effect
night time lows are increasing faster than day time lows: think “blanket”

90
Q

Polar Vortex happened when?

A

January 2014

91
Q

facts about sea level rise

A

from 1880-2010, sea level has risen 9 inches

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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