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Geology 101 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

0
Q

what rock type can typically hold and transmit groundwater most efficiently

A

sandstone

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1
Q

How much of the worlds water is freshwater?

A

4%

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2
Q

Hydrologists

A

geologists that study water on and under the Earth’s surface

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3
Q

Hydrologists

A

geologists that study water on and under the earths surface

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4
Q

groundwater is contained in

A

voids
pores in soil
sediment
rocks

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5
Q

Flow Rate depends on:

A

slope of water table or hydraulic gradient
material through which water is flowing
void space in rock: porosity
connection between voids: permeability

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6
Q

Void space in rock

A

porosity

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7
Q

connections between voids

A

permeability

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8
Q

Aquifers

A

layers that stare and transmit groundwater

like a sponge

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9
Q

Good aquifers

A

sandstones, conglomerates and rock layers with connected fractures (limestones)

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10
Q

Bad Aquifers

A

(aquitards)
shale: cant transmit
metamorphic and igneous = bad

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11
Q

aquifer types

A

based on connection to the surface
confined: water can be pressurized
Artesian Wells: water under pressure

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12
Q

Ground Water flow rate determined by:

A

porosity
permeability
hydraulic gradient

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13
Q

Stream Gain Water

A

gaining streams

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14
Q

Stream Loss Water:

A

losing streams

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15
Q

Spring:

A

surface discharge or groundwater

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16
Q

dissolution of limestones

A

forms caves and caverns

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17
Q

Calcite Precipitation in Caves

A

Cave Formations

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18
Q

H2O in Limestones

A

pressure rises

CaCO3 dissolves

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19
Q

Stagmite

A

icicle-like deposit growing from the cave floor

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20
Q

Stalactite

A

icicle-like deposit suspended from a cave ceiling

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21
Q

Column

A

forms when a stalactite and a stalagmite grow together

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22
Q

Lost World Caverns:

A

Lewisburg, WV

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23
Q

Karst Regions:

A

characterized by sinkholes , caverns and disappearing streams

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24
Morgantown Water Sources:
Surface
25
Contamination
Surface Water easily contaminated by surface and underground sources contaminants quickly move downstream can be identified and treated quickly
26
Contamination (Ground Water)
Easily contaminated by underground and surface sources contaminants will spread out as they move difficult to identify, harder to clean up
27
Contamination Clean Up
Expensive and take a few years or even decades
28
Overpumping:
flow can't keep up with withdrawl
29
After Pumping:
loss of volumn and land sinks or subsides
30
Most oil and gas form from the remains of:
marine algae and bacteria
31
Oil and Gas can be trapped underground by:
salt domes faults folds
32
Petroleum
comes from mostly marine algae and bacteria
33
Organic material is buried with
mud
34
Aquitards
high porosity, low permeability
35
Petroleum Window:
60-200 degrees celsius | 2-6 km
36
Black Shale
lithified black, organic rich-mud
37
Source Rock:
Enough organics to produce petroleum
38
Migration
``` movement of petroleum in the subsurface going down gas oil water migration is low density of petroleum ```
39
Sandstone:
good porosity, permeability
40
Resevoir Rocks
like aquifers, store and transmit
41
conventional Drilling:
drill into reservoir rocks to recover petroleum
42
Chemical Sediments
evaporites
43
Hydraulic Fracturing
Once the well is drilled, water - based slurry is pumped into the borehole at high pressure
44
Slurry transmits pressure
to the bottom
45
Most fluid stays where?
in the ground | 70-90%
46
10-30% of the fluids return to the surface
can be reused several times brines from the shales will make them unusable solids transferred to approved landfills
47
Issue
groundwater will be puled by fracking fluids
48
Bakken Shale
North Dakota
49
Layers of casing/cement do what?
protect shallow aquifers and coal beds
50
Issue:
fractures reach shallow depths
51
Glacial and Blue Ice forms in part due to?
pressure from overlying snow and ice
52
Most ice in the world is located where?
antartica
53
The Hydrologic Cycle
Glaciers contain - 3% of the Earths water
54
Glaciers
large mass of ice on land formed by compaction and recrystallization of ice show evidence of motion survive from year to year
55
Glacial Ice ranging from least dense to most
loose Snow Granular Ice Blue Ice
56
Crevasses
stress fractures of motion
57
Global Distrubutions of Glaciers
high latitudes - poles | low latitudes - high elevations
58
Valley Glacier (Alpine)
form in mountain valleys | fill valleys with ice: 100s of meters
59
Valley Glacier (Budget)
cold at elevation | warm at sea level
60
Continental Glacier (Ice Sheets)
cover large amount of area
61
Present Day ice sheets
greenland
62
Largest Present Day Ice Sheets
Antartica
63
striations
scratches
64
After Glaciers
sharp peaks and round valleys
65
Kettle
are depressions formed by buried chunks of ice
66
Moraine
is a general term for an elongated accumulation of till
67
Cirque
bowl at the head of the glacial valley
68
Horn
peak formed by glacial scour
69
Hanging Valley
elevated valley above main valley
70
Ejord
flooded glacial valley
71
Glacial Sediment
Till: deposited directly by melting ice orderly | orderly patterned and sorted
72
Glacial Outwash
melt water stream sediment, well sorted, rounded
73
Geologists can use the location of what? to reconstruct the presence of ancient ice sheets
kettle lakes moraines eskers
74
Outwash
type of glacial sediment that can be deposited ahead of end moraines
75
Ice age
periods when there are ice sheets at one or both places
76
The modern ice age lasted?
3 million years
77
What causes ice ages
Plate tectonics continents at poles permit large ice sheets to form changing ocean circulation patterns tectonics can add/remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere
78
Cycle stages within Ice ages
glacial stage: glaciers expand in an ice age | interglacial stage: glaciers contract in an ice age
79
Cyclicality within ice ages
glacial and interglacial cycles are caused by changes in earth surface changes in orbital patterns - Milan Ko
80
How often does the earth wobble on the axis?
23,000 years
81
Tilt of Earth's axis
40,000 years
82
Eccentricity of orbit?
100,000 years
83
Last Glacial Maximum?
20-30,000 years ago
84
How much has the atmosphere changed between 1900 & 2000
CO2 increase by 20%
85
Atmmosphere right now?
0.4% increase in atmospheric CO2 per year
86
Varieties of sources to find temperature
tree rings glacial rings glaciers thermometer
87
Sunlight that is absorbed can also be....
reflected
88
Sunlight that is absorbed:
some absorbed heat returns to space | green house gases trap this heat
89
Human Induced Warming
carbon released from fossil fuels has a distinctive isotopic fingerprint much of the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere has that distinctive finger print global warming patterns match computer models of the greenhouse-effect night time lows are increasing faster than day time lows: think "blanket"
90
Polar Vortex happened when?
January 2014
91
facts about sea level rise
from 1880-2010, sea level has risen 9 inches

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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