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Geology 101 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Nebula

A

low density gas (H and He) and dust cloud that the sun originates

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1
Q

How old is Earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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2
Q

How old is the sun?

A

5 billion years ago

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3
Q

Accretion

A

grow by addition

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4
Q

The solar system is how old?

A

4.5 billion years old

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5
Q

What are meteorites made out of and how does this compare to the earth?

A

Made up of iron (nickel) and rock

so is the earth

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6
Q

How can you distinguish what a meteorite is?

A

Magnetic
fused
not shiny

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7
Q

What did Lord Kelvin use to find out what the age of the Earth was and was he correct?

A

He used heat loss

He was wrong and thought it was 100 million years old

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8
Q

Asteroids compared to Meteorites

A

asteroids haven’t changed since the solar system formed

meteorites are fragments of asteroids

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9
Q

Divergent Boundaries….

A

seperate their plates
East African Rift Valley
Red Sea
Atlantic Ocean

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10
Q

Convergent Boundaries

A

collide their boundaries
lithosphere is recycled
Pacific Ocean

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11
Q

Transform Boundaries

A

slide their boundaries

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12
Q

Isotasy

A

“more above means more more below”

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13
Q

List the layers of the Earth from top to middle.

A 
Crust (Oceanic or Continental)
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle 
Outer Core 
Inner Core
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14
Q

Characteristics of Crust

A

low Mg and Fe
Oceanic Crust has a medium rock density making it mafic
Continental Crust has a low rock density (granite) making it intermediate

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15
Q

Characteristics of mantle

A

High Mg, Fe
Si and O are building block for rock
high density rock
Ultra mafic

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16
Q

Outer Core Characteristics

A

all lava
Fe, Ni
high in temperature, pressure and density

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17
Q

Characteristics of Inner Core

A

solid core
Fe, Ni
Highest point of pressure, temperature and density

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18
Q

Characteristics of the Lithosphere

A

composed of the crust and mantle

rock

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19
Q

Astenosphere

A

soft

composed of the OC and IC

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20
Q

Plate Boundaries relation to volcanos and earthquakes

A

whenever an earthquake happens, it indicates perfectly to where plate boundaries are
volcanos do the same but not as well as earthquakes

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21
Q

Hypothesis

A

tentative explanation of our data

can be supported and contradicted

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22
Q

Alfred Wegner~ 1930

A

found fossils of the same animal on 2 different continents

found glacier deposit in South Africa

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23
Q

Significance of Sonar in Submarines during WW2

A

sonar was used by submarines
sonar uses vibrations
they found that the ocean floor was not flat
the mid atlantic ridge was constantly in motion
also, other ships found a polar -> non polar sea floor

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24
Q

Sea Floor Spreading

A

the evidence for plate motion

25
Q

Spreading Center

A

new ocean lithospheres are created (subduction)

26
Q

Difference Between Atlantic and Pacific Ocean

A

Pacific Ocean Boundaries are convergent and collide

Atlantic Ocean Boundaries are divergent and seperate

27
Q

Subduction

A

older, cooler plates subduct because it is more dense

long subduction zones move faster

28
Q

Rocks

A

aggregates of minerals

29
Q

Characteristics of Minerals

A

naturally occurring minerals differentiate in size
inorganic minerals crystalize from magma
solid
specific chemical composition
crystalline: atoms arranged in orderly 3D pattern

30
Q

Diamonds

A

covalent bonding

very hard material

31
Q

why does halite taste salty?

A

weak bonds

32
Q

Graphite

A

soft material

intermolecular force: weak bonds

33
Q

Polymorphs

A

many shapes, different minerals composed of the same stuff

34
Q

Copper

A

Metallic Bonding

35
Q

What Earth materials do humans use the most?

A

sand and gravel

36
Q

Different types of Mineral Extraction

A 
Surface
    Dragline Method
    Open Pit Mines                  Looking for material called and Ore!!
Underground
    Mines
37
Q

Ore

A

a concentrated deposit of minerals that can be recovered profitability

38
Q

Grade

A

percent of mineral deposit in ore

39
Q

Overburden

A

amount of dirt above the ore they must dig

40
Q

Mineral Ratio

A

Overburden/Ore Volume

41
Q

Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana

A

Open Pit Copper Mine: opened in 1955
Closed in 1982, 1.5 billion tons of material removed
water is blood red because of high concentrations of Fe and Cu
Ores were sulfide materials
S interacts with water and makes H2SO4

42
Q

Factors on Mining or not.

A

Cost of recovery
transportation
processing

43
Q

Silicates (Rock Forming Rocks)

A

consists of oxygen and silicon
make up most of crust and mantle
95% of rocks consist of silicates

44
Q

Two Aspects of Rocks

A

Mineral Compositions and Texture

45
Q

Rock Textures

A

Crystalline
Foliated
Clastic

46
Q

Crystalline Texture

A

common for Igneous Rocks- solidify from hot, liquid rock

47
Q

Foliated texture

A

Metamorphic Rocks: pre existing rocks altered by heat and pressure

48
Q

Clastic Texture

A

Sedimentary Rocks: rocks composed of fragments of other rocks

49
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Large Coarse Crystals
Big Crystals: slowly cool time to crystalize and cool at depth
Small Crystals: cool quickly and cool at surface

50
Q

How are Igneous Rocks classified

A

Crystal Size and Color

51
Q

How does magma form at mid ocean ridges?

A

low pressure

52
Q

What do magma’s form when they solidify at mid ocean ridges?

A

basalt and Gabbro

53
Q

Felsic rocks?

A

K-Feldsper and Silica

54
Q

Mafic Rocks

A

Magnesium and Ferric

55
Q

Intermediate Rocks

A

mix of felsic and mafic

56
Q

Ultramafic Rocks

A

low in silica, rich in Fe: olivine

57
Q

End Products

A

Ocean and Continental Lithospheres

58
Q

Felsic Minerals melt at what temperature)

A

low

59
Q

Compare Crystallization times between Felsic and Mafic

A

Mafic crystalize first

Felsic crystalize last

60
Q

Decompression Melting

A

magma generated by a drop of pressure

61
Q

Hydration Melting

A

water lowers the melting point of minerals

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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