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Geology 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Batholiths

A

are large plutons that cover more then 100 square kilometers

very large single or complex of plutons

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1
Q

Columnar Joints

A

are distinctive vertical fractures form as magma solidifies

cooling fractures

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2
Q

Pluton

A

solidifies magma chamber

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3
Q

Formation of the Sierra Nevada Batholith Mountains

A

Devil’s Tower= Stock: Small Pluton
Columnar Joints: cooling fractures
formed over a subduction zone

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4
Q

Small Igneous Intrusions

A

Dike: cuts across layers in the host rock
Sill: parallel to layers in the host rock

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5
Q

Plutons are exposed from

A

process of erosion and uplift

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6
Q

Largest Volcanos in the world

A

shield volcanos

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7
Q

Volcanos

A

vent where lava and other volcanic debris reach the surface

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8
Q

Style of Eruptions

A

Calm vs. violent

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9
Q

what determines the bubbles in magma

A

viscosity of magma

resistance flow

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10
Q

Mafic Volcanos

A 
Silica Content: 50%
Temp of Eruption: Hot
Viscosity: Low
Trapped Gas: Low
Eruption Style: Calm
Type of volcano: Shield and Cinder Cone
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11
Q

Intermediate Volcanos

A 
Silica Content: 50-70%
Temp. of Eruption: Varies
Viscosity: Varies
Trapped Gas: Varies
Eruption Style: Varies
Type of Volcano: Composite and Volcano
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12
Q

Felsic Volcanos

A 
Silica Content: 70%
Temp. of Eruption: Low
Viscosity: High
Trapped Gas: High
Eruption Style: Explosive
Type of Volcano: Caldera
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13
Q

As silica decreases….

A

viscosity decreases

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14
Q

When lava hit the water it forms what kind of shape?

A

pillow shape

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15
Q

Difference between Lava and magma

A

Magmas are mafic

Lava is basaltic

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16
Q

largest mountain in the world and highest elevation mountain

A

Mauna Keia

Mt. Everest

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17
Q

Scoria

A

solidified ejecta (cinders)

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18
Q

Vesicles

A

gas pockets in Magma

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19
Q

Composite Image:

A

photograph with thermal overlay

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20
Q

Breakout:

A

fresh lava on the flow field

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21
Q

Composite and Strato volcanos commonly occur above?….

A

subduction zone

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22
Q

Lava Domes

A

common in high viscosity magmas

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23
Q

Death toll for magma and gas

A

very low

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24
Q

Example of Explosive Volcano

A

Krakatoa, Indonesia

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25
Q

Cascadia Subduction Zone

A

intermediate volcanism

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26
Q

Composite Volcanos

A

Composed of pyroclasts and lava flows
Ash Column
Pyroclastic Flows
Lava Flows at the bottom of volcano

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27
Q

Pyroclastic rocks ash

A

Pyroclasts: Volcanic Ash
ash fall deposits
Ash Flow deposits
consists of rocks (tuff)

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28
Q

Pyroclastic Rocks Glass

A

Pyroclasts: Glass
Obsiden
Pumiee

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29
Q

Mt. St Helens

A

Lateral Explosion

landslide and then explosion to the north

30
Q

Mt. Pinatubo, Phillipines

A

ash flow travel at 100 mph

can reach 10s of miles

31
Q

Lahor: Volcanic “mudflow”

A

Lahar Flow: New Zealand
pyroclasts are mixed w/ snow and rain
reach 100s of miles and 90 miles per hour

32
Q

Caldera

A

volcanic depression formed over an empty magma chamber

33
Q

Caldera Formation

A

ground domes
ground cracks
giant explosion
giant hole (caldera) forms

34
Q

VEI Index

A

Volcanic Explosion Index

based on material “ejecta”

35
Q

Hydrothermal Features:

A

geysers, fumaroles, hot springs mud pots

36
Q

Sinter

A

silica derived from rhyolite (edges on the geyser)

37
Q

Most of North America is covered by what type of rock

A

sedimentary rocks

38
Q

Surface Depths (Low and High)

A

Low Depths: Joints and Faults

High Depths: folds

39
Q

Fault type

A

Classified by type of stress
Normal fault
Reverse Fault
Strike Slip

40
Q

Normal fault

A

headwall down

caused by tensional stress

41
Q

Reverse Fault

A

headwall up

caused by compressional stress

42
Q

Strike Slip

A

lateral or side to side motion

caused by sheer stress

43
Q

Folded Rocks

A

Hinge: center of field
Limbs: sides of the fold
Dip: downward angle of rock layer

44
Q

Anticline vs. Syncline

A

Anticline: Arch
Syncline: Smile

45
Q

Pangaea:

A

assembled 300-250 million years ago

46
Q

2 physical provinces:

A 
based on topography
West: Appalachian Plateau
East: Valley and Ridge
All states that have Appalachian Mountains have these provinces
Allegheny Front separates provinces
47
Q

Rock in the Blue ridge Mountains compared to Valley and Ridge province?

A

BRM are more deformed then valley and ridge

48
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

what changes
crystal size
texture
mineral compostion

49
Q

Parent rock: Basalt

A

Metamorphic Rocks: Greenstone

50
Q

Parent Rock: Shale

A

Metamorphic Rocks: Greenschist

51
Q

Foliations:

A

record the degree of metamorphism

52
Q

List in order from least to greatest metamorphism:

A

slate
phyllite
schist
gneiss

53
Q

Kind of Metamorphism

A

regional

contact

54
Q

Regional Meta.

A

stress associated

foliations are the record of stress

55
Q

Contact Meta.

A

heat from magmas cooks the surrounding rock

under a lava flow

56
Q

Non-foliated

A

new minerals forma nd or minerals are recrystallized

57
Q

Non-Foliated Rocks

A

Limestone— granite
Shale— hornfels
Sandstone— Quartzite

58
Q

hypocenter or focus

A

point where quake is generated

Epicenter: point on the surface above focus

59
Q

The longer time between earthquakes….

A

the stronger the eartquake

60
Q

Rock slips along faults:

A

snapback

61
Q

Can humans preddict when earthquakes will occur?

A

No

62
Q

Primary P Waves:

A

fastest
travel inside the earth
first to arrive

63
Q

Secondary S Waves:

A 
half the speed of P waves
travel inside the earth
2nd set of waves
only travel through solids
absorbed by liquad
64
Q

Surface Waves

A

slowest
only on surface
last waves to arrive

65
Q

Time gap between P and S waves are…

A

distance

66
Q

Distances are known but …

A

direction is unknown

67
Q

Local (Richter Scale) Magnitude: log Scale

A

each unit of magnitude represents 10x more ground motion
Example:
3 is 10x more then 2
6 is 100x more the 4

68
Q

Ground motion can be converted to energy…

A

Each unit of magnitude represents 33x more energy released
7 is 33x more then 6
8 is 33x33 or 1000 more then 6

69
Q

Scales

A

Richter: Magnitude
Mercalli: Intensity

70
Q

what causes Tsunami’s?

A

land slides
underwater volcanos
earthquakes

71
Q

intensity:

A

how much shaking to humans observe

72
Q

liquefaction:

A

loose material (mud/sand) is mobilized by earthquake vibrations
Example:
Niigata, japan

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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