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Geology 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Batholiths

A

are large plutons that cover more then 100 square kilometers

very large single or complex of plutons

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1
Q

Columnar Joints

A

are distinctive vertical fractures form as magma solidifies

cooling fractures

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2
Q

Pluton

A

solidifies magma chamber

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3
Q

Formation of the Sierra Nevada Batholith Mountains

A

Devil’s Tower= Stock: Small Pluton
Columnar Joints: cooling fractures
formed over a subduction zone

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4
Q

Small Igneous Intrusions

A

Dike: cuts across layers in the host rock
Sill: parallel to layers in the host rock

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5
Q

Plutons are exposed from

A

process of erosion and uplift

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6
Q

Largest Volcanos in the world

A

shield volcanos

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7
Q

Volcanos

A

vent where lava and other volcanic debris reach the surface

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8
Q

Style of Eruptions

A

Calm vs. violent

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9
Q

what determines the bubbles in magma

A

viscosity of magma

resistance flow

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10
Q

Mafic Volcanos

A 
Silica Content: 50%
Temp of Eruption: Hot
Viscosity: Low
Trapped Gas: Low
Eruption Style: Calm
Type of volcano: Shield and Cinder Cone
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11
Q

Intermediate Volcanos

A 
Silica Content: 50-70%
Temp. of Eruption: Varies
Viscosity: Varies
Trapped Gas: Varies
Eruption Style: Varies
Type of Volcano: Composite and Volcano
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12
Q

Felsic Volcanos

A 
Silica Content: 70%
Temp. of Eruption: Low
Viscosity: High
Trapped Gas: High
Eruption Style: Explosive
Type of Volcano: Caldera
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13
Q

As silica decreases….

A

viscosity decreases

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14
Q

When lava hit the water it forms what kind of shape?

A

pillow shape

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15
Q

Difference between Lava and magma

A

Magmas are mafic

Lava is basaltic

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16
Q

largest mountain in the world and highest elevation mountain

A

Mauna Keia

Mt. Everest

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17
Q

Scoria

A

solidified ejecta (cinders)

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18
Q

Vesicles

A

gas pockets in Magma

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19
Q

Composite Image:

A

photograph with thermal overlay

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20
Q

Breakout:

A

fresh lava on the flow field

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21
Q

Composite and Strato volcanos commonly occur above?….

A

subduction zone

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22
Q

Lava Domes

A

common in high viscosity magmas

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23
Q

Death toll for magma and gas

A

very low

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24
Example of Explosive Volcano
Krakatoa, Indonesia
25
Cascadia Subduction Zone
intermediate volcanism
26
Composite Volcanos
Composed of pyroclasts and lava flows Ash Column Pyroclastic Flows Lava Flows at the bottom of volcano
27
Pyroclastic rocks ash
Pyroclasts: Volcanic Ash ash fall deposits Ash Flow deposits consists of rocks (tuff)
28
Pyroclastic Rocks Glass
Pyroclasts: Glass Obsiden Pumiee
29
Mt. St Helens
Lateral Explosion | landslide and then explosion to the north
30
Mt. Pinatubo, Phillipines
ash flow travel at 100 mph | can reach 10s of miles
31
Lahor: Volcanic "mudflow"
Lahar Flow: New Zealand pyroclasts are mixed w/ snow and rain reach 100s of miles and 90 miles per hour
32
Caldera
volcanic depression formed over an empty magma chamber
33
Caldera Formation
ground domes ground cracks giant explosion giant hole (caldera) forms
34
VEI Index
Volcanic Explosion Index | based on material "ejecta"
35
Hydrothermal Features:
geysers, fumaroles, hot springs mud pots
36
Sinter
silica derived from rhyolite (edges on the geyser)
37
Most of North America is covered by what type of rock
sedimentary rocks
38
Surface Depths (Low and High)
Low Depths: Joints and Faults | High Depths: folds
39
Fault type
Classified by type of stress Normal fault Reverse Fault Strike Slip
40
Normal fault
headwall down | caused by tensional stress
41
Reverse Fault
headwall up | caused by compressional stress
42
Strike Slip
lateral or side to side motion | caused by sheer stress
43
Folded Rocks
Hinge: center of field Limbs: sides of the fold Dip: downward angle of rock layer
44
Anticline vs. Syncline
Anticline: Arch Syncline: Smile
45
Pangaea:
assembled 300-250 million years ago
46
2 physical provinces:
``` based on topography West: Appalachian Plateau East: Valley and Ridge All states that have Appalachian Mountains have these provinces Allegheny Front separates provinces ```
47
Rock in the Blue ridge Mountains compared to Valley and Ridge province?
BRM are more deformed then valley and ridge
48
Metamorphic Rocks
what changes crystal size texture mineral compostion
49
Parent rock: Basalt
Metamorphic Rocks: Greenstone
50
Parent Rock: Shale
Metamorphic Rocks: Greenschist
51
Foliations:
record the degree of metamorphism
52
List in order from least to greatest metamorphism:
slate phyllite schist gneiss
53
Kind of Metamorphism
regional | contact
54
Regional Meta.
stress associated | foliations are the record of stress
55
Contact Meta.
heat from magmas cooks the surrounding rock | under a lava flow
56
Non-foliated
new minerals forma nd or minerals are recrystallized
57
Non-Foliated Rocks
Limestone--- granite Shale--- hornfels Sandstone--- Quartzite
58
hypocenter or focus
point where quake is generated | Epicenter: point on the surface above focus
59
The longer time between earthquakes....
the stronger the eartquake
60
Rock slips along faults:
snapback
61
Can humans preddict when earthquakes will occur?
No
62
Primary P Waves:
fastest travel inside the earth first to arrive
63
Secondary S Waves:
``` half the speed of P waves travel inside the earth 2nd set of waves only travel through solids absorbed by liquad ```
64
Surface Waves
slowest only on surface last waves to arrive
65
Time gap between P and S waves are...
distance
66
Distances are known but ...
direction is unknown
67
Local (Richter Scale) Magnitude: log Scale
each unit of magnitude represents 10x more ground motion Example: 3 is 10x more then 2 6 is 100x more the 4
68
Ground motion can be converted to energy...
Each unit of magnitude represents 33x more energy released 7 is 33x more then 6 8 is 33x33 or 1000 more then 6
69
Scales
Richter: Magnitude Mercalli: Intensity
70
what causes Tsunami's?
land slides underwater volcanos earthquakes
71
intensity:
how much shaking to humans observe
72
liquefaction:
loose material (mud/sand) is mobilized by earthquake vibrations Example: Niigata, japan

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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