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Geology 101 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

composed of fragments of other rock

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1
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

rocks formed by surface processes

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2
Q

No Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

composed of biological/ chemical minerals

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3
Q

Pikes Peak, Colorado

A

14,110 feet

weathering of granite on pikes peak

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4
Q

Physical Weathering

A

mechanical breakdown

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5
Q

Near Surface Fracturing

A

low pressure at surface

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6
Q

Frost Wedging

A

expansion of water in cracks

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7
Q

Biological Activity

A

Roots can widen fractures

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8
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

chemically broken down

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9
Q

Hydrolysis:

A

water alters the feldspar in granite to kaolinite clay

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10
Q

Chemical Weathering Agents

A

oxygen
water
carbon dioxide

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11
Q

oxidation

A

minerals bond with oxygen

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12
Q

dissolution

A

minerals are dissolved

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13
Q

erosion

A

downslope movements of sediment

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14
Q

most sediment transport is by…

A

river

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15
Q

Class Trends During Transport

A

source (mountains)

Basin (oceans and seas)

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16
Q

Clastic Sediment Shapes

A

Angular by the source area

Rounded by the basin area

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17
Q

Clastic Sediment Sorting

A 
Poor Sorting (mud and sand)
well sorted (sand)
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18
Q

Near Source

A

short transport

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19
Q

Near Basin

A

Long Transport

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20
Q

Bering Strait, Alaska

A

rocks beach because it is so close to the mountains

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21
Q

Lithification:

A 
sediment to rock
sand and gravel
burial compacts sediment 
some water gets squeezed out 
more grains touching and minerals cement sediments
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22
Q

Mud consists of

A

silt and clay

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23
Q

Range the sizes of Clastic Sedimentary rocks from Big to Small

A

Conglomerate
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale

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24
Natural Cements
Strong: Quartz- SiO2 Weak: Calcite- CaCO3, Fe-oxides, clay minerals
25
Quartz: Cemented Sandstone
more resistant to weathering and what makes seneca rocks strong
26
Unaltered and Altered Minerals:
clastic Sedimentary
27
Ions dissolve in....
solution
28
Freshwater
low concentration of dissolved ions
29
Saltwater:
high concentrations of dissolved ions rocks made oceans salty
30
Non-Clastic Sediment
Chemical: inorganic precipitation from solution concentration leads to precipitation Bio Chemical: organic precipitation from solution Organisms build skeletons and shells
31
Raw Materials
ions in surface water
32
Evaporate Rocks
Hallite "rocks salts" | Gyprock
33
Types of Evaporation
``` Chemical: halite precipitation by evaporations Dead Sea, Jordan Biochemical: organic precipitation ```
34
Lake Evaporites:
Bonnerville, UT
35
Oolitic Limestone
carbonate "sand"
36
Dolostone:
recrystallized limestone | biological structures can be erased
37
White Cliffs
CaCO3
38
Plankton
Quartz Shells
39
Coal Formation
Plant Debris -> Peat ->mud -> rock -> coal
40
Coal Rock ranged from most (depth, heaviness, pressure) to least
``` anthraute- silver, heavier, no residue bituminous subbituminous lignite peat ```
41
Coal Rock
determined by burial depth
42
High Rank
more heat when burned (anthraute)
43
10 feet of peat=
1 foot of coal
44
WV Coal Facts
Coal discovered in Boone County by John P. Stalley Coal occurs in 53 of 55 counties (absent Jefferson and Hardy) 43 countries have mineable reserves 117 coals seams in WV and 66 were mineable
45
Steam Coal
used for electricity
46
burning coal/met coal
to produce steel
47
Sulfur in Coal
``` Elemental Sulfur white line cutting through coal Pyrite- FeS2 rusting light brown line Acid Mine Drainage from Pyrite Weathering ```
48
Western Coal
``` powder river basin Sub-Bituminous 439 million tons thicker seams 65' avg, 76' max less surface ash mostly surface mines ```
49
Eastern Coal
``` Appalachian Basin Bituminous 135 million tons thin seams 6' avg, 12' max more surface ash underground mines ```
50
Mining Methods
surface (strip) | underground
51
Methane
flammable gas (CH4)
52
UBB Mine Explosion
April 2010 | 29 miners killed
53
MTRM/VF: The Process
``` removal of over/inter burden dragline escavates the main seam spoil is valley fill regrading/ countouring Condition final regrading, revegetating ```
54
the steepest at which a pile of loose soil is called
repose
55
Landslide occur US occur
steep slopes many earthquakes abundant rainfall
56
Landslides lead to...
$1 Billion in damages in year | 20-50 deaths per year
57
Landslides in WV
WV is #1 in slides per capita | WV accounts for 1/8th of all US slide damage
58
Debris "flow"
cause by water
59
Mononganela
"river of falling banks"
60
Variables of Slopes that are stable
type of material: hard rock or firm solid/sediment slope: greater then 35 degrees water content: moist or dry vegetation: covered
61
Unstable Variables
Type of Material: soft rock or loose soil Slope: less then 35 degrees Water Content: saturated Vegetation: barren
62
Angle of Repose:
max angle that a slope of sediment or soil will remain stable
63
Coresion:
natural attraction between particles | water separates them
64
Roots of a plant
binds material together (reinforce) | plants can lower water content
65
WV-Slope Stability
weak bed rock (shale) steep slopes Humid Climate (lots of Rain)- causes lots of vegetation but we kill the vegetation Human Factor- road construction
66
Stream Discharge
channel width x channel depth x velocity
67
Gaging Station
Stage: water surface relative to a set of elevation | Streams drain a naturally defined Area: Drainage Basin
68
Appalachian Plateau
Dendrite drainage on uniform bedrock region of high elevation that separates drainage basins is what? divide
69
Resistance to Erosion
causes faults and folds
70
elevation in water surface in river
stage
71
Base Level
lowest elevation
72
Mountain Streams:
high energy
73
Landform:
deep v-shaped canyons
74
Fastest Flow...
erodes the bank-cut bank
75
Sediments that settle in the slower flow
point bar
76
Deltas
positive coastal feature built by river form where rivers intersect with an ocean build new land shift position over time continue to sink on own weight: reduced sediment land
77
A 100 year flood has a what percent chance of happening in any given year"
1%
78
Mississippi River Drainage Basin
largest drainage basin in USA | 7th in discharge and sediment load
79
After Flood Stage
``` natural leves (less flooding) mud on the floodplain (clear channel builds up the land w/ fertile soil) ```
80
Deltas Job:
built by sediment that the rivers carry builds land
81
When dams are formed:
water slows: sediment deposited | downstream: reduce sediment support
82
Reduced Sediment Load:
Delta is sinking | 0.5 cm/year
83
Glaciars melting cause
increase in water levels
84
Mississippi Delta:
sea level is rising 0.4 cm/year

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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