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Geology 101 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

composed of fragments of other rock

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1
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

rocks formed by surface processes

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2
Q

No Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

composed of biological/ chemical minerals

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3
Q

Pikes Peak, Colorado

A

14,110 feet

weathering of granite on pikes peak

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4
Q

Physical Weathering

A

mechanical breakdown

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5
Q

Near Surface Fracturing

A

low pressure at surface

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6
Q

Frost Wedging

A

expansion of water in cracks

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7
Q

Biological Activity

A

Roots can widen fractures

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8
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

chemically broken down

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9
Q

Hydrolysis:

A

water alters the feldspar in granite to kaolinite clay

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10
Q

Chemical Weathering Agents

A

oxygen
water
carbon dioxide

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11
Q

oxidation

A

minerals bond with oxygen

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12
Q

dissolution

A

minerals are dissolved

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13
Q

erosion

A

downslope movements of sediment

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14
Q

most sediment transport is by…

A

river

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15
Q

Class Trends During Transport

A

source (mountains)

Basin (oceans and seas)

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16
Q

Clastic Sediment Shapes

A

Angular by the source area

Rounded by the basin area

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17
Q

Clastic Sediment Sorting

A 
Poor Sorting (mud and sand)
well sorted (sand)
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18
Q

Near Source

A

short transport

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19
Q

Near Basin

A

Long Transport

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20
Q

Bering Strait, Alaska

A

rocks beach because it is so close to the mountains

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21
Q

Lithification:

A 
sediment to rock
sand and gravel
burial compacts sediment 
some water gets squeezed out 
more grains touching and minerals cement sediments
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22
Q

Mud consists of

A

silt and clay

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23
Q

Range the sizes of Clastic Sedimentary rocks from Big to Small

A

Conglomerate
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale

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24
Q

Natural Cements

A

Strong:
Quartz- SiO2
Weak:
Calcite- CaCO3, Fe-oxides, clay minerals

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25
Q

Quartz: Cemented Sandstone

A

more resistant to weathering and what makes seneca rocks strong

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26
Q

Unaltered and Altered Minerals:

A

clastic Sedimentary

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27
Q

Ions dissolve in….

A

solution

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28
Q

Freshwater

A

low concentration of dissolved ions

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29
Q

Saltwater:

A

high concentrations of dissolved ions rocks made oceans salty

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30
Q

Non-Clastic Sediment

A

Chemical: inorganic precipitation from solution
concentration leads to precipitation
Bio Chemical: organic precipitation from solution
Organisms build skeletons and shells

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31
Q

Raw Materials

A

ions in surface water

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32
Q

Evaporate Rocks

A

Hallite “rocks salts”

Gyprock

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33
Q

Types of Evaporation

A 
Chemical:
    halite precipitation by evaporations 
    Dead Sea, Jordan
Biochemical:
    organic precipitation
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34
Q

Lake Evaporites:

A

Bonnerville, UT

35
Q

Oolitic Limestone

A

carbonate “sand”

36
Q

Dolostone:

A

recrystallized limestone

biological structures can be erased

37
Q

White Cliffs

A

CaCO3

38
Q

Plankton

A

Quartz Shells

39
Q

Coal Formation

A

Plant Debris -> Peat ->mud -> rock -> coal

40
Q

Coal Rock ranged from most (depth, heaviness, pressure) to least

A 
anthraute- silver, heavier, no residue 
bituminous 
subbituminous
lignite
peat
41
Q

Coal Rock

A

determined by burial depth

42
Q

High Rank

A

more heat when burned (anthraute)

43
Q

10 feet of peat=

A

1 foot of coal

44
Q

WV Coal Facts

A

Coal discovered in Boone County by John P. Stalley
Coal occurs in 53 of 55 counties (absent Jefferson and Hardy)
43 countries have mineable reserves
117 coals seams in WV and 66 were mineable

45
Q

Steam Coal

A

used for electricity

46
Q

burning coal/met coal

A

to produce steel

47
Q

Sulfur in Coal

A 
Elemental Sulfur 
    white line cutting through coal
Pyrite- FeS2 rusting 
     light brown line 
Acid Mine Drainage from Pyrite Weathering
48
Q

Western Coal

A 
powder river basin
Sub-Bituminous 
439 million tons 
thicker seams 65' avg, 76' max
less surface ash
mostly surface mines
49
Q

Eastern Coal

A 
Appalachian Basin 
Bituminous 
135 million tons
thin seams 6' avg, 12' max
more surface ash
underground mines
50
Q

Mining Methods

A

surface (strip)

underground

51
Q

Methane

A

flammable gas (CH4)

52
Q

UBB Mine Explosion

A

April 2010

29 miners killed

53
Q

MTRM/VF: The Process

A 
removal of over/inter burden
dragline escavates the main seam
spoil is valley fill
regrading/ countouring Condition 
final regrading, revegetating
54
Q

the steepest at which a pile of loose soil is called

A

repose

55
Q

Landslide occur US occur

A

steep slopes
many earthquakes
abundant rainfall

56
Q

Landslides lead to…

A

$1 Billion in damages in year

20-50 deaths per year

57
Q

Landslides in WV

A

WV is #1 in slides per capita

WV accounts for 1/8th of all US slide damage

58
Q

Debris “flow”

A

cause by water

59
Q

Mononganela

A

“river of falling banks”

60
Q

Variables of Slopes that are stable

A

type of material: hard rock or firm solid/sediment
slope: greater then 35 degrees
water content: moist or dry
vegetation: covered

61
Q

Unstable Variables

A

Type of Material: soft rock or loose soil
Slope: less then 35 degrees
Water Content: saturated
Vegetation: barren

62
Q

Angle of Repose:

A

max angle that a slope of sediment or soil will remain stable

63
Q

Coresion:

A

natural attraction between particles

water separates them

64
Q

Roots of a plant

A

binds material together (reinforce)

plants can lower water content

65
Q

WV-Slope Stability

A

weak bed rock (shale)
steep slopes
Humid Climate (lots of Rain)- causes lots of vegetation but we kill the vegetation
Human Factor- road construction

66
Q

Stream Discharge

A

channel width x channel depth x velocity

67
Q

Gaging Station

A

Stage: water surface relative to a set of elevation

Streams drain a naturally defined Area: Drainage Basin

68
Q

Appalachian Plateau

A

Dendrite drainage on uniform bedrock
region of high elevation that separates drainage basins is what?
divide

69
Q

Resistance to Erosion

A

causes faults and folds

70
Q

elevation in water surface in river

A

stage

71
Q

Base Level

A

lowest elevation

72
Q

Mountain Streams:

A

high energy

73
Q

Landform:

A

deep v-shaped canyons

74
Q

Fastest Flow…

A

erodes the bank-cut bank

75
Q

Sediments that settle in the slower flow

A

point bar

76
Q

Deltas

A

positive coastal feature built by river
form where rivers intersect with an ocean
build new land
shift position over time
continue to sink on own weight: reduced sediment land

77
Q

A 100 year flood has a what percent chance of happening in any given year”

A

1%

78
Q

Mississippi River Drainage Basin

A

largest drainage basin in USA

7th in discharge and sediment load

79
Q

After Flood Stage

A 
natural leves (less flooding)
mud on the floodplain 
    (clear channel builds up the land w/ fertile soil)
80
Q

Deltas Job:

A

built by sediment that the rivers carry builds land

81
Q

When dams are formed:

A

water slows: sediment deposited

downstream: reduce sediment support

82
Q

Reduced Sediment Load:

A

Delta is sinking

0.5 cm/year

83
Q

Glaciars melting cause

A

increase in water levels

84
Q

Mississippi Delta:

A

sea level is rising 0.4 cm/year

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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