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A&P Test 1 Ch. 1-3,25 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord(part that does integration)

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

the wire service between the body and CNS

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3
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 Pairs

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4
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs

  • 8 cervicals
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

To and from body

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic: Fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest

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7
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Intestinal tract system

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8
Q

Sensory function

A

Afferent-arriving

brings in info from internal and external environment

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9
Q

Integrative function

A

analyzes the information that is gathered

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10
Q

Motor function

A

Efferent-exiting

acts on the analyzed information

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11
Q

Nervous tissue

A

2 types of cells

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12
Q

Neuron has 3 main parts

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axons

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13
Q

Cell body

A

where the nucleus is located

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

small short extensions, bring action potential towards the cell body

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15
Q

Axons

A

one long/ very long extensions takes action potential away

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16
Q

Unmediated

A

uncoated

no special covering by cells

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17
Q

Myelinated

A

Coated

wrapped by a special covering made up of individual cells

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18
Q

wrapped by neuroglia cells called Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS

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19
Q

wrapped by Schwann cells

A

PNS

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20
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

gap on axon where no cell (between wrapping cells)

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21
Q

Myelin gap

A

where one cell ends and the next begin its wrap

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22
Q

Design of Nerve cells

A

classified by number of extensions to cell body

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23
Q

Multipolar cells

A

multiple dendrites

one axon

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24
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

one main dendrite

one axon

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25
Q

Unipolar cells

A

one fused extension, dendrite end and axon end

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26
Q

Neuron

A

used to integrate and transmit information

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27
Q

Gray matter

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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28
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

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29
Q

Neuroglia

A

structural support to the nervous system

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30
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Myelinating cell in CNS

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31
Q

Astrocyte

A

supporting cell for Neurons

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32
Q

Microglia

A

phagocyte in CNS

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33
Q

Ependymal

A

makes and helps circulate CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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34
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelinating cell in PNS

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35
Q

Satellite Cells

A

structural support

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36
Q

Neurons Pathway

A

Dendrite>Cell body>Axon>another cell

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37
Q

2 unique abilities of neurons

A

respond: mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimuli

transfer stimuli to other cells

38
Q

Leakage gate channel

A

channel leaks allowing ions to slowly pass

39
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

open when triggered by electrical changes

40
Q

Ligand gated channel

A

opens when a molecule binds to a receptor

41
Q

Mechanical gated channel

A

open in response to mechanical stimuli

pressure, vibration, stretch, etc

42
Q

Action potential

A

all or nothing change in membrane

-stimuli either causes complete change in potential or nothing at all

43
Q

Graded potential

A

change in membrane potential is NOT enough to reach threshold
-No action potential is generated

44
Q

Depolarization

A

stimuli threshold is reached

-causing the opening of Na+ ion channels

45
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ gates open, K+ moves out of cell down its conc gradient

46
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

overshoots 70 mv usually down towards -90 mv

47
Q

Continuous conduction

A

every part of the axon must depolarize and repolarize the entire length of the axon

48
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

depolarization of action potential jumps between Myelin sheath gaps, traveling much faster

49
Q

A fibers

A

Motor, Joint sensory
fastest
largest
most myelinated

50
Q

B fibers

A

Autonomic
Slightly slower
-myelinated
-smaller

51
Q

C fibers

A

Sensory
Slower
-unmyelinated
-smallest

52
Q

Intensity of nerve input into system

A
  • frequency of impulses

- number neurons sending

53
Q

Acetylcholine

A

cholinergic sites, nerve to muscle, parasympathetic

-can be excitatory or inhibitory

54
Q

Amino acids

A

Excitatory-Glutamate

55
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine-energy and pleasure

Dopamine-energy and pleasure

56
Q

Neuropeptides

A

excitatory and inhibitory proteins

57
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

vasodilator (viagra works by enhancing NO effect)

58
Q

Nerve

A

100’s-1000’s of axons

  • blood vessels
  • connective tissue component to hold it together
59
Q

Nerve circuits

A 
SImple
Diverging
Converging
Reverberating
Parallel
60
Q

Simple (Nerve circuit)

A

one axon to one dendrite

61
Q

Diverging

A

one axon to two different cell’s dendrites

62
Q

Converging (Nerve Circuit)

A

several different cell axons to one cell’s dendrites

63
Q

Reverberating

A

collaterals: branches of an axon, stimulate dendrites of cells that extend their axons back into the direction of the stimuli to the original cell

64
Q

Parallel

A

Collateral axons: stimulate dendrites of different cells, that in turn stimulate the same cell’s dendrites

65
Q

Excitatory

A

make membranes less negative, easier to depolarize

66
Q

Inhibitory

A

make membrane more negative, harder to depolarize

67
Q

Electrical communication

A

Cell membranes almost touch with gap cell junctions between cells that touch

68
Q

Synaptic transmit ion (communication)

A

Axons of nerves do not touch dendrites of next nerve

69
Q

Spinal cord anatomy

A
  • from base of the brain to the end of the vertebral column
  • exits skull through foramen magnum
  • runs down the vertebral column in the vertebral foramen
70
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

Meninges

Fat

71
Q

Meninges

A

3 connective tissue layered, fluid filled bag that protects and anchors the spinal cord

  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Dura mater
72
Q

Nerve tracts

A

bundles of axons, some cell bodies, that pass impulses to and from the brain

73
Q

Pia mater

A

inner most layer on cord, anchors cord within vertebral column

74
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

anchor cord to column laterally

75
Q

Filium terminale

A

anchors cord at the base of the column, coccyx

76
Q

Arachnoid

A

has space between it and pia mater is filled with cerebral spinal fluid

77
Q

Dura mater

A

outer layer of spinal cord

78
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

C4-T1

-thicker, nerves to and from upper extremity

79
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

T9-T12

-thicker, nerves to and from lower extremity

80
Q

Conus medullaris

A

point at L1-L2 position

81
Q

Cauda equina

A

numerous nerves are what is left of below level of L2 area

82
Q

Dorsal root

A

sensory axons coming into cord

83
Q

Ventral root

A

motor axons leaving the cord

84
Q

Cross-sectional anatomy of cord

A

looks like a gray butterfly in a white oval dish

85
Q

Gray butterfly

A

is made up of cell bodies

86
Q

White dish

A

made of myelinated axons

87
Q

Thalamus

A

cerebral cortex’ executive secretary

all sensory axons end, sends axons to cortex

88
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic nervous system, hormones

89
Q

Epithalamus

A

contains pineal gland, which secretes melatonin

-promotes sleep

90
Q

Medulla Oblongota

A

jh

A&P Test 1 Ch. 1-3,25 (4 decks)

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