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A&P Test 1 Ch. 1-3,25 > Chapter 2 The Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

0
Q

4 forms of matter

A

Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

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1
Q

Matter

A

Everything that exists in the universe is made of matter

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2
Q

Elements

A

The smallest unit of matter that retain its properties

-made up of atoms

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3
Q

Major elements

A

4 make up 96% mass (O, C, H, N)

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4
Q

Lesser elements

A

8 make up 3.8% mass Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, S, Fe, Mg

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5
Q

Trace elements

A

14 others make up less than 0.2%

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6
Q

Atoms

A

Made of three parts protons, neutrons, and electrons

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7
Q

Protons

A

Located in nucleus, a positive charge, a mass of 1 unit

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8
Q

Electrons

A

Orbiting in shells around the nucleus, negative charge, almost no mass

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9
Q

Valence electrons

A

Atoms bind through the action of the electrons in their outer most orbit

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10
Q

Octet rule

A

Atoms tend to try and reach 8 electrons in their outer orbit

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11
Q

Neutrons

A

Located in the nucleus, no charge, a mass of 1 unit

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12
Q

Mass number

A

Equal to the # of protons plus # of neutron an atom has

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13
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements with an unusual mass number (different # neutrons than average)

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14
Q

Molecules

A
  • smallest unit of a compound that retains properties

- molecular formula gives all the atoms in a molecule

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15
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules have the same molecular formula but different structure

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16
Q

Three types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

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17
Q

Covalent bond

A
  • strongest bond

- the atoms share the electrons in the outer orbit

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18
Q

Ionic bond

A

One atom gives up electrons, other accepts electrons, Giver+, acceptor-

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19
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak bonds between H in different atoms

-easily separated and reformed

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20
Q

Law of conservation of mass

A

.

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21
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

Itt

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22
Q

Endergonic

A

Reaction takes on energy usually gets colder

23
Q

Exergonic

A

Reaction gives off energy, usually gets hotter

24
Q

Catalysts

A
  • speed up reactions
  • atoms react when they colloid with other atoms
  • enzymes are important catalysts in living organisms
25
Q

Water-H2O

A
  • high heat capacity
  • high heat vaporization/provides stability in changing temperatures
  • high surface tension
  • cohesive & adhesive/water molecules tend to stay together, act as a good lubricant
  • solvent
26
Q

Solvent

A

Easily dissolves most molecules, so many molecules are available for reactions

27
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

Hates water, un-soluble

28
Q

Hydrophilic molecules

A

Loves water, soluble

29
Q

Acids

A

Dissociates into H+ ions

30
Q

Bases

A

Dissociates into OH-

31
Q

Salts

A

Dissociates into other ions (cations+ and anions-)

32
Q

Buffers

A

Used by body to maintain a stable pH and homeostasis

-Sodium Bicarbonate in blood and phosphAte in bone are very important buffers in body

33
Q

Carbon Atoms

A
  • can take on 4 electrons, so can build very complex molecules
  • carbon skeletons are molecules formed by repeating carbon atoms bonded together
34
Q

Functional groups

A
  • specific combinations of atoms, always react the same

- help determine how a molecule will act and react

35
Q

Macromolecules

A

Polymers made by combining smaller units (monomers) together

-the body builds and breaks down these molecules as it needs

36
Q

Dehydration

A

-put together

Removes water H2O, builds macromolecules, forming a bond

37
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

-take apart

Adds H2O, breaks down macromolecules, cutting a bond

38
Q

4 main macromolecules in body

A

Macromolecule is to Monomer
Carbohydrates. Monosaccharide’s
Lipids. Glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins. Amino acids
Nucleic acids. Nucleotides

39
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Used in the body for energy

40
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many units

41
Q

Dissacharide

A

2 units

I.e. Maltose=2 glucose

42
Q

Lipids

A

Used in the body for insulation and long term energy storage

43
Q

Monomer

A

Three fatty acids attached to one glycerol

44
Q

Saturated

A
  • BAD
  • no double or triple bonds
  • causes plaque buildup in your arteries
45
Q

Unsaturated

A

Has double or triple bond

-GOOD

46
Q

Phospholipid

A

Has one fatty acid replaced by phosphate group (plasma membrane)

47
Q

Steroids

A

Used extensively in body, derived from cholesterol

48
Q

Wax

A

Used in the ear for cerumin

49
Q

Proteins

A

Many uses n the body

  • support
  • transport
  • enzymes
  • defense
  • hormones
50
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond between subunits of amino acids

51
Q

Structure of protein

A

4 levels of structure

  • primary: amino acid sequence
  • secondary: folds on itself due to hydrogen bonds
  • tertiary: folds on itself due to covalent bonds
  • quaternary: folds on other proteins
52
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP important in organisms

53
Q

ATP

A

Energy compound of living things

-energy stored in P bonds, when needed broke, storing they are made

54
Q

DNA

A
  • dbl stranded
  • blueprints for everything in cell
  • C and G, A and T
55
Q

RNA

A

C and G, U and T

  • single stranded
  • carpenter and messenger

A&P Test 1 Ch. 1-3,25 (4 decks)

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