Chapter 2 The Chemical Level Of Organization

Question 0

4 forms of matter

Answer 0

Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Everything that exists in the universe is made of matter

Question 2

Elements

Answer 2

The smallest unit of matter that retain its properties

-made up of atoms

Question 3

Major elements

Answer 3

4 make up 96% mass (O, C, H, N)

Question 4

Lesser elements

Answer 4

8 make up 3.8% mass Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, S, Fe, Mg

Question 5

Trace elements

Answer 5

14 others make up less than 0.2%

Question 6

Atoms

Answer 6

Made of three parts protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 7

Protons

Answer 7

Located in nucleus, a positive charge, a mass of 1 unit

Question 8

Electrons

Answer 8

Orbiting in shells around the nucleus, negative charge, almost no mass

Question 9

Valence electrons

Answer 9

Atoms bind through the action of the electrons in their outer most orbit

Question 10

Octet rule

Answer 10

Atoms tend to try and reach 8 electrons in their outer orbit

Question 11

Neutrons

Answer 11

Located in the nucleus, no charge, a mass of 1 unit

Question 12

Mass number

Answer 12

Equal to the # of protons plus # of neutron an atom has

Question 13

Isotopes

Answer 13

Elements with an unusual mass number (different # neutrons than average)

Question 14

Molecules

Answer 14

• smallest unit of a compound that retains properties

- molecular formula gives all the atoms in a molecule

Question 15

Isomer

Answer 15

Molecules have the same molecular formula but different structure

Question 16

Three types of chemical bonds

Answer 16

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

Question 17

Covalent bond

Answer 17

• strongest bond

- the atoms share the electrons in the outer orbit

Question 18

Ionic bond

Answer 18

One atom gives up electrons, other accepts electrons, Giver+, acceptor-

Question 19

Hydrogen bond

Answer 19

Weak bonds between H in different atoms

-easily separated and reformed

Question 20

Law of conservation of mass

Answer 20

.

Question 21

Law of conservation of energy

Answer 21

Itt

Question 22

Endergonic

Answer 22

Reaction takes on energy usually gets colder

Question 23

Exergonic

Answer 23

Reaction gives off energy, usually gets hotter

Question 24

Catalysts

Answer 24

• speed up reactions
• atoms react when they colloid with other atoms
• enzymes are important catalysts in living organisms

Question 25

Water-H2O

Answer 25

• high heat capacity
• high heat vaporization/provides stability in changing temperatures
• high surface tension
• cohesive & adhesive/water molecules tend to stay together, act as a good lubricant
• solvent

Question 26

Solvent

Answer 26

Easily dissolves most molecules, so many molecules are available for reactions

Question 27

Hydrophobic molecules

Answer 27

Hates water, un-soluble

Question 28

Hydrophilic molecules

Answer 28

Loves water, soluble

Question 29

Acids

Answer 29

Dissociates into H+ ions

Question 30

Bases

Answer 30

Dissociates into OH-

Question 31

Salts

Answer 31

Dissociates into other ions (cations+ and anions-)

Question 32

Buffers

Answer 32

Used by body to maintain a stable pH and homeostasis

-Sodium Bicarbonate in blood and phosphAte in bone are very important buffers in body

Question 33

Carbon Atoms

Answer 33

• can take on 4 electrons, so can build very complex molecules
• carbon skeletons are molecules formed by repeating carbon atoms bonded together

Question 34

Functional groups

Answer 34

• specific combinations of atoms, always react the same

- help determine how a molecule will act and react

Question 35

Macromolecules

Answer 35

Polymers made by combining smaller units (monomers) together

-the body builds and breaks down these molecules as it needs

Question 36

Dehydration

Answer 36

-put together

Removes water H2O, builds macromolecules, forming a bond

Question 37

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 37

-take apart

Adds H2O, breaks down macromolecules, cutting a bond

Question 38

4 main macromolecules in body

Answer 38

Macromolecule is to Monomer
Carbohydrates. Monosaccharide’s
Lipids. Glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins. Amino acids
Nucleic acids. Nucleotides

Question 39

Carbohydrates

Answer 39

Used in the body for energy

Question 40

Polysaccharide

Answer 40

Many units

Question 41

Dissacharide

Answer 41

2 units

I.e. Maltose=2 glucose

Question 42

Lipids

Answer 42

Used in the body for insulation and long term energy storage

Question 43

Monomer

Answer 43

Three fatty acids attached to one glycerol

Question 44

Saturated

Answer 44

• BAD
• no double or triple bonds
• causes plaque buildup in your arteries

Question 45

Unsaturated

Answer 45

Has double or triple bond

-GOOD

Question 46

Phospholipid

Answer 46

Has one fatty acid replaced by phosphate group (plasma membrane)

Question 47

Steroids

Answer 47

Used extensively in body, derived from cholesterol

Question 48

Wax

Answer 48

Used in the ear for cerumin

Question 49

Proteins

Answer 49

Many uses n the body

• support
• transport
• enzymes
• defense
• hormones

Question 50

Peptide bond

Answer 50

The bond between subunits of amino acids

Question 51

Structure of protein

Answer 51

4 levels of structure

• primary: amino acid sequence
• secondary: folds on itself due to hydrogen bonds
• tertiary: folds on itself due to covalent bonds
• quaternary: folds on other proteins

Question 52

Nucleic acids

Answer 52

DNA, RNA, and ATP important in organisms

Question 53

ATP

Answer 53

Energy compound of living things

-energy stored in P bonds, when needed broke, storing they are made

Question 54

DNA

Answer 54

• dbl stranded
• blueprints for everything in cell
• C and G, A and T

Question 55

RNA

Answer 55

C and G, U and T

• single stranded
• carpenter and messenger