Chapter 2 The Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards
4 forms of matter
Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
Matter
Everything that exists in the universe is made of matter
Elements
The smallest unit of matter that retain its properties
-made up of atoms
Major elements
4 make up 96% mass (O, C, H, N)
Lesser elements
8 make up 3.8% mass Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, S, Fe, Mg
Trace elements
14 others make up less than 0.2%
Atoms
Made of three parts protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons
Located in nucleus, a positive charge, a mass of 1 unit
Electrons
Orbiting in shells around the nucleus, negative charge, almost no mass
Valence electrons
Atoms bind through the action of the electrons in their outer most orbit
Octet rule
Atoms tend to try and reach 8 electrons in their outer orbit
Neutrons
Located in the nucleus, no charge, a mass of 1 unit
Mass number
Equal to the # of protons plus # of neutron an atom has
Isotopes
Elements with an unusual mass number (different # neutrons than average)
Molecules
- smallest unit of a compound that retains properties
- molecular formula gives all the atoms in a molecule
Isomer
Molecules have the same molecular formula but different structure
Three types of chemical bonds
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Covalent bond
- strongest bond
- the atoms share the electrons in the outer orbit
Ionic bond
One atom gives up electrons, other accepts electrons, Giver+, acceptor-
Hydrogen bond
Weak bonds between H in different atoms
-easily separated and reformed
Law of conservation of mass
.
Law of conservation of energy
Itt
Endergonic
Reaction takes on energy usually gets colder
Exergonic
Reaction gives off energy, usually gets hotter
Catalysts
- speed up reactions
- atoms react when they colloid with other atoms
- enzymes are important catalysts in living organisms
Water-H2O
- high heat capacity
- high heat vaporization/provides stability in changing temperatures
- high surface tension
- cohesive & adhesive/water molecules tend to stay together, act as a good lubricant
- solvent
Solvent
Easily dissolves most molecules, so many molecules are available for reactions
Hydrophobic molecules
Hates water, un-soluble
Hydrophilic molecules
Loves water, soluble
Acids
Dissociates into H+ ions
Bases
Dissociates into OH-
Salts
Dissociates into other ions (cations+ and anions-)
Buffers
Used by body to maintain a stable pH and homeostasis
-Sodium Bicarbonate in blood and phosphAte in bone are very important buffers in body
Carbon Atoms
- can take on 4 electrons, so can build very complex molecules
- carbon skeletons are molecules formed by repeating carbon atoms bonded together
Functional groups
- specific combinations of atoms, always react the same
- help determine how a molecule will act and react
Macromolecules
Polymers made by combining smaller units (monomers) together
-the body builds and breaks down these molecules as it needs
Dehydration
-put together
Removes water H2O, builds macromolecules, forming a bond
Hydrolysis reaction
-take apart
Adds H2O, breaks down macromolecules, cutting a bond
4 main macromolecules in body
Macromolecule is to Monomer
Carbohydrates. Monosaccharide’s
Lipids. Glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins. Amino acids
Nucleic acids. Nucleotides
Carbohydrates
Used in the body for energy
Polysaccharide
Many units
Dissacharide
2 units
I.e. Maltose=2 glucose
Lipids
Used in the body for insulation and long term energy storage
Monomer
Three fatty acids attached to one glycerol
Saturated
- BAD
- no double or triple bonds
- causes plaque buildup in your arteries
Unsaturated
Has double or triple bond
-GOOD
Phospholipid
Has one fatty acid replaced by phosphate group (plasma membrane)
Steroids
Used extensively in body, derived from cholesterol
Wax
Used in the ear for cerumin
Proteins
Many uses n the body
- support
- transport
- enzymes
- defense
- hormones
Peptide bond
The bond between subunits of amino acids
Structure of protein
4 levels of structure
- primary: amino acid sequence
- secondary: folds on itself due to hydrogen bonds
- tertiary: folds on itself due to covalent bonds
- quaternary: folds on other proteins
Nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, and ATP important in organisms
ATP
Energy compound of living things
-energy stored in P bonds, when needed broke, storing they are made
DNA
- dbl stranded
- blueprints for everything in cell
- C and G, A and T
RNA
C and G, U and T
- single stranded
- carpenter and messenger